1610:
497:
347:), who claimed to be the only legitimate Shi'i ruler, put an end to Mosha'sha' rule in Khuzestan. The Mosha'sha' were further weakened by the death of its ruler Sayyed Mohsen in 1499/1500 or 1508/09. Two of his sons, Ali and Ayyub, attempted to negotiate with Ismail I, but were executed by the latter. The self-determination of the Mosha'sha was finally ruined with the massacre of Sayyed Fayyaz and his supporters in Hoveyzeh. The Iranologist
39:
141:
446:. It is uncertain who governed Arabestan following this event; Manuchehr Khan controlled Hoveyzeh for two years, and then afterwards its fortress was controlled by an Iranian force under the command of Mohammad Mo'men Beg. The latter was succeeded in 1655 by Safiqoli Beg, better known as Taniya Beg. During this period, Shushtar was governed by a
381:
Safavid governors of Ahvaz first appear in chronicles in the second half of the 17th century, which suggests that this part of
Arabestan was no longer under the direct administration of the Mosha'sha'. During this period, the Mosha'sha' governor of Hoveyzeh was increasingly being referred to as the
425:
Sayyed
Mobarak increased his anti-Ottoman activities, and also tried to increase his autonomy, as the Safavids were occupied with the second "Qizilbash civil war". Shah Abbas I did not accept this behaviour and thus resorted to military means twice against Sayyed Mobarak to keep him in control. In
619:
Other modern historians—such as P. Luft and E.J. van Donzel—also only considers
Arabestan to have been used for the western part of Khuzestan during this period. The Iranologist Willem Floor includes both Arabestan and Khuzestan separately amongst the jurisdictions of the Safavid
466:
of
Hoveyzeh through the influence of the governor of Kuhgiluyeh, Zaman Khan. Following the death of Sayyed Ali Khan in 1681 or 1687, a struggle for succession ensured amongst his brother Abdollah and sons. Order was only restored when Sayyed Farajollah was installed as the new
572:
period (1037–1194). They lived in a large area stretching from the east of
Hoveyzeh to Dowraq, the latter which was their main center. The Afshars restricted the influence of the Mosha'sha', whom they had unfriendly relations with. The Mosha'sha' lived in Hoveyzeh.
351:(died 1946) argues that Sayyed Fayyaz was one the titles of Sayyed Mohsen's son Ali. Nevertheless, Sayyed ibn Sayyed Mohsen soon re-established Mosha'sha' rule in Hoveyzeh, although as a semi-independent ruler. He acknowledged Ismail I as his suzerain.
358:—where Hoveyzeh was also located. In return, they had to pay tribute and give hostages to prove their good behavior. These hostages were either raised at the Safavid court or in a province, such as Sayyed Nasr, who eventually became the governor of
441:
of
Hoveyzeh. His inability to control the Arab tribes culminated in a revolt, which was eventually suppressed by Manuchehr Khan, the governor of Lorestan. The latter himself took control over Hoveyzeh, and had Sayyed Ali Khan and his sons sent to
567:
and Afshar inhabitants. Hoveyzeh and its surroundings was most likely solely populated by Arabs, who may also have formed the majority around the Karun and beyond Ahvaz. The
Afshars of Khuzestan had inhabited the province since the end of the
276:
Known for its flat terrain and hot temperature, Khuzestan was unpopular till modern times. It was disconnected to the rest of Iran due its linguistic differences and bad roads. Khuzestan was more important commercially than
437:
of
Hoveyzeh to challenge Safavid rule, refusing to carry out direct orders from Shah Abbas I in 1620, who as a result had him removed. In 1650, Sayyed Ali Khan ibn Mowla was appointed the new
38:
245:
Later on, the whole
Khuzestan province came to be known as Arabestan. It is uncertain when this change occurred. According to Rudi Matthee, it was first during the reign of the
1609:
576:
The Banu Ka'b, who had lived in the environs of
Hoveyzeh and Kakha since the start of Safavid rule, expelled the Afshars from their lands following the death of
1458:
216:
tribes invited by the Safavids to act as a bulwark against the Ottoman Empire, the western part of Khuzestan became known as Arabestan. According to the
1644:
1649:
1223:
Matthee, Rudi (2015). "Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran: The Western Borderlands v. the Eastern Frontier Zone".
474:
In 1736, Safavid rule over Iran was abolished and replaced by the Afsharid dynasty, established by the powerful Iranian commander Nader Shah (
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The Safavids allowed the Mosha'sha' to continue to their rule in the western part of Khuzestan (Arabestan)—on the other side of the
1023:
Chehabi, H. E. (2012). "Iran and Iraq: Intersocietal Linkages and Secular Nationalisms". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.).
1103:
1451:
451:
116:
1504:
1120:
1639:
1634:
1629:
523:, i.e. an autonomously administered region. Arabestan was the highest ranking velayat, the other velayats being Lorestan,
563:, such as the Banu Ka'b. The population of Khuzestan was mixed, being mainly populated by Arab tribes, but also having
600:
1279:
Sanikidze, George (2021). "The Evolution of the Safavid Policy towards Eastern Georgia". In Melville, Charles (ed.).
413:
of Hoveyzeh were largely autonomous, and in most of the 16th century took more part in the politics of Khuzestan and
325:
as their capital. They had initially started out as a tribal confederation, but gradually transformed into a zealous
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than the Safavids themselves. Their involvement in the politics of southern Iraq resulted in a conflict with the
587:). During the rule of Shah Abbas I, the Banu Ka'b were driven out of the Afshar lands by the governor of Fars,
1420:
Akopyan, Alexander V. (2024). "Ugly Yet Popular: the Remarkably Long Life of the Safavid Coins of Hoveyza".
175:
421:, who in the 1570s briefly occupied Arabestan, until they were forced to withdraw. Following this, the
1166:
1076:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
402:(crown land) in 1632, Arabestan, Shushtar and Dezful came under the jurisdiction of the governor of
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536:
482:
386:
Arabestan, while in the 16th century and early 17th century they had generally been referred to as
1359:
1240:
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363:
190:
264:
considers this to have taken place in the second half of the 18th century. Another Iranologist,
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1209:
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1152:
1079:
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The old name of the province was Khuzestan ("the land of the Khuz"), referring to the ancient
1569:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1425:
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1193:(2003). "The Safavid Mint of Huwayza: The Numismatic Evidence". In Newman, Andrew J. (ed.).
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166:
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had the right to request help from a Safavid vizier, who oversaw the affairs of Arabestan.
318:
121:
1594:
1549:
1514:
1257:
1195:
Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period
1104:"The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph"
524:
224:
73:
1529:
1519:
1310:
1298:
1253:
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1045:(2006). "The Rise and Fall of the Banū Kaʿb. A Borderer State in Southern Khuzestan".
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Floor, Willem (2021). "The Safavid court and government". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).
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officially showed their fealty to the shah and minting coins in his name. The
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Hoveyzeh. For a certain period, Arabestan was under the administration of the
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that inhabited the area from the 3rd millennium BC until the rise of the
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202:
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1264:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 587–589.
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371:
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268:, considers this change to have happened later, by the 19th century.
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Before the Safavids, the province was under the control of the Arab
1025:
Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective
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957:
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282:
1584:
1394:
Islamic Desk Reference: Compiled from The Encyclopaedia of Islam
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333:
242:, the name of Arabestan did not have a "national" implication.
213:
1440:
1205:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
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Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
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In 1663, Sayyed Ali Khan ibn Mowla was restored as the
1281:
Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran
891:, p. 143. For the meaning of velayat, see p. 141.
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Since the 16th century, Khuzestan was slowly becoming
281:, due to being situated near the Ottoman port town of
1262:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/6: Afghanistan–Ahriman
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21:
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223:, this name change took place during the reign of
426:1624, a member of the Mosha'sha' also governed
189:, corresponding to the present-day province of
1283:. Vol. 10. I.B. Tauris. pp. 375–404.
992:Bulookbashi, Ali A.; Negahban, Farzin (2008).
1452:
8:
398:. Following the transformation of Fars into
370:remained under the control of the Ra'nashi
285:. The town gave the Ottomans access to the
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1316:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1143:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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658:
43:Map of "Chusistan" (Khuzestan), dated 1736
37:
18:
1151:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 672–675.
924:
591:, who gave the land back to the Afshars.
535:were chosen by the shah, they ruled in a
1027:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 193–220.
362:and a close friend of the grand vizier,
1324:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 80–81.
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260:), that this happened. The Iranologist
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1078:. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers.
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519:Under the Safavids, Arabestan was a
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1342:(1984). "Arabistan or Khuzistan".
14:
185:) was a southwestern province of
1645:Provinces of the Safavid dynasty
1608:
673:, p. 267 (see also note 2).
531:territory. Albeit the governing
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964:Bulookbashi & Negahban 2008
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1175:. Cambridge University Press.
1097:. Routledge. pp. 203–224.
1059:10.1080/05786967.2006.11834690
1:
1650:History of Khuzestan province
1422:Journal of Persianate Studies
1008:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
209:in 539 BC. Due to influx of
728:, p. 267 (see note 2).
601:Safavid occupation of Basra
433:Sayyed Mansur was the last
181:
1666:
1197:. Brill. pp. 265–294.
1102:Jalalipour, Saeid (2015).
1606:
1475:
1430:10.1163/18747167-bja10038
1391:van Donzel, E.J. (2022).
1356:10.1080/00210868408701628
1172:Nomads in the Middle East
234:). Like the provinces of
93:
36:
31:
289:, and also served as an
16:Province of Safavid Iran
1505:Erivan (Chokhur-e Sa'd)
1378:Tucker, Ernest (2006).
406:for military purposes.
1202:Matthee, Rudi (2011).
1074:Floor, Willem (2008).
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293:for trade between the
1384:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1371:registration required
1252:Perry, J. R. (1984).
1167:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
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378:under a local ruler.
332:In 1508, the Safavid
159:province of Khuzestan
70:Common languages
1640:18th century in Iran
1635:17th century in Iran
1630:16th century in Iran
855:, pp. 144, 146.
903:, pp. 143–144.
867:, pp. 587–589.
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804:, pp. 142–143.
752:, pp. 449–450.
182:Velāyat-e Khūzestān
26:Velāyat-e Khūzestān
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364:Hatem Beg Ordubadi
1617:
1616:
1331:978-90-04-07819-2
1271:978-0-71009-095-9
1158:978-90-04-09419-2
1118:Luft, P. (1993).
1095:The Safavid World
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765:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
740:, p. 81.
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
703:
698:
695:
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686:
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664:
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648:
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616:
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602:
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579:
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571:
566:
562:
558:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
511:), minted at
503:
502:Shah Suleiman
498:
491:
489:
487:
484:
472:
470:
465:
460:
458:
454:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
420:
416:
415:southern Iraq
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:Fars province
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
369:
366:. Meanwhile,
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
349:Ahmad Kasravi
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
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296:
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226:
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208:
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196:
194:
192:
188:
183:
177:
171:ولایت خوزستان
168:
164:
160:
138:
136:
135:Afsharid Iran
133:
132:
129:
123:
120:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
20:
1554:
1469:Safavid Iran
1421:
1393:
1383:
1380:"Nāder Shah"
1347:
1343:
1340:Soucek, Svat
1321:
1314:
1280:
1261:
1228:
1224:
1204:
1194:
1171:
1148:
1141:
1110:
1094:
1075:
1050:
1046:
1024:
1007:
971:
944:
932:
920:
913:Matthee 2011
908:
901:Matthee 2011
896:
889:Matthee 2011
884:
872:
860:
848:
821:
809:
797:
790:Matthee 2015
750:Matthee 2015
745:
733:
726:Matthee 2003
721:
709:
697:
671:Matthee 2003
666:
661:, p. 6.
654:
647:Chehabi 2012
615:
575:
554:
544:
540:
539:manner. The
532:
518:
486:Afshar tribe
473:
468:
463:
461:
450:
438:
434:
432:
422:
410:
408:
399:
391:
387:
383:
380:
353:
331:
316:
295:Indian Ocean
287:Persian Gulf
275:
266:Roger Savory
244:
225:Shah Abbas I
221:Rudi Matthee
200:
187:Safavid Iran
162:
158:
156:
104:Succeeded by
103:
98:
54:Safavid Iran
52:Province of
1311:Pellat, Ch.
1289:Savory, R.M
1254:"Afsharids"
1147:Volume VII:
1138:Pellat, Ch.
949:Soucek 1984
877:Tucker 2006
738:Savory 1986
561:Mesopotamia
356:Karun River
321:, who used
218:Iranologist
99:Preceded by
1624:Categories
1590:Mazandaran
1560:Kuhgiluyeh
1485:Azarbaijan
976:Floor 2006
865:Perry 1984
853:Floor 2008
841:Floor 2008
826:Floor 2008
802:Floor 2008
771:Floor 2008
714:Floor 2021
628:References
557:arabicized
551:Population
537:hereditary
529:Bakhtiyari
515:in 1677/78
404:Kuhgiluyeh
319:Mosha'sha'
251:Nader Shah
122:Musha'sha'
84:Government
1565:Kurdistan
1555:Khuzestan
1500:Diyarbakr
1495:Daghestan
1480:Astarabad
1397:. Brill.
1320:Volume V:
1307:Lewis, B.
1245:143393018
1067:192691234
1016:1875-9831
937:Manz 2021
814:Luft 1993
690:Luft 1993
481:) of the
471:in 1687.
329:dynasty.
272:Geography
236:Kurdistan
191:Khuzestan
176:romanized
163:Khuzistan
32:1508–1736
1570:Lorestan
1545:Karabakh
1540:Kandahar
1424:: 1–20.
1322:Khe–Mahi
1313:(eds.).
1291:(1986).
1169:(2021).
1140:(eds.).
1111:Sasanika
1006:(eds.).
995:"Afshār"
595:See also
513:Hoveyzeh
483:Turkoman
448:Georgian
376:Shushtar
338:Ismail I
323:Hoveyzeh
301:through
297:and the
291:entrepôt
247:Afsharid
240:Lorestan
203:Elamites
64:Hoveyzeh
1595:Shirvan
1580:Mashhad
1535:Isfahan
1525:Hamadan
1515:Georgia
1490:Baghdad
1364:4310441
1260:(ed.).
1149:Mif–Naz
985:Sources
525:Georgia
521:velayat
444:Isfahan
400:khasseh
392:vali-ye
384:vali-ye
372:shaykhs
336:(king)
313:History
178::
167:Persian
88:Velayat
78:Persian
60:Capital
1600:Sistan
1575:Makran
1550:Kerman
1401:
1362:
1328:
1309:&
1268:
1243:
1212:
1179:
1155:
1136:&
1082:
1065:
1031:
1014:
620:realm.
570:Seljuk
452:gholam
428:Dowraq
374:, and
368:Dezful
249:ruler
74:Arabic
49:Status
1530:Herat
1520:Gilan
1360:JSTOR
1297:. In
1256:. In
1241:S2CID
1124:. In
1107:(PDF)
1063:S2CID
998:. In
607:Notes
545:valis
541:valis
533:valis
411:valis
388:hakem
307:Syria
283:Basra
211:Shi'i
1585:Marv
1510:Fars
1399:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1012:ISSN
469:vali
464:vali
439:vali
435:vali
423:vali
409:The
334:shah
305:and
303:Iraq
238:and
214:Arab
197:Name
157:The
1426:doi
1352:doi
1233:doi
1055:doi
565:Lor
390:or
360:Ray
1626::
1382:.
1358:.
1348:17
1346:.
1318:.
1305:;
1301:;
1239:.
1229:77
1227:.
1145:.
1132:;
1128:;
1109:.
1061:.
1051:44
1049:.
1002:;
956:^
833:^
778:^
757:^
678:^
635:^
583:r.
507:r.
488:.
477:r.
459:.
455:,
343:r.
309:.
256:r.
230:r.
193:.
173:,
169::
165:;
76:,
1460:e
1453:t
1446:v
1432:.
1428::
1407:.
1386:.
1373:)
1369:(
1366:.
1354::
1334:.
1274:.
1247:.
1235::
1218:.
1185:.
1161:.
1113:.
1088:.
1069:.
1057::
1037:.
1018:.
966:.
879:.
580:(
504:(
340:(
253:(
227:(
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