1452:
968:
1028:
874:). Pro-independence Sahrawis, on the other hand, point out that such statements of allegiance were almost routinely given by various tribal leaders to create short-term alliances, and that other heads of tribes indeed similarly proclaimed allegiance to Spain, to France, to Mauritanian emirates, and indeed to each other; they argue that such arrangements always proved temporary, and that the tribal confederations always maintained
270:
578:, and the control of trade routes became a major ingredient in the constant power struggles between various tribes and sedentary peoples. On more than one occasion, the Berber tribes of present-day Mauritania, Morocco and Western Sahara united behind religious leaders to sweep the surrounding governments from power, then founding principalities, dynasties, or even vast empires of their own. This was the case with the
1082:, have retained some Berber dialect of the area. Often, though not in the case of the Tekna, the Berber-Arab elements of a tribe's cultural heritage reflects social stratification. In traditional Moorish-Sahrawi society, Arab tribes of the Tekna confederation claimed a role as rulers and protectors of the disarmed weaker Berber tribes of the Takna confederation. Thus, the warrior tribes and nobility would be Arab.
3209:
1096:. In any case, no tribal identity is cut in stone, and over the centuries a great deal of intermarriage and tribal re-affiliation has occurred to blur former ethnic/cultural lines; groups have often seamlessly re-identified to higher status identities, after achieving the military or economic strength to defeat former rulers. This was, for example, the case of the largest of the Sahrawi tribes, the
60:
1126:
1176:
771:
allegiances and alliances would shift rapidly and unexpectedly. Their nomadic lifestyle made direct control over the territories hard to achieve, as did general lawlessness, an absence of prior central authority, and a widely held contempt for the kind of settled life that the colonizers sought to bring about. Centuries of intertribal warfare and raids for loot (
775:) guaranteed that the populations were well armed and versed in guerilla-style warfare. Tribes allied to hostile European powers would now also be considered fair game for cattle raids on those grounds, which tied the struggle against France and Spain into the traditional power play of the nomads, aggravating the internal struggles.
803:
grazing lands of the nomads were split apart, and their traditional economies, based on trans-Saharan caravan trade and raiding of each other and the northern and southern Sahel neighbors, were broken. Little attention was paid to existing tribal confederations and zones of influence when dividing up the
Saharan interior.
1466:
As of
January 2018, the number of Sahrawi refugees living in the five camps in Tindouf is estimated about 174.000, of whom 125,000 were entitled to food and nutrition assistance by UNHCR and 90,000 individuals regarded "most vulnerable refugees". The Moroccan government has contended that the figure
770:
The
Sahrawi-Moorish areas, then still undefined as to exact territorial boundaries, proved troublesome for the colonizers, just as they had for neighbouring dynasties in previous centuries. The political loyalty of these populations were first and foremost to their respective tribes, and supertribal
732:
populations of what is today northern
Mauritania established a number of emirates, claiming the loyalty of several different tribes and through them exercising semi-sovereignty over traditional grazing lands. This could be considered the closest thing to centralized government that was ever achieved
1258:
families, and as such formed part of the tribe, not tribes of their own. Below them came the slaves themselves, who were owned individually or in family groups, and could hope at best to be freed and rise to the status of
Haratin. Rich bidan families would normally own a few slaves at the most, as
749:
groups are primarily political, but cultural differences dating from different colonial and post-colonial histories are also apparent. An important divider is whether the tribal confederations fell under French or
Spanish colonial rule. France conquered most of North and West Africa largely during
1423:
to
Mauritania and Morocco, and Morocco claimed souvereignty over the territories, dismissing a judgement of the International Court of Justice reaffirming the right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination, from late 1975 an exodus of refugees fled the violence that ensued. Substantial numbers
989:
The
Polisario Front is the Western Sahara's national liberation movement, fighting for the independence of the Western Sahara since 1973—originally against Spanish rule; after 1975, against Mauritania and Morocco; since 1979, against Morocco only. The organization is based in Algeria, where it is
816:
were subjected to direct French rule, which was organized to enable the massive settlement of French and
European immigrants. In Mauritania, they experienced a French non-settler colonial administration which, if light in its demands on the nomads, also deliberately overturned the existing social
1822:
Page 52, Note 88:"Actualmente es imposible aportar cifras exactas sobre el número de saharauis instalados en el país, ya que no existen datos oficiales elaborados por la administración española o por las autoridades saharauis. A través de la información recogida durante el trabajo de campo de la
802:
The
Sahrawi-Moorish tribes remained largely nomadic until the early to mid-20th century, when Franco-Spanish rivalries (as well as disagreements between different wings of the French colonial regime) managed to impose rigid, if arbitrary, borders on the previously fluid Sahara. The wide-ranging
671:
The modern day Sahrawis are a mixed ethnic group of Arabs, West Africans & diverse Berbers. The people inhabit the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara, and parts of Algeria. (Some tribes would also traditionally migrate into northern Mali and
1573:
was the historical basis of social and political organisation among the Hassaniya-speaking tribes of the Sahara, well into the colonial and arguably post-colonial period. Traditionally, Hassaniya Sahrawi society was completely tribal, organized in a complex web of shifting alliances and tribal
913:
populations, including historical allegiance to some Moorish emirates, but that these were not ties of a state or government character, and did not constitute formal bonds of sovereignty. Thus, the court recommended the United Nations to continue to pursue self-determination for the Sahrawis,
845:
about 20% of the population in 1975). By the time of decolonization in 1950s–1970s, Sahrawi tribes in all these different territories had experienced roughly a generation or more of distinct experiences; often, however, their nomadic lifestyle had guaranteed that they were subjected to less
766:
respectively. These colonial intrusions brought the Muslim Saharan peoples under Christian European rule for the first time, and created lasting cultural and political divides between and within existing populations, as well as upsetting traditional balances of power in differing ways.
1341:. There are several dialects of Hassaniya; the primary differences among them are phonetics. Today Hassaniya is spoken in south-western Algeria, northern Mali, Mauritania, southern-Morocco and Western Sahara. (Mauritania has the biggest concentration of speakers) . Some Sahrawis speak
790:, and then only with strong French military assistance. Mauritania's raiding Moors had been brought under control in the previous decades, partly through skilful exploitation by the French of traditional rivalries and social divisions between the tribes. In these encounters, the large
794:
proved especially resistant to the new rulers, and its fighters would regularly slip in out of French and Spanish territory, similarly exploiting the rivalries between European powers. The last major Reguibat raid took place in 1934, after which the Spanish authorities occupied
854:
The period of colonization radically changed existing power structures, leaving a confused legacy of contradictory political affiliations, European-drawn borders with little resemblance to ethnic and tribal realities, and the foundations of modern political conflict.
1333:. It has almost completely replaced the Berber languages originally spoken in this region. Though clearly a western dialect, Hassānīya is relatively distant from other North African variants of Arabic. Its geographical location exposed it to influence from
1298:
in the modern political sense is unknown, and estimates are hotly contested by partisans in the Western Sahara conflict. Most estimates however center around 200,000 to 400,000. These populations are centered in southern Morocco, Western Sahara, and in the
636:, and over the following centuries imposed itself upon them, intermixing with the population in the process. Berber attempts to shake off the rule of Arab warrior tribes occurred sporadically, but assimilation gradually won out, and after the failed
811:
French and Spanish colonial governments would gradually, and with varying force, impose their own systems of government and education over these territories, exposing the native populations to differing colonial experiences. The populations in
1254:, according to some sources descendants of the earlier pre-Arab populations. (Note that "Haratin", a term of obscure origin, has a different meaning in the Berber regions of Morocco.) They often lived serving affiliated
1585:) and religious scholars. Occasionally, larger tribal gatherings could be held in the form of the Ait Arbein (Group of Forty), which would handle supratribal affairs such as common defence of the territory or common
2281:
1589:. During colonial times, Spain attempted to assume some of the legitimacy of these traditional institutions by creating its own Djema'a, a state-run political association that supported its claims to the territory.
886:
1823:
tesis se calculó su número entre 10.000–12.000 personas, instaladas de preferencia en la costa mediterránea (Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Murcia y Andalucía), Islas Canarias, País Vasco y Extremadura"
1763:
676:
routes.) As with most Saharan peoples, the tribes reflect a highly mixed heritage, combining Arab, and other influences, including ethnic and cultural characteristics found in many ethnic groups of the
1808:
1470:
Mauritania housed as of 2009 about 26,000 Sahrawi refugees, classified by UNHCR as "people in a refugee-like situation". Many of them moved back and forth from the camps in Tindouf, Algeria.
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vocabulary and cultural traits remain common, despite the fact that many if not all of the Sahrawi/Moorish tribes today claim Arab ancestry; several are even claiming to be descendants of
870:
ideology point to some Sahrawi tribes calling upon the Moroccan sultan, who until 1912 remained the last independent Islamic ruler of the area, for assistance against the Europeans (see
1223:
or goods; while they were in a sense exploited, the relationship was often more or less symbiotic. Under both these groups, but still part of the Western Sahara society, stood the
1112:, reflecting their new position alongside the traditional warrior castes of Arab Hassane origin, such as the Oulad Delim and the Arabic-speaking tribes of the Tekna confederation.
947:, and while recognized by the United States, the legality is disputed militarily by the Polisario Front, an Algerian-backed movement claiming independence for the territory as the
778:
Uprisings and violent tribal clashes therefore took place with increasing frequency as European encroachment increased, and on occasion took the form of anti-colonial holy war, or
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was treated first as a colony, and later as an overseas province, with gradually tightening political conditions, and, in later years, a rapid influx of Spanish settlers (making
733:
by the Hassaniya tribes, but even these emirates were weak, conflict-ridden and rested more on the willing consent of the subject tribes than on any capacity to enforce loyalty.
1378:
The current Moroccan constitution (adopted in July 2011) mentions, in its 5th article, the Hassaniya language and recommends its preservation as a cultural heritage of Morocco.
1002:(SADR) through peaceful negotiations. The Polisario Front restricts its claims to the colonially-defined Western Sahara, holding no claim to, for example, the Sahrawi-populated
2022:
1880:
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the late 19th century. This included Algeria and Mauritania, and, from 1912, Morocco. But Western Sahara and scattered minor parts of Morocco fell to Spain, and were named
716:
appear to have had a similar relationship with the tribal territories, which were at once the home of undisciplined raiding tribes and the main trade route for the Saharan
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However, most tribes, regardless of their mixed heritage, tend to claim some form of Arab ancestry, as this has been key to achieving social status. Many (the so-called
1721:
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1480:. They had been visiting Algiers for various medical and bureaucratic reasons. Sahrawis from the refugee camps are regularly provided with free flights in Algerian
1527:
rite or school. Historically, religious practice has been pragmatically adapted to nomad life and local tradition. Also, since the late medieval period, various
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status to enhance their religious credibility. The zawiya tribes were protected by Hassan overlords in exchange for their religious services and payment of the
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enabling them to choose for themselves whether they wanted Spanish Sahara to turn into an independent state, or to be annexed to Morocco or Mauritania.
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1906:"Ufficio delle pubblicazioni — Manuale interistituzionale di convenzioni redazionali — Allegato A5 — Elenco degli Stati, dei territori e delle monete"
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uprising in the first years of the 20th century. It was not until the 1930s that Spain was able to finally subdue the interior of present-day
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1359:(a standardized version of Moroccan Berber languages) are the official languages of the Moroccan administered part of Western Sahara. While
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was introduced to the region (probably in the first or second millennium BCE), but it revolutionized the traditional trade routes of
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1211:). The latter designation the preferred one in among the Western Sahara-centered tribes, who would also almost invariably claim
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speaking groups). Even though cultural arabization of the Berber people was thorough, some elements of Berber identity remain.
939:
The area today referred to as Western Sahara remains, according to the United Nations, one of the world's last remaining major
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1534:(brotherhoods or orders), have played an important role in popular religious practice; the most important among these are the
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is much lower, around 45,000 to 50,000, and that these people are kept in the refugee camps against their will by Polisario.
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nomadic societies have less use of slave labour than sedentary societies; however, in some cases, slaves were used to work
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by Spain, Spanish is spoken as a lingua franca by most of the Sahrawis, especially among the Sahrawi diaspora, with the
1056:
955:
in Moroccan-held territories as well as the ongoing dispute over the legal status of the territory guarantees continued
728:" or allegiance to prestigious rulers, to gain their political backing or, in some cases, as a religious ceremony. The
349:
is a mix of Arab and indigenous African elements. Sahrawis are composed of many tribes and are largely speakers of the
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Generally speaking, the Hassaniya populations were (or are) divided into several groups, of different social status.
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speakers in 2006, of whom 2.7 million resided in Mauritania. The number of Hassaniya speakers identifying as
1144:
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1640:
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and other populations of the southern Sahel, and through the acquisition of slaves by wealthier nomad families.
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2700:
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1235:), as well as peripheral semi-tribal groups working in the same fields (among them the "professional" castes,
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2521:
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909:, where the court found that there were indeed strong tribal and cultural links between the Sahrawis and
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Western Sahara Since 1975 Under Moroccan Administration: Social, Economic, and Political Transformation
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Lawmaking, conflict resolution and central decision-making within the tribe, was carried out by the
2957:
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1542:. Further, among the Hassaniya tribes, certain lineages reputed to be descended from Mohammad, the
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and northern Africa, to finally settle around present-day Morocco. They were badly received by the
571:
499:
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1078:, even though intermarriage with other tribes and former slaves have occurred; a few, such as the
656:
to this day, and is also spoken in southern Morocco and western Algeria, among affiliated tribes.
645:
325:
3052:
944:
91:
2179:"About this Collection – Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
2128:"Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The Western Sahara"
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An important reference on Sahrawi population ethnography is the work of Spanish anthropologist
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2016:
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La migracion saharaui en Espana. Estrategias de visibilidad en el tercer tiempo del exilio
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refugee camps. The organization has maintained a cease-fire with Morocco since 1991 (see
1070:, have a Berber background but have since been thoroughly arabized; others, such as the
866:) draw heavily on colonial history to prove their version of reality. Proponents of the
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Additionally, between 3,000 and 12,000 Sahrawis live in Spain, their former colonizer.
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independence of central authority, and would even fight to maintain this independence.
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2037:"Angola: Luanda reafirma apoio à causa do povo saarauí – Inforpress – Sapo Notícias"
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2318:"Argelia: Mueren al menos 257 personas al estrellarse un avión militar en Boufarik"
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were named after towns in the Western Sahara (Awserd, Laayoune, Smara and Dakhla).
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951:(SADR). Since 1991, there has been a cease-fire between Morocco and Polisario, but
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uprising (1644–74), the Berber tribes virtually without exception embraced Arab or
567:
339:
301:
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2206:, Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Madrid, 1955. Re-edited 1990: Ediciones Júcar.
1671:"Africa :: Western Sahara - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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nomadism and warrior traditions, they simultaneously took on more and more of an
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1925:"Significado / definição de saarauí no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa"
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1950:"Rajoy viaja para Rabat para manter boas relações com Marrocos | VEJA.com"
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right to self-determination. The same kind of ruling was issued with regard to
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1401:, Western Sahara's only film festival, showing mainly Spanish-language films.
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1199:). Below them stood the "scholarly" or "clerical" lineages. These were called
1007:
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59:
17:
2235:: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
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interference than what sedentary populations experienced in the same areas.
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1702:"Western Sahara's stranded refugees consider renewal of Morocco conflict"
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According to the Ethnologue database, there were more than three million
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1200:
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799:, finally gaining control over the last unpatrolled border territories.
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as a second language due to interaction with neighboring populations.
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Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?
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confederations, with no stable and centralized governing authority.
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existed ties between the Moroccan sultan and some (mainly northerly
829:
Arabs. In southern Morocco, France upheld indirect rule through the
411:. In other languages it is pronounced in similar or different ways:
998:), but continues to strive for the territory's independence as the
712:. The governments of the pre-colonial Sahelian empires of Mali and
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or "the land of dissidence" by the Moroccan central government and
3446:
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1546:, have played an important role in intertribal religious society.
1517:
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652:, remains the mother-tongue of Mauritania and Moroccan-controlled
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1278:, who in 1952–53 spent several months among native tribes of the
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tribes—tribal groups labouring in demeaning occupations, such as
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involvement and occasional international attention to the issue.
1976:"No meio do caminho havia a Venezuela – Internacional – Estadão"
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1779:"La policía detuvo a saharauis en Jaén al pedir la residencia"
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Sahrawi Refugees in Tindouf, Algeria: Total In‐Camp Population
1119:
705:
2485:
1881:"Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures"
1010:. Since 1979, the Polisario Front has been recognized by the
1717:
1715:
625:, and among the tribes pushed out of the territory were the
692:
In pre-colonial times, the Sahara was generally considered
1195:, supposed descendants of the Beni Hassan Arab tribe (cf.
897:) tribes in then-Spanish Sahara, but that these ties were
2277:
ACAPS Briefing Note: Algeria: Sahrawi refugees in Tindouf
681:. The latter were primarily acquired through mixing with
2003:. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015
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and even claim Arab heritage. The Arabic dialect of the
562:
arrived in the 8th century CE. It is not known when the
431:
422:
1837:"Western Sahara: Kitesurfing in the Dakhla Danger Zone"
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as the representative of the people of Western Sahara.
383:) literally means "Inhabitant of the Desert". The word
1802:
1800:
1773:
1771:
1753:
1751:
1581:, (Arabic, gathering) a gathering of elected elders (
1745:
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
1243:). All these groups were considered to be among the
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1104:(scholarly) tribe who in the 18th century took up
825:tribes against the powerful warrior clans of the
613:tribes migrated westwards across the entirety of
2021:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1397:, being available in Spanish since 2001 and the
943:. Morocco controls most of the territory as its
542:confederation, inhabited the areas now known as
2463:Thompson, Virginia and Adloff, Richard (1980),
2418:Pazzanita, Anthony G. and Hodges, Tony (1994),
1325:, a variety of Arabic originally spoken by the
345:As with most peoples living in the Sahara, the
741:Modern distinctions drawn between the various
609:region. In the early 13th century, the Yemeni
3400:
3191:
2934:
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2304:Country of origin information report: Algeria
1089:tribes) will also claim descendancy from the
8:
2465:The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict
1476:In 2018, thirty Sahrawi refugees died in an
1282:. He published a 1955 book on the subject.
398:
378:
48:
41:
2293:National Geographic Magazine, December 2008
2244:Article 5 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
837:exercised direct administration in others.
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2491:
1250:Below them ranked servile groups known as
979:Sahrawi state, used by the Polisario Front
889:on the matter in 1975, stating that there
58:
40:
27:People living in the western Sahara desert
2360:Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War
817:order, allying itself with lower-ranking
672:Niger, or even further along the Saharan
574:salt, gold, and slaves between North and
1646:List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco
1419:which transferred administration of the
1139:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
2486:"Pueblo saharaui" (Enrique Torán, 1977)
2420:Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara
2405:The Arab Conquest of the Western Sahara
2307:, p. 143. UK Border Agency, 30 Sep 2008
1662:
403:), meaning "desert". A man is called a
320:, and along the southwestern border of
2375:Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate
2095:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2088:
2014:
1759:World Refugee Survey 2009 - Mauritania
632:This tribe entered the domains of the
605:emigrated westwards from Egypt to the
1736:Morocco overview-Minorities-Saharawis
1478:air crash of Algerian Air Force Il-76
1047:descent, who fused with the dominant
7:
2324:(in European Spanish). 11 April 2018
2214:. Reedited 2009: Ediciones Calamar.
1848:
1846:
1074:, are considered descendants of the
1023:Ethnic background: Berbers and Arabs
80:Regions with significant populations
1440:, and a smaller number in camps in
399:
379:
290:
273:Map of the tribes of Western Sahara
49:
1700:Shefte, Whitney (6 January 2015).
1677:. 17 November 2020. Archived from
1303:of Algeria, where large number of
850:Debate on pre-colonial allegiances
724:tribes would occasionally extend "
342:and other indigenous populations.
304:native to the western part of the
25:
1363:is the only official language in
1321:Sahrawis' native language is the
1307:from Western Sahara are located.
3207:
2392:, George Allen & Unwid Ltd (
1879:Julio, Javi (21 November 2015).
1395:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1381:Due to the past colonization of
1373:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1183:At the peak of society were the
1124:
1000:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
973:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
949:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
704:, and by the authorities of the
389:is derived from the Arabic word
3503:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara
3416:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara
2377:, International Peace Studies (
1393:, official news service of the
1066:Some tribes, such as the large
858:For example, both sides in the
110:174,000 refugees living in the
1329:Arabian tribes of the Western
941:non-self-governing territories
883:International Court of Justice
1:
1428:movement's base areas in the
1059:populations (e.g. indigenous
3533:Muslim communities in Africa
2467:, Barnes & Noble Books (
2407:, Longman Publishing Group (
2231:Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009.
1980:Internacional.estadao.com.br
1923:S.A., Priberam Informática.
807:Different colonial practices
3493:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
2822:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
2448:Thobhani, Akbarali (2002),
1482:military transport aircraft
1116:Social and ethnic hierarchy
1006:in Morocco, or any part of
929:The Western Sahara conflict
392:
372:
308:desert, which includes the
295:
96:about 30% of the population
3549:
1497:
1491:
1408:
1314:
1151:Such statements should be
1080:Tekna tribal confederation
982:
932:
921:
432:
423:
407:, and a woman is called a
29:
3528:Berber peoples and tribes
3422:
3372:
3224:
2828:
1641:History of Western Sahara
1504:Mauritania § Culture
1494:Culture of Western Sahara
1455:Saharawi refugee camp in
593:In the 11th century, the
216:
203:
166:
74:
57:
3498:Ethnic groups in Morocco
3488:Ethnic groups in Algeria
3132:Standard Moroccan Berber
1839:. BBC. 25 December 2016.
1035:As described above, the
1031:Group of Saharawi women.
924:Decolonisation of Africa
782:, as in the case of the
92:Moroccan-controlled zone
2950:Demographics of Morocco
2736:Algerian Saharan Arabic
2522:Demographics of Algeria
2362:, Lawrence Hill Books (
2183:The Library of Congress
1762:. USCRI, 17 June 2009.
1741:19 January 2013 at the
1500:Music of Western Sahara
1039:speaking tribes are of
935:Western Sahara conflict
918:Decolonisation attempts
901:sufficient to abrogate
860:Western Sahara conflict
582:dynasty of Morocco and
90:~160,000 mostly in the
3103:Modern Standard Arabic
2452:, Edwin Mellen Press (
2433:Shelley, Toby (2004),
1562:list of Sahrawi tribes
1463:
1353:Modern Standard Arabic
1187:"warrior" lineages or
1180:
1032:
980:
274:
176:Modern Standard Arabic
2403:Norris, H.T. (1986),
2388:Mercer, John (1976),
2373:Jensen, Erik (2005),
2358:Hodges, Tony (1983),
2265:on 25 September 2011.
2167:on 21 September 2012.
2114:7 August 2006 at the
1853:atlasofhumanity.com.
1807:Carmen Gómez Martín.
1651:James Riley (Captain)
1454:
1411:Sahrawi refugee camps
1391:Sahrawi Press Service
1263:plantations, farming
1219:, a tributary tax in
1178:
1100:. A Berber-descended
1030:
970:
922:Further information:
833:in some areas, while
272:
212:Related ethnic groups
112:Sahrawi refugee camps
1399:Sahara Film Festival
1153:clarified or removed
990:responsible for the
977:partially-recognized
737:European colonialism
338:descent, as well as
324:. They are of mixed
2422:, Scarecrow Press (
2204:Estudios Saharianos
2202:Julio Caro Baroja,
1726:. UNHCR, March 2018
1681:on 17 November 2020
1604:Hadjatu Aliat Swelm
1516:, the Sahrawis are
1436:were set up in the
1051:tribes, as well as
963:The Polisario Front
621:descendants of the
94:where they make up
75:652,271 (2020 est.)
43:
2077:on 10 January 2009
2001:"União Africana —"
1464:
1181:
1033:
981:
945:Southern Provinces
745:-speaking Sahrawi-
570:. Berber caravans
275:
3470:
3469:
3382:
3381:
3173:
3172:
3158:Foreign nationals
2916:
2915:
2788:
2787:
2220:978-84-96235-28-1
2047:on 10 August 2017
1956:. 17 January 2012
1954:Veja.abril.com.br
1859:Atlas Of Humanity
1599:Al Khadra Mabrook
1276:Julio Caro Baroja
1170:
1169:
862:(Morocco vs. the
754:(subdivided into
698:Sultan of Morocco
554:and southwestern
267:
266:
144:26,000 (Refugees)
16:(Redirected from
3540:
3523:Arabized Berbers
3513:Tribes of Arabia
3409:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3108:Hassaniya Arabic
3031:Arabised Berbers
2943:
2936:
2929:
2920:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2748:Berber languages
2741:Hassaniya Arabic
2515:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2346:
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2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
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2294:
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2285:
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2267:
2266:
2261:. Archived from
2255:"Quienes somos?"
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2229:
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2160:. Archived from
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2100:
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2041:Noticias.sapo.cv
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1621:Sahrawi refugees
1457:Tindouf Province
1446:camps in Tindouf
1438:Tindouf Province
1424:ended up in the
1357:Amazigh language
1317:Hassaniya Arabic
1301:Tindouf Province
1165:
1162:
1156:
1128:
1127:
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903:Western Sahara's
531:, mainly of the
435:
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298:
292:
234:Arabized Berbers
178:(written only),
172:Berber languages
168:Hassaniya Arabic
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70:Total population
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3098:Moroccan Arabic
3079:
3004:
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2784:
2780:French language
2731:Algerian Arabic
2712:
2581:
2524:
2519:
2482:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2343:Western Sahara?
2341:
2337:
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2280:, 19 Jan 2022 (
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2151:"ODS HOME PAGE"
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2116:Wayback Machine
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2067:"Archived copy"
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868:Greater Morocco
864:Polisario Front
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764:Spanish Morocco
760:Saguia el-Hamra
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623:Merinid dynasty
590:in Mauritania.
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1417:Madrid Accords
1409:Main article:
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642:Muslim culture
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2443:1-84277-341-0
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2437:, Zed Books (
2436:
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1133:This article
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1110:Arab identity
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1050:
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872:Ma al-'Aynayn
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784:Ma al-'Aynayn
781:
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718:caravan trade
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619:Zenata Berber
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521:Early history
520:
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3299:Beni Zemmour
3279:Beni Khirane
3118:Pre-Hilalian
3021:Arab-Berbers
2983:Christianity
2701:Roma (Gypsy)
2620:Ouled Djerir
2555:Christianity
2464:
2449:
2434:
2419:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2359:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2321:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2276:
2271:
2263:the original
2259:spsrasd.info
2258:
2249:
2240:
2227:
2203:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2162:the original
2157:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2130:. US Embassy
2122:
2105:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2070:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2040:
2031:
2005:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1885:the Guardian
1884:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1831:
1825:(in Spanish)
1814:. Retrieved
1809:
1787:. Retrieved
1758:
1731:
1722:
1706:The Guardian
1705:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:the original
1674:
1665:
1609:Saida Charaf
1576:
1568:
1555:
1531:
1512:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1414:
1405:The refugees
1380:
1377:
1351:
1320:
1295:
1289:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1207:tribes (cf.
1185:aristocratic
1182:
1171:
1158:
1145:unverifiable
1137:weasel words
1134:
1084:
1065:
1034:
1018:Demographics
988:
971:Flag of the
953:disturbances
938:
898:
890:
880:
875:
857:
853:
810:
801:
777:
772:
769:
740:
725:
693:
691:
670:
664:, so-called
631:
592:
568:North Africa
524:
511:: Sahraui(s)
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
463:
459:
455:
446:
442:
428:
419:
408:
404:
390:
385:
384:
370:
364:
344:
340:West African
302:ethnic group
293:
282:
278:
276:
230:Arab-Berbers
157:3,000–12,000
150:
137:
124:
103:
38:Ethnic group
35:
3518:Arab people
3376:Arab tribes
3334:Oulad Delim
3294:Banu Sulaym
3289:Beni Moussa
3284:Beni Mathar
3269:Beni Ḥassān
3244:Banu Ma'qil
3234:Ahl Rachida
3214:Arab tribes
2988:Catholicism
2600:Arab-Berber
2565:Catholicism
2345:30-days.net
1929:Priberam.pt
1636:Green March
1514:Religiously
1327:Beni Hassan
1197:Oulad Delim
1161:August 2011
1147:information
1076:Beni Hassan
1072:Oulad Delim
1045:Beni Hassan
911:Mauritanian
694:Blad Essiba
646:Beni Ḥassān
627:Beni Hassan
603:Beni Sulaym
576:West Africa
572:transported
546:, southern
353:dialect of
312:, southern
206:Sunni Islam
64:Sahrawi man
3477:Categories
3344:Oulad Zyan
3274:Banu Hilal
3254:Beni Ahsen
3249:Banu Tamim
3068:Portuguese
3036:Afro-Arabs
2903:Toucouleur
2625:Ouled Naïl
2570:Protestant
2233:Ethnologue
2149:ODS Team.
2081:15 January
1657:References
1498:See also:
1442:Mauritania
1415:After the
1365:Mauritania
1286:Population
1267:, digging
1247:grouping.
1057:indigenous
1055:and other
1008:Mauritania
907:Mauritania
756:Río de Oro
638:Char Bouba
599:Beni Hilal
552:Mauritania
500:Portuguese
464:saharauiya
460:saharauita
318:Mauritania
316:, much of
300:), are an
296:ṣaḥrāwīyūn
254:Afro-Arabs
174:(native),
170:(native),
140:Mauritania
30:See also:
3264:Beni Guil
3259:Beni Amir
3147:Tachelhit
3085:Languages
3063:Spaniards
2958:Religions
2718:Languages
2706:Beni Ades
2530:Religions
1910:europa.eu
1816:21 August
1631:Cape Juby
1587:diplomacy
1558:tribalism
1550:Tribalism
1540:Tijaniyya
1536:Qadiriyya
1387:Cape Juby
1343:Tashelhit
1323:Hassānīya
1311:Languages
1292:Hassaniya
1229:fishermen
1135:contains
1037:Hassaniya
885:issued a
843:Spaniards
831:sultanate
743:Hassaniya
722:Hassaniya
666:sharifian
650:Hassaniya
584:Andalusia
580:Almoravid
558:, before
433:ⴰⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ
429:Aneẓrofan
409:Sahrawiya
361:Etymology
351:Hassaniya
262:Maghrebis
222:Moroccans
162:Languages
3457:Reguibat
3427:Bedouins
3374:Part of
3309:Doukkala
3113:Hilalian
3058:Italians
3053:European
2883:Reguibat
2878:Mandinka
2868:Jakhanke
2863:Imraguen
2838:Bedouins
2768:Mozabite
2694:Italians
2684:European
2657:Mozabite
2647:Chenouas
2630:Reguibat
2615:Ghenanma
2560:Orthodox
2328:12 April
2112:Archived
2091:cite web
2017:cite web
1764:Archived
1739:Archived
1615:See also
1560:and the
1509:Religion
1430:Algerian
1371:and the
1355:and the
1305:refugees
1237:mallemin
1233:Imraguen
1201:marabout
1098:Reguibat
1094:Muhammad
1068:Reguibat
876:de facto
819:marabout
668:tribes.
662:Muhammad
588:emirates
504:Saarauís
495:Saharawi
483:Saharaui
474:Sahraoui
456:Saharaui
447:Saharawi
424:ⴰⵙⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ
420:Aseḥrawi
291:صحراويون
279:Sahrawis
260:, other
236:, other
228:, other
224:, other
199:Religion
50:صحراويون
42:Sahrawis
3462:Sahrawi
3452:Iraguen
3442:Hassane
3437:Haratin
3432:Berbers
3349:Rahamna
3304:Chaouia
3239:Azwafit
3218:Morocco
3142:Zenatic
3046:Haratin
3026:Berbers
3000:Judaism
2898:Soninke
2888:Sahrawi
2858:Haratin
2843:Berbers
2773:Tamahaq
2758:Shawiya
2677:Zouaoua
2662:Sahrawi
2637:Berbers
2610:Chaamba
2605:Bedouin
2353:Sources
2322:RTVE.es
2282:See pdf
2134:9 April
2007:2 April
1864:25 June
1783:El País
1675:cia.gov
1626:Bedouin
1583:shaykhs
1579:Djema'a
1523:of the
1521:Muslims
1488:Culture
1461:Algeria
1369:Algeria
1345:and/or
1296:Sahrawi
1252:Haratin
1193:Hassane
1061:Soninke
1041:Arabian
992:Tindouf
827:Hassane
814:Algeria
747:Moorish
730:Moorish
714:Songhai
710:Algiers
687:Soninke
674:caravan
634:Sanhaja
607:Maghreb
595:Bedouin
556:Algeria
548:Morocco
533:Senhaja
529:Berbers
526:Nomadic
516:History
491:Sahrawi
487:Sahraui
479:Italian
452:Spanish
443:Sahrawi
439:English
405:Sahrawi
386:Sahrawi
373:Ṣaḥrāwī
333:Sanhaji
326:Hassani
322:Algeria
314:Morocco
258:Tuaregs
246:Haratin
218:Beidane
180:Spanish
127:Morocco
116:Tindouf
106:Algeria
32:Beidane
3364:Zyayda
3319:Khlout
3314:Hyayna
3165:Malays
3127:Berber
3093:Arabic
2833:Bafour
2763:Shenwa
2753:Kabyle
2726:Arabic
2689:French
2672:Zenata
2667:Tuareg
2652:Kabyle
2642:Chaoui
2471:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2218:
2210:
2188:5 June
2158:un.org
2051:5 June
1985:5 June
1960:5 June
1934:5 June
1890:4 June
1789:3 July
1685:25 May
1544:chorfa
1525:Maliki
1444:. The
1335:Zenaga
1331:Sahara
1241:igawen
1221:cattle
1213:chorfa
1205:zawiya
1191:, the
1141:biased
1102:zawiya
1087:chorfa
887:ruling
823:zenaga
773:ghazzu
762:) and
658:Berber
615:Arabia
540:tribal
537:Zenaga
509:German
470:French
416:Berber
393:Ṣaḥrā'
380:صحراوي
367:Arabic
355:Arabic
336:Berber
306:Sahara
287:Arabic
188:French
131:90,000
3447:Horma
3354:Sless
3137:Atlas
3041:Gnawa
3016:Arabs
2971:Sunni
2966:Islam
2908:Wolof
2893:Serer
2873:Kunta
2595:Arabs
2543:Sunni
2538:Islam
2165:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
1571:tribe
1532:Turuq
1518:Sunni
1339:Wolof
1271:etc.
1269:wells
1265:dates
1261:oasis
1256:bidan
1245:bidan
1231:(cf.
1225:znaga
1217:horma
1189:clans
1106:camel
895:Tekna
835:Spain
797:Smara
780:Jihad
683:Wolof
679:Sahel
611:Maqil
564:camel
560:Islam
400:صحراء
369:word
281:, or
250:Gnawa
153:Spain
3359:Zaër
3324:Mzab
3229:Abda
3075:Jews
2976:Shia
2853:Fula
2577:Jews
2548:Shia
2469:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2330:2018
2216:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2190:2017
2136:2023
2097:link
2083:2022
2053:2017
2023:link
2009:2018
1987:2017
1962:2017
1936:2017
1892:2017
1866:2023
1818:2012
1791:2010
1687:2021
1569:The
1538:and
1529:Sufi
1502:and
1385:and
1337:and
1239:and
975:, a
881:The
821:and
758:and
726:beya
706:Deys
601:and
365:The
331:and
329:Arab
277:The
240:and
238:Arab
232:and
3216:in
2848:Dom
1203:or
1143:or
899:not
891:had
708:of
702:Fez
700:in
493:or
445:or
427:or
186:),
114:at
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2257:.
2181:.
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2089:{{
2069:.
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2370:)
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2138:.
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2085:.
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2025:)
2011:.
1989:.
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118:.
20:)
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