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In 2005, the
Brazilian government proposed a controversial water diversion project that will bring water from the river to semiarid areas of four Brazilian states (Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte). Environmentalists argue that the project will do more harm than good, benefitting
1025:
More than 200 fish species are known from the São
Francisco River basin and it is expected that several additional species will be discovered in the future, especially from the relatively poorly known upper parts of the river. About 10% of the fish species known from the river basin are
903:), a length of 1,371 kilometres (852 mi). However, there are large variations in depth depending on the rainfall. Because of the diversity of physical characteristics over the course of the navigable stretch, it may be divided into three substretches, as follows:
956:. At the same time, deforestation and excessive agricultural use of the upper-course waters of the São Francisco and its tributaries greatly reduced the water flow in the middle course, creating sand banks and islands that hindered navigation.
577:
It is an important river for Brazil, called "the river of national integration" because it unites diverse climates and regions of the country, in particular the
Southeast with the Northeast. It is also significant because it passes through the
948:. After the Sobradinho dam was built in Bahia, the conditions of navigability were altered considerably, since the reservoir's large size allowed for the formation of short waves of considerable height. Although the dam has a navigation
1160:. The hinterland is arid and underpopulated, so most of the towns are small and isolated. Only Petrolina and Juazeiro have grown into medium-sized cities and have become prosperous because of fruit production based on irrigation.
1219:
boats and intended to scare away river demons from the boat. Tourist shops far from the river have modernized replicas and miniatures of the vanishing originals. The stories of river demons and monsters persist today.
1240:
only large landowners and a very small population, while bringing considerable ecological impact. The government insists that the project will give the people in the four states a much-needed water supply.
542:, behind the coastal range, draining an area of over 630,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi), before turning east to form the border between Bahia on the right bank and the states of
1231:, a nearby town, was once the terminus of a railroad. The town has a number of abandoned historical buildings from that period. They have been restored and are emerging as a tourist attraction.
1286:
1172:
was built between Bahia and
Alagoas. The Paulo Afonso plant now provides electric power for the whole of Northeastern Brazil. Four other large hydroelectric plants were later built:
929:, with a length of 42 kilometres (26 mi) and an average depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in), sustained by a flow of 1,500 m/s (53,000 cu ft/s).
692:
1195:
The section of dramatic canyons between the Paulo Afonso and Xingó dams, including part of the Xingó reservoir, is protected by the 26,736 hectares (66,070 acres)
1349:
598:(Alagoas) and the mouth on the ocean, but traditional passenger navigation has almost disappeared in recent years due to changes in the river flow (see below).
918:; the latter's reservoir is 314 kilometres (195 mi) long, with a surface area of 4,214 square kilometres (1,627 sq mi) and a comfortable depth.
1527:
963:, although still possible for smaller boats. The shells of those old riverboats can still be seen on the river at Pirapora. As of 2009, a single boat, the
363:
1192:
in 1994. The
Sobradinho reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the world, with an area of 4,214 square kilometres (1,627 sq mi).
1207:
The São
Francisco has great importance in history and particularly in folklore. That history is celebrated in song, legend and souvenirs based on the
748:
497:. With a length of 2,914 kilometres (1,811 mi), it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in
1132:
The area crossed by the river is vast and sparsely populated, but several towns lie on the river. Beginning in Minas Gerais, the river passes by
60:
284:
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911:(Bahia), a length of 1,015 kilometres (631 mi); differences in height up to 6 metres (20 ft) may occur due to rains and drought.
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The river obtains water from 168 rivers and streams, of which 90 are on the right bank and 78 on the left bank. The main
1499:
Salminus franciscanus, a new species from the rio São
Francisco basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae).
635:
1346:
1104:
on the river) and pollution do present a problem to the species in the river, and fish mass deaths have been recorded.
1514:
Investigation into fish mortality on the Sao
Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil, September 17 to October 10, 2005.
1498:
75:
1605:
1585:
1429:
Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types.
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The course of the river, running through five states, may be divided into four sections, as follows:
725:
702:
485:
473:
185:
1564:
Course of the São
Francisco River and the Navigation Along It from São Paulo to the Pitangui Mines
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and about 13% are important in fisheries. About 64% of the fish species known from the basin are
1027:
945:
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Until recent years, the São
Francisco was regularly navigated by a type of passenger boat called
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of the country, a region historically characterized by droughts and low access to water. It is
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Reis, R.E.; J.S. Albert; F. Di Dario; M.M. Mincarone; P. Petry; and L.A. Rocha (2016).
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In a short time, conditions were such that navigation became impossible for the large
937:(Portuguese for "cage"). These were paddle-wheel steamboats, some of them having been
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620:(4 October) in 1501. The nickname "Velho Chico" may be translated as "Old Frank":
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808:
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42:
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species are found in the São Francisco River basin, especially from the genera
760:
84 m high bridge over the São Francisco between the states of Bahia and Alagoas
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1168:
The river's hydroelectric potential started being harnessed in 1955, when the
1090:
967:, remains in activity, making short-distance tourist cruises from Pirapora to
892:
629:
543:
220:
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The upper middle part, from Pirapora, where the navigable part begins, up to
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on the left one. After that, it ends on the boundaries between the states of
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1227:(Alagoas), the river lies at the bottom of a gorge or steep sided valley.
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by the indigenous people before colonisation, and is today also known as
728:, canoeing down the São Francisco river from its source to the falls of
1312:
Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos
776:
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The São Francisco is naturally navigable all through the year between
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952:, the waves and currents made traversing the lake difficult for the
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1517:
Technical Report, World Fisheries Trust. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
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Unidade de Conservação: Monumento Natural do Rio São Francisco
632:
of Francisco, itself the Portuguese form of the name Francis.
36:
1554:
Main Brazilian Hydrographic Basins Map and brief description
795:
The low part, from Paulo Afonso to the river's mouth on the
538:. It runs generally north in the states of Minas Gerais and
1414:
Belo Horizonte ganha o maior aquário de água doce do Brasil
534:
mountain range in the central-western part of the state of
789:, also in Bahia (bordering on Alagoas), and ending at the
1559:
Organization of American States' document on the river
1074:(a small tetra that often is kept in aquariums), and
1314:. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3–19.
1287:"Velho Chico: The River of National Unity in Brazil"
1235:
Controversial diversion project (under construction)
30:"Sao Francisco" redirects here. For other uses, see
1400:
Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America
708:first saw the river on 4 October 1501. In 1865 the
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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785:The lower middle part, from the Sobradinho dam to
1532:(in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente
1331:Classification of South American Indian languages
1243:The diversion project intake point is located at
1184:, between Bahia and Pernambuco, in 1988 and the
177:
1068:(a characin and the only member of its genus),
695:were spoken in the São Francisco River basin.
8:
566:also includes tributaries from the state of
458:11,718 m/s (413,800 cu ft/s)
1496:Lima, F. C. T., and H. A. Britski (2007).
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
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1335:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
1223:From Paulo Afonso to the historic town of
875:A river canyon on the São Francisco river.
438:2,943 m/s (103,900 cu ft/s)
162:
752:São Francisco River south of Paulo Afonso
448:1,480 m/s (52,000 cu ft/s)
416:641,000 km (247,000 sq mi)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1111:
1402:. Journal of Fish Biology 89(1): 12–47.
1256:
379:10.49960341381051°S 36.39546430246904°W
693:various unclassified extinct languages
384:-10.49960341381051; -36.39546430246904
140:
1265:"São Francisco River - river, Brazil"
484:
7:
1280:
1278:
530:The São Francisco originates in the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1197:Rio São Francisco Natural Monument
1062:(the largest species of piranha),
768:The high part, from its source to
25:
1369:(in Portuguese). Paradiso Turismo
501:and overall in Brazil (after the
1176:in Minas Gerais, built in 1961,
1128:Mouth of the São Francisco river
994:
983:
944:and dating from the time of the
153:
41:
1427:Ferraris, Carl J., Jr. (2007).
1310:Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958.
52:needs additional citations for
1411:Guia da Pesca (8 March 2010).
612:, from its first discovery by
513:). It used to be known as the
357: • coordinates
278: • coordinates
1:
664:Trans–São Francisco languages
408:2,830 km (1,760 mi)
245:Physical characteristics
594:(Bahia), as well as between
396: • elevation
321:1,450 m (4,760 ft)
317: • elevation
921:From the Sobradinho dam to
343: • location
265: • location
1622:
1367:"Vapor Benjamim Guimarães"
1215:placed on the prow of the
661:
454: • maximum
444: • minimum
434: • average
351:, Alagoas / Sergipe border
29:
1180:in Bahia, built in 1977,
1065:Orthospinus franciscensis
1053:Franciscodoras marmoratus
1004:Two of the fish that are
914:From Pilão Arcado to the
887:) and the twin cities of
482:Portuguese pronunciation:
462:
420:
325:
249:
168:São Francisco river basin
161:
152:
1502:Neotrop. Ichthyol. 5(3).
1486:. December 2018 version.
1472:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1444:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1182:Luiz Gonzaga (Itaparica)
1116:São Francisco River, in
1040:(a catfish of uncertain
1037:Conorhynchos conirostris
486:[sɐ̃wfɾɐ̃ˈsisku]
1568:(in French and English)
1084:). More than 40 annual
1056:(an armoured catfish),
1050:(a flattened catfish),
1047:Lophiosilurus alexandri
1011:Lophiosilurus alexandri
610:Saint Francis of Assisi
608:The river is named for
1596:Rivers of Minas Gerais
1418:Retrieved 9 March 2013
1352:24 August 2008 at the
1129:
1121:
1017:Hypsolebias magnificus
876:
761:
753:
745:
714:Richard Francis Burton
712:explorer and diplomat
586:between the cities of
477:
178:
1458:. March 2013 version.
1203:Cultural significance
1148:, the twin cities of
1127:
1115:
1077:Salminus franciscanus
874:
759:
751:
743:
76:"São Francisco River"
1601:Rivers of Pernambuco
1511:Hackett, J. (2005).
1431:Zootaxa 1418: 1–628.
1108:Towns and population
1008:to the river basin:
685:Maxakalían languages
558:and washes into the
400:0 m (0 ft)
61:improve this article
1566:is a map from 1700
1100:. Dams (preventing
1080:(a relative of the
716:was transferred to
642:in the now extinct
590:(Minas Gerais) and
470:São Francisco River
375: /
296: /
144:São Francisco River
1448:Pygocentrus piraya
1164:Hydroelectric dams
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1059:Pygocentrus piraya
965:Benjamim Guimarães
946:American Civil War
877:
846:Verde Grande River
762:
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724:. He explored the
636:Indigenous peoples
300:20.2302°S 46.443°W
270:São Roque de Minas
258:Canastra Mountains
1606:Rivers of Sergipe
1586:Rivers of Alagoas
1325:Loukotka, Čestmír
1146:Bom Jesus da Lapa
907:From Pirapora to
726:central highlands
478:Rio São Francisco
466:
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305:-20.2302; -46.443
179:Rio São Francisco
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50:This article
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18:Sao Francisco
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1294:. Retrieved
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1211:, a kind of
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1158:Paulo Afonso
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1120:, BA, Brazil
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1034:, including
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958:
953:
934:
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909:Pilão Arcado
885:Minas Gerais
878:
867:Navigability
861:Grande River
821:Abaeté River
806:
787:Paulo Afonso
763:
744:River source
730:Paulo Afonso
697:
689:Jê languages
667:
647:
639:
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536:Minas Gerais
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469:
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213:Minas Gerais
138:
123:
117:October 2009
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1174:Três Marias
1097:Hypsolebias
939:Mississippi
809:tributaries
803:Tributaries
523:Velho Chico
382: /
303: /
174:Native name
147:Velho Chico
1580:Categories
1251:References
1178:Sobradinho
1091:Cynolebias
1028:threatened
971:and back.
942:riverboats
893:Pernambuco
683:, eastern
662:See also:
638:called it
630:diminutive
544:Pernambuco
474:Portuguese
413:Basin size
370:36°23′44″W
367:10°29′59″S
291:46°26′35″W
288:20°13′49″S
221:Pernambuco
186:Portuguese
87:newspapers
1373:1 October
1209:carrancas
1150:Petrolina
1118:Ibotirama
1086:killifish
1042:taxonomic
969:São Romão
923:Petrolina
889:Petrolina
618:feast day
614:Europeans
584:navigable
425:Discharge
349:Piaçabuçu
1483:FishBase
1455:FishBase
1350:Archived
1327:(1968).
1229:Piranhas
1213:gargoyle
1190:Piranhas
1154:Juazeiro
1142:Januária
1134:Pirapora
927:Juazeiro
897:Juazeiro
881:Pirapora
770:Pirapora
736:Sections
703:explorer
596:Piranhas
592:Juazeiro
588:Pirapora
570:and the
532:Canastra
509:and the
194:Location
1245:Cabrobó
1032:endemic
1006:endemic
961:gaiolas
954:gaiolas
777:Remanso
710:British
700:Italian
658:History
640:Kaleshí
616:on his
556:Sergipe
552:Alagoas
548:Alagoas
511:Madeira
229:Sergipe
225:Alagoas
199:Country
101:scholar
1536:21 May
1225:Penedo
1217:gaiola
1156:, and
935:gaiola
895:) and
722:Brazil
718:Santos
691:, and
646:, and
507:Paraná
505:, the
503:Amazon
495:Brazil
428:
405:Length
254:Source
235:Region
209:States
203:Brazil
182:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1296:1 May
1188:near
1186:Xingó
901:Bahia
811:are:
673:Truká
648:Opára
628:is a
626:chico
622:velho
604:Names
568:Goiás
540:Bahia
516:Opara
491:river
347:near
331:Mouth
217:Bahia
108:JSTOR
94:books
1538:2016
1375:2009
1298:2021
1152:and
1094:and
1014:and
975:Fish
950:lock
698:The
677:Natú
669:Tuxá
554:and
546:and
468:The
80:news
720:in
493:in
63:by
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