793:
1232:
physical variables such as size and spininess also diverge markedly. As already noted, in many regions the plant passes through its most palatable and vulnerable phase before the need for forage begins to become more pressing. However, some strains are not spiny, so that there is scope for breeding lines that are useful throughout most of the season. Note too that while some variables, such as protein content, should preferably be as high as possible, others, while harmless or even beneficial at low levels, may be undesirable or even dangerous at the highest recorded levels. For example,
964:
1434:
1407:
1278:
537:
33:
1395:
58:
459:
651:
1419:
692:
470:
862:, for example, stems, fruits, and leaves are nutritious year-round camel feed; sheep and goats prefer it in summer, but also to some extent in autumn and winter. The fruits are important for fattening camels, goats, and karakul sheep; the fruit may partially substitute for concentrates, especially in autumn and winter. In those regions annual
1333:
complex has been associated with presumably allergic sensitivities to various parts of the plant. Many people develop skin rashes and assorted other reactions after exposure to the plant. Scratches and abrasions from spines or hard stems from the plant may cause itching or inflamed skin. Furthermore,
1231:
These figures are not the only important genetically determined variables, but they are illustrative. Note that the high values in the list differ from the corresponding low values by factors ranging from a little over 2 in the case of acid-detergent fibre, to more than 60 for nitrate content. Other
1187:
improves the prospects for new variants to be established in the population. The species and its hybrids and variants have attracted attention as valuable prospects for selective breeding for various agricultural purposes. The most desirable and the most undesirable genetically determined attributes
1159:
Such considerations have led some workers to recommend that the plant be actively exploited for its very attractive merits. Frustratingly however, the plant in the wild is very variable; apart from its intrinsic genetic variability, invasive populations have hybridised extensively with other species
939:
population. However, it is important not to regard the ecological interrelationships too simplistically; in some cases the presence of the healthy weed plants on a harsh site without mycorrhizae actually seems to facilitate the succession of grass better than where a mycorrhizal inoculum had reduced
866:
species are known as "solyanki"; they are important as drought- and salt-tolerant forage and form a dominant group in the flora and vegetation of the most challenging environments. Some are useful for stabilising shifting sands and for rehabilitation of degraded rangelands such as the saline soil of
662:
The plant is considered edible when young, and the young shoots can be harvested and eaten. As the plant matures, it becomes too woody, bitter, and spiny to be considered edible. The young shoots can be eaten raw in salads, and are reported to be even more flavorful when cooked as a pot herb. Young
1243:
nitrate and oxalate profitably at modest concentrations, but if the concentration overwhelms their metabolic capacity, the unprocessed ions may poison livestock. Strains of plants selected for modest levels of such content can therefore be fed without strict precautions, but the toxic components of
1192:
independently, which is a necessary condition for efficient selection of independent characters, so that for example, one can select breeding stock with desirable attributes, without being unable to select for the absence of undesirable attributes. One could select say, lines rich in protein, but
842:
as an adaptation to alkaline, relatively drier soils rich in calcite, gypsum, alumina, and/or other metal ions. Oxalic acid forms highly insoluble salts with calcium, aluminum, chromium, copper, lead, and many other transition metals. Oxalic acid is produced in specialized parenchyma cells called
2101:
Yumak, Hasan
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van (Turkey); Ucar, Tamer Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat (Turkey); Seyidbekiroglu, Nesim Agricultural
1312:
growth has been heavy, high winds often accumulate shocking tangles of the tumbleweeds, covering entire buildings or trapping vehicles so completely as to prevent unaided escape, particularly in the event that the dry material ignites. When they bank up against wire fences, the force of the wind
909:
roots they tend to kill the tissue, commonly stunting or even killing the plant. When the plant is dead and the mycorrhizae have consumed what they can of its remains, they spread out and infect more plants, beneficially to most desirable grasses and forbs, but to the disadvantage of most of the
757:
However, even early publications did concede that the plant is of value as a forage in severely arid conditions where few other forage species are viable. As for its harmful competitiveness, most authors emphasised its invasiveness, though some did mention its value in regenerating overgrazed or
721:
in most contexts. One reason is that as they mature most varieties become too spiny and woody for most stock to browse. Moreover older foliage develops higher levels of oxalates, bitter tannins and alkaloids making it unpalatable. As its fruits mature, the plant dies, dries and becomes hard and
919:
plants that remain standing provide shade that favours other plants' seedlings; the plants themselves on the other hand are highly intolerant of shade, being very much adapted to open, barren soil. This apparently complex process tends to repopulate the soil better and faster than killing the
753:
were also especially infested. During the past century or more, the majority of the publications that dealt with the topic have discussed its pernicious nature, the increasing threats that the species poses, and how to combat its invasiveness; they largely have ignored its other attributes.
671:, particularly in older plants, and people who are sensitive to oxalic acid should avoid the genus as it is a severe allergen for some people. Oxalates in certain vegetables contribute to gout and are a causative agent in certain types of kidney stones and bladder stones, therefore
514:
and drop off as the plant matures. The leaves of the mature plant are persistent, leathery, broader and shorter than the young leaves (seldom more than 1 cm in length), rigid and spine-tipped. They remain on the stem till the plant dies at the end of the season. In the
502:. The leaves are tipped with spines that in most varieties are so sharp that the plants are best handled with gloves and other suitably protective clothing, though some genetic variants have only a hair at the tip. On the young plant, leaves may be more than 5 cm long,
421:
seeds. Although it is the best-known of this group of weeds and was at first thought to be a single well-defined species, it now is known to have included more than one species plus some hybrids. This has led to taxonomic confusion in dealing with species in the genera
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fodder with other, safer forage, or treating it with mitigating agents. For example, excess soluble oxalate can be precipitated by adding lime to the fodder; precipitated oxalate is harmless. Digestibility also varied in this study, but the digestibility of
549:
498:, the young plant is erect, but it grows into a rounded clump of branched, tangled stems, each one up to about a metre long. Depending on the plant's genetics and condition, the leaves and stems may be green, red, or striped, and they may be hairless or
2080:
Carnés, J., Fernández-Caldas, E., Marina, A., Alonso, C., Lahoz, C., Colás, C. and Lezaun, A. (2003), Immunochemical characterization of
Russian thistle (Salsola kali) pollen extracts. Purification of the allergen Sal k 1. Allergy, 58: 1152–1156. doi:
1264:
in arid and sandy environments. In fact, it seems to do best at salt levels that – though modest – are far too high for most crops to tolerate. Growing the plant in environments too saline for most other forage species, even high enough to stress the
851:. Calcium along with other metal ions are sequestered in idioblast cells, reducing their impact on the rest of the plant's tissues. Rhaphides also serve as a deterrent against insect predators, as the sharp crystal injure an insect's digestive tract.
576:
The plant becomes woody as the fruits develop. As they ripen, the plant begins to die, dries out and becomes brittle. In that state the base of the stem breaks off easily, particularly in a high wind. The plant then rolls readily before the wind and
857:
and many related species, including some that are widely regarded as invasive weeds in other countries, are valued in their regions of origin. They are adapted to inhospitable environments that do not support many other forage species. In
914:
that had been occupying the soil. They only remain to enrich, mulch and aerate it. This promotes reinvasion of the soil by other plants adapted to forming advantageous symbiotic associations with mycorrhizae. Above the ground, any dead
343:(i.e., roll) due to the force of the wind. As this dead structure tumbles in the wind, it gradually degrades and falls apart, thereby spreading possibly as many as 200,000 seeds. If it happens to come to rest in a wet area then it can
2026:
Hageman, James H. Fowler, James L. Suzukida
Margaret. Salas, Virginia. Captain, Roxanne Le. Analysis of Russian thistle (Salsola species) selections for factors affecting forage nutritional value. New Mexico State University, 1987.
722:
brittle. It is in this state that it is likely to detach from its root and become a tumbleweed. As tumbleweeds go, it is very large, often a metre or more in diameter, spiny, largely inedible to most livestock if unprocessed, and a
2007:
Guadalupe de la Rosa, "Application of modern spectroscopic techniques to study heavy metal accumulation and uptake mechanisms in tumbleweed (Salsola kali)", 2005. ETD Collection for
University of Texas, El Paso. Paper AAI3167940.
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Blackwell, Will H.; Powell, Martha J. A Preliminary Note on
Pollination in the Chenopodiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 68, No. 4 (1981), pp. 524-526. Pub: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Article Stable URL:
1108:
proved to be an active absorber of all those ions, plus some others, and it may well be a hyperaccumulator of both copper and cadmium. It certainly accumulated lead and arsenic very actively and also chromium in the most toxic
1325:
measures. When the burning weeds are stopped by buildings or stacks, they ignite such objects more effectively than any other tumbleweed on the open plains, being compact and woody at maturity, as well as highly flammable.
1269:, actually increases some of its merits as a forage. In particular, it increases total nitrogen content but reduces some (possibly harmless) levels of potentially toxic substances such as soluble oxalate and nitrate.
1196:
To appreciate the implications of the variability, consider the following isolated examples of variability in key attributes of dry matter, as found in some 70 samples collected from the south-western United States:
2038:
Fowler, James L. Hageman, James H. Moore, Kenneth J. Suzukida, Margaret. Assadian, Hamid. Valenzuela, Mario. Salinity effects of forage quality of
Russian Thistle. Journal of Range Management. 45:559-563 November
322:
For a brief phase during its youth, it may be grazed but afterward becomes too spiny and woody to be edible to most wildlife and livestock (if it is not processed first). Mature specimens are often more than a
732:
has acquired a bad reputation for its spininess, its woodiness when mature, and its general ecological competitiveness, augmented by its tumbleweed nature, which enables it to spread rapidly over open ground.
792:
897:
is of particular value in rehabilitating certain classes of disturbed land. Often its presence is beneficial, especially when the original topsoil still is present; the species happens not to be host to any
1348:
In its dried, tumbleweed form, the plant is generally difficult to work with, being springy, spiny, flammable and brittle, but like many other dried vegetable materials, primarily grass straw, it has been
811:
offers shelter for some wildlife. Medium-sized deer species make some use of it, but it is mainly of value to small mammals and bird species that normally live close to the ground and shelter under bushes.
1992:
Tim M. Antill, M. Anne Naeth, Edward W. Bork, and Alan L. Westhaver. Russian
Thistle (Salsola tragus L.) Control on Bighorn Sheep Winter Ranges in Jasper National Park. Natural Areas Journal 2012 32 (4),
726:. However, in regions where there is plentiful winter rain, the moisture softens both the twigs and the spines, after which hardy breeds of livestock and some wildlife species once again will eat it.
713:. It germinates rapidly even in very small amounts of moisture in arid conditions. When young it may be grazed freely, but that phase lasts for only a brief period, and generally at a time when other
1006:, overgrazing may favour the weed, while managing the grazing intensity to favour the desired plants may be the most economical, and in the long term, the most effective way of dealing with its
552:
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is a source of food and shelter for several species of wild life. Its nutritional value is high; it is rich in various minerals, Vitamin A, and phosphorus. It is a minor forage component for
556:
1304:
is that it commonly presents a fire hazard, firstly because it is flammable once it is thoroughly dry, partly as a result of its nitrate content, which may be very high, sometimes over 6%
882:
era, it was credited with having rescued beef cattle husbandry in North
America. The usual hay crops had failed and when all other sources failed farmers fed their cattle on tumbleweed.
960:
grows best on sandy or at least loose-surfaced soil, so it might pay better to rake the soil to encourage plant growth for a few years until its presence has mitigated the conditions.
2059:
Orloff, S. B.; Cudney, D. W.; Elmore, C. L.; DiTomaso, J. M. Pest Notes: Russian
Thistle UC ANR Publication 7486. UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
878:
still has not won much recognition in contemporary first-world livestock nutrition, this might reflect short memories rather than shortage of evidence for its merits; during the
1958:
Allen, Edith B.; Allen, Michael F. (February 1988). "Facilitation of
Succession by the Nonmycotrophic Colonizer Salsola kali on a Harsh Site: Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi".
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population may remain dominant for over a decade. To speed the recovery, it is better to add rich topsoil with plenty of organic material and mycorrhizae than to attack the
554:
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and Australia. It now occupies a wide variety of habitat types in those regions and often is the first or even the only colonizer in conditions where no local species can
1570:"Diversification of the old world Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification"
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1944:
1037:, in which the removal and accumulation of toxic elements from soils by suitable management of plant growth is a major component. Because such soil situations as
1433:
2435:
1172:. The unpredictability of the merits of wild strains may frustrate farmers who have tried the species and found that seeds from wild plants do not produce
378:
throughout the world. The tumbleweed's tumbling is known to damage non-native plants and environments and its highly flammable nature also sometimes helps
1801:
Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer)
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However, in spite of the associated difficulties, the plants' genetic variability does imply opportunities for genetic improvement. The presence of
1124:, but there are genetic variables that could, in principle, be selected for. For instance, the ions the plant species absorb are variously bound or
519:
of the mature leaf, there are two leaf-like bracts with a flower between them. The flower lacks petals, but is surrounded by a disk of wide, winged
675:
is not recommended for people with a history of such conditions or whom have diabetic kidney disease. People who have adverse reactions to eating
553:
339:" (although there are many other plant species that also produce tumbleweeds). Once mature, dry, and detached from the plant, this tumbleweed will
2412:
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species can accumulate probably would not be suitable for food or fodder. Thus, phytoextraction sites would have to be protected from livestock.
351:
and can successfully compete with many native plants in certain environments, such as along sea beaches and especially in grassland, desert, or
2494:
1615:
1394:
1064:, the absorption of certain classes of toxic or at least undesirable chemicals from the soil. Commonly these are ions of heavy metals, such as
1833:
1533:
1364:, optionally with the addition of other organic wastes such as sawdust and nut shells, the woody tumbleweed waste makes a usable rural fuel.
847:. There it binds with excess calcium from plant tissue forming needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate inside such cells, called
1049:
by reducing wind erosion and similar processes that promote the spread of pollution. The dry tumbleweed material also has been used as a
434:
includes three or more morphologically similar species that differ in flower size and shape. The group was widely assigned to the family
698:
is an unusually large species of tumbleweed. This specimen – although still green – is above average, but not exceptional. (August 2002)
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for human consumption. Such dishes would be harmless in modest quantities or if the strain used has a low oxalate and nitrate content.
2275:
1698:
2137:
2145:
1665:
1406:
2337:
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hybridises in the countries of its origin as well. Apart from such sources of variability, there are considerable variations in
1045:
species show promise for certain classes of such work. Simply by growing there in high density they can play a valuable role in
2643:
2386:
1338:, and in some regions their pollen load may represent up to 5% of the total pollen load, causing many allergic sensitizations.
2543:
2417:
2486:
905:, whereas many or most common plants in fact are so adapted. As a result, when mycorrhizae surviving in the topsoil invade
734:
1921:
1911:
1461:
233:
2216:
511:
507:
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However, a plant that has absorbed some of the levels of toxic substances (e.g., arsenic, lead, or cadmium) that the
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eat it with reluctance in drought conditions, but feed on it avidly under rainy conditions, especially in wet years.
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2548:
2507:
2440:
963:
1689:
Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007).
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should be assessed and monitored in each case. Furthermore, of course, where degraded soil is effectively barren,
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57:
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198:
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638:, it commonly grows along sea beaches as well as in disturbed grassland and desert communities, especially in
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1764:
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conditions will brave the spines when forage becomes scarce. Many goats and some breeds of sheep such as
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161:
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and found the Imperial government's irrigation project abandoned and the farms deserted, on account of
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1825:
Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles
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consume it as a major food wherever they encounter it. Seed-eating birds and small mammals such as
536:
32:
2197:
1110:
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1619:
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and used in building houses in regions such as parts of Nebraska, where not only timber, but even
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1975:
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of the plant dies, dries, hardens, and detaches from its root. This detached anatomical part of
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and waiting for apparently more desirable plants to make good the original damage to the soil.
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2617:
2471:
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1829:
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browse the bushes. The plant, like many members of the Amaranthaceae, is rich in high-quality
458:
328:
2661:
1313:
against the mass is likely to damage the fence, and so will the fire if the mass ignites. In
1120:
would be a useful species for commercial phytoextraction, either for phytoremediation or for
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1967:
1581:
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1335:
1289:
1061:
1057:
1046:
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In its freshly sprouted form, before it has developed spines or unpleasantly tough fibres,
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spread, especially during windy conditions. An ignited tumbleweed may spread a fire across
2458:
2009:
664:
627:
608:
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368:
95:
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fertilisation in this genus plus most species in the entire family is at least partly by
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Machinery Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van (Turkey)
871:. Some of the species also invade ruderal sites or occur as weeds in cultivated fields.
650:
1971:
435:
118:
82:
2048:
Dewey, Lyster Hoxie. The Russian Thistle. Washington Government Printing Office, 1894
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Some species also are harvested for the extraction of compounds such as the alkaloid “
1007:
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1144:, pass through phosphate metabolic processes before being bound by sulfur groups.
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reported that on the journey out of his native Russia he passed through southwest
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conditions in open country, strong winds often blow burning tumbleweeds across
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tend to be extreme examples of disturbed sites, and often are of fine texture,
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Leaves of a mature plant coming into flower, each leaf with one flower and two
469:
446:– have since been included in the Amaranthaceae. They now are allocated to the
1875:
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in America. Recent studies show that the population that once was assigned to
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294:
44:
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regions. Consequently, it now occupies a wide variety of habitats. Native to
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2262:
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1318:
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In disturbed sites with no topsoil and therefore few or no mycorrhizae, the
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crops that live up to their hopes, so they tend to abandon the attempts.
1141:
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plants are also reported as good fodder for livestock. Some varieties of
639:
379:
352:
293:, it is the most common and most conspicuous plant species that produces
108:
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1568:
Akhani, Hossein; Edwards, Gerald; Roalson, Eric H.; et al. (2007).
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that apparently were imported at the same time, and to some extent the
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1002:. In regions where competitive vegetation is present together with the
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1660:(rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 66.
1585:
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Apart from its value to domestic cattle and sheep in some regions,
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and may even ignite buildings or structures that it stops against.
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2267:
1372:
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1233:
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In spite of the reigning conception that its presence is harmful,
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rapidly, even with very small amounts of moisture. It has a high
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in various regions of Central and South America and in parts of
611:
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491:
478:
410:
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1360:
Experimental work in Turkey suggests that chopped, milled and
1354:
774:
313:, containing 54 other species, into which the obsolete genus
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population than simply leaving the soil completely barren.
1253:
was in general greater than the digestibility of grasses.
634:
successfully. Because of its preference for sand and its
1919:
Diane Cooke; Len Jenshel (December 2013). "The Moment".
1876:"Eat The Weeds: Episode 93: Tumbleweed, Russian Thistle"
1725:
University of California Agricultural Experiment Station
1534:
Bulletins of the Iowa Agricultural Experimental Station
1345:”, used in the preparation of certain pharmaceuticals.
838:
Oxalic acid occurs in a wide range of plants including
1909:
Johnson, George (December 2013). "Tumbling intruder".
1630:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
986:
grew in the arid, saline clay soil, providing minimal
618:
in many regions of North America, particularly in the
804:
burning tumbleweeds in a roadside ditch (April 1941).
2582:
2166:
1531:Pammel, L. H. (1894). "Botany of Russian Thistle".
658:, with juvenile foliage. Young plants are edible.
717:is relatively plentiful. After this it becomes a
1010:. A good example was in controlling troublesome
683:, should avoid consumption of Russian thistle.
438:, but the Chenopodiaceae – including the genera
994:Another factor to bear in mind in dealing with
1945:Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
1400:Two bushes, fruiting light pink and deep pink.
1244:other strains would best be diluted by mixing
1092:(Zn(II)). Such processes have been studied in
265:is a species of flowering plant in the family
1526:
1524:
819:and some breeds of stock that are adapted to
8:
1934:
1932:
1260:and several related species, is that it is
1056:However, these plants also show promise as
1022:by proper management of grazing intensity.
2154:
2091:Straw Bale Buildings Return to the Prairie
1691:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
1053:on replanted coal mine spoils in Arizona.
31:
20:
1828:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159.
1657:Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1941:Genus Salsola of the Central Asian Flora
1738:Starr, F.; Starr, K.; Loope, L. (2003).
944:. The assumed competitive effect of the
2003:
2001:
1999:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1574:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1488:
1390:
1096:for all those ions, and others such as
603:has proven to be highly invasive as an
363:has proven to be highly invasive as an
327:in diameter. As its fruits mature, the
1904:
1902:
1900:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
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1207:acid-detergent fiber: 20.1–48.8%
1033:A special class of soil mitigation is
1628:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1308:. Secondly, in a season in which the
679:, which also can have high levels of
7:
2549:f5bf6bf2-dbb2-40f4-ad3d-7331d7ad3358
2451:0b015644-56bd-4e00-8085-6f356fe036eb
1649:
1647:
1645:
667:can contain above average levels of
450:, a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae.
397:originally described the species as
1854:Eat The Weeds and other things, too
1721:"The Russian Thistle in California"
1300:One of the unwelcome attributes of
687:Ecology and agricultural management
417:turned out to be contaminated with
405:, but in the 1870s, it appeared in
297:. Informally, it may be known as "'
1972:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb13437.x
998:is grazing or, more particularly,
889:management and soil rehabilitation
14:
1155:Prospects for genetic improvement
831:with a good balance of essential
309:": the latter being its restored
2675:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:165905-1
2513:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:307757-2
2081:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00269.x
1432:
1417:
1405:
1393:
592:may produce some 200,000 seeds.
289:because, in many regions of the
56:
1886:from the original on 2021-12-20
967:A counterproductive attempt at
815:Some livestock species such as
285:. It is widely known simply as
1140:, among others. Some, such as
622:. The species also has become
1:
1850:"Russian Thistle, Tumbleweed"
1822:Nyerges, Christopher (2016).
1357:, often was in short supply.
1072:(both Cr(III) and Cr(VI)),
261:, often known by its synonym
1922:National Geographic Magazine
1912:National Geographic Magazine
1512:Plants of the World Online:
1462:Oppositeleaf Russian thistle
607:and rapidly became a common
523:, whitish to pink in color.
510:; these juvenile leaves are
367:and rapidly became a common
1939:Toderich, Kristina (2008).
1874:Deane, Green (2009-07-15).
1654:Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) .
1412:Close-up of fruiting bushes
1273:Other problems and products
1256:Another desirable trait of
990:for livestock and wildlife.
2777:
2138:Washington Burke Museum -
2130:Jepson Manual Treatment -
1960:American Journal of Botany
1371:has been recommended as a
1284:caught against a fence in
1080:(both As(III) and As(V)),
532:Reproduction and dispersal
16:Species of flowering plant
1795:Howard, Janet L. (1992).
1719:Shinn, C. H. (May 1895).
1116:It is not yet clear that
835:, the seed even more so.
269:. It is known by various
248:many heterotypic synonyms
191:
184:
167:
160:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
1765:"Flora of North America"
1518:(retrieved 4 March 2024)
1060:for phytoremediation by
335:is colloquially called "
1321:, frustrating standard
758:otherwise abused land.
564:rolling in the wind in
275:prickly Russian thistle
1297:
991:
940:the population of the
805:
699:
659:
573:
545:
540:Largely ripe fruit of
481:
466:
1543:Iowa State University
1495:Scopoli GA (1771) in
1467:Russian globe thistle
1280:
966:
795:
694:
654:Immature specimen of
653:
636:tolerance of salinity
560:
539:
472:
465:, the Russian thistle
461:
349:tolerance of salinity
2149:- U.C. Photo gallery
1029:and phytoremediation
1020:Jasper National Park
588:A large specimen of
1925:. pp. 130–149.
1915:. pp. 130–149.
1188:have turned out to
789:feed on the seeds.
319:has been subsumed.
1298:
1047:phytostabilization
992:
867:the red desert of
806:
700:
660:
605:introduced species
596:Invasive potential
574:
546:
482:
467:
401:; it is native to
365:introduced species
2721:
2720:
2657:Open Tree of Life
2472:Open Tree of Life
2160:Taxon identifiers
1835:978-1-4930-1499-6
1214:: 3.1–10.4%
1204:: 5.4–22.3%
1058:hyperaccumulators
1018:Winter Ranges in
558:
506:and more or less
254:
253:
239:Salsola ruthenica
228:
2766:
2749:Flora of Lebanon
2714:
2713:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2155:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1545:: Article 3 (pp.
1528:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1499:, ed. 2, 1: 175.
1493:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1336:wind pollination
1296:(December 2000).
1227:: 0.2–9.1%
1220:: 0.1–6.2%
1193:without spines.
1035:phytoremediation
735:Prince Gallitzin
572:(November 2015).
559:
226:
173:
61:
60:
35:
21:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2754:Flora of Russia
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2459:Observation.org
2457:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2425:MichiganFlora:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2162:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1458:
1451:
1444:Hawaiian Island
1437:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1290:Hawaiian Island
1275:
1210:acid-detergent
1157:
1132:groups such as
1062:phytoextraction
1031:
952:is better as a
891:
689:
665:Russian thistle
648:
628:Southern Africa
598:
581:its seeds as a
548:
534:
529:
456:
392:
283:common saltwort
180:
175:
169:
156:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Barilla plants
2736:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:wfo-0000356490
2702:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2604:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:wfo-0000437709
2563:
2553:
2540:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2445:
2432:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2272:
2259:
2246:
2242:salsola-tragus
2236:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2198:Salsola tragus
2188:
2172:
2170:
2168:Salsola tragus
2164:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:Salsola tragus
2143:
2141:
2140:Salsola tragus
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:External links
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2083:
2073:
2061:
2052:
2041:
2031:
2012:
1995:
1985:
1966:(2): 257–266.
1950:
1928:
1896:
1866:
1841:
1834:
1814:
1797:"Salsola kali"
1770:
1756:
1743:
1742:Salsola tragus
1730:
1706:
1700:978-0878934072
1699:
1681:
1666:
1641:
1622:Salsola tragus
1607:
1594:10.1086/518263
1586:10.1086/518263
1580:(6): 931–956.
1560:
1520:
1514:Salsola tragus
1501:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1440:Salsola tragus
1438:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:Salsola tragus
1423:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1370:
1332:
1331:Salsola tragus
1311:
1303:
1302:Salsola tragus
1283:
1274:
1271:
1258:Salsola tragus
1229:
1228:
1223:water-soluble
1221:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1175:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1088:(Ni(II)), and
1044:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1005:
997:
985:
959:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
923:
918:
913:
908:
896:
890:
884:
877:
865:
856:
855:Salsola tragus
810:
809:Salsola tragus
798:Haskell County
764:
745:. Furthermore
731:
730:Salsola tragus
704:
703:Salsola tragus
697:
688:
685:
657:
647:
644:
602:
601:Salsola tragus
597:
594:
591:
563:
543:
533:
530:
528:
525:
486:
485:Salsola tragus
464:
455:
452:
445:
441:
436:Chenopodiaceae
433:
432:Salsola tragus
429:
425:
420:
400:
399:Salsola tragus
391:
388:
362:
361:Salsola tragus
334:
333:Salsola tragus
264:
258:Salsola tragus
252:
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249:
246:
236:
232:
225:
221:
211:
208:brevimarginata
201:
189:
188:
182:
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171:Salsola tragus
165:
164:
158:
157:
153:S. tragus
150:
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126:
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119:Caryophyllales
116:
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85:
80:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
42:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Salsola tragus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Edible plants
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Amaranthaceae
2732:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
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2654:
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2605:
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2594:
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2589:
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2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
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2456:
2452:
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2442:
2437:
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2414:
2410:
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2401:
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2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
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2165:
2161:
2156:
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2146:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2029:
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2017:
2013:
2010:
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2002:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
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1961:
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1946:
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1929:
1924:
1923:
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1913:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1802:
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1677:
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1669:
1667:0-87842-280-3
1663:
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1629:
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1611:
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1579:
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1527:
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1378:
1374:
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1337:
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1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:salt-tolerant
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:crude protein
1200:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:Bighorn Sheep
1011:
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
955:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
929:
927:
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916:
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670:
666:
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652:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
614:of disturbed
613:
610:
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595:
593:
589:
586:
584:
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571:
567:
561:
541:
538:
531:
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513:
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497:
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490:
484:
480:
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462:
460:
453:
451:
449:
443:
439:
437:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
374:of disturbed
373:
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291:United States
288:
284:
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267:Amaranthaceae
262:
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259:
247:
244:
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237:
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230:
223:
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172:
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163:
162:Binomial name
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:Amaranthaceae
127:
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83:Tracheophytes
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1963:
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1953:
1940:
1920:
1910:
1888:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1856:. 2011-08-31
1853:
1844:
1824:
1817:
1806:November 25,
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1759:
1750:
1733:
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1684:
1656:
1632:. Retrieved
1627:
1621:
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1532:
1513:
1497:Fl. Carniol.
1496:
1491:
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1340:
1328:
1323:fire control
1299:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1250:
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1138:thiol groups
1130:organic acid
1115:
1055:
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783:Prairie dogs
760:
756:
747:Oryol Oblast
742:
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672:
661:
599:
587:
575:
483:
448:Salsoloideae
407:South Dakota
393:
321:
314:
304:
301:
298:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:common names
257:
256:
255:
245:(L.) Morariu
242:
238:
224:Salsola kali
217:
214:Salsola kali
213:
207:
204:Salsola kali
203:
194:
170:
168:
152:
151:
139:
102:
89:
76:
24:
18:
2759:Tumbleweeds
2584:Kali tragus
2364:iNaturalist
2192:Wikispecies
2132:Kali tragus
1727:. Berkeley.
1693:. Sinauer.
1369:Kali tragus
1282:Kali tragus
1181:tetraploids
1122:phytomining
1000:overgrazing
984:Kali tragus
972:restoration
900:mycorrhizal
895:Kali tragus
833:amino acids
821:semi-desert
763:Kali tragus
751:Kyiv Oblast
724:fire hazard
696:Kali tragus
669:oxalic acid
656:Kali tragus
624:naturalized
590:Kali tragus
562:Kali tragus
542:Kali tragus
508:cylindrical
463:Kali tragus
454:Description
295:tumbleweeds
263:Kali tragus
195:Kali tragus
96:Angiosperms
2728:Categories
2556:WisFlora:
2229:Calflora:
2115:as a salad
1890:2019-11-16
1860:2019-11-16
1744:in Hawaii"
1634:28 October
1616:USDA, NRCS
1483:References
1477:Tumbleweed
1448:Kahoʻolawe
1427:in autumn.
1362:briquetted
1319:firebreaks
1306:dry weight
1241:metabolise
1185:hexaploids
1111:hexavalent
1084:(Cu(II)),
1076:(Pb(II)),
1068:(Cd(II)),
1039:mine dumps
1008:overgrowth
978:. After a
926:herbicides
860:Uzbekistan
845:Idioblasts
796:Farmer in
583:tumbleweed
566:Hockenheim
384:firebreaks
337:tumbleweed
287:tumbleweed
210:W.D.J.Koch
45:tumbleweed
2688:100431472
2599:Q21715260
2307:242100193
2294:242100193
2239:Cal-IPC:
1555:164349281
1288:, on the
1238:ruminants
1236:flora in
969:rangeland
880:Dust Bowl
874:Although
869:Kyzyl Kum
840:S. tragus
779:Pronghorn
771:mule deer
743:K. tragus
673:K. tragus
646:Edibility
642:regions.
579:disperses
512:deciduous
504:succulent
500:pubescent
380:wildfires
345:germinate
279:windwitch
147:Species:
66:Kingdom:
41:S. tragus
2695:VASCAN:
2683:Tropicos
2649:165905-1
2607:BioLib:
2593:Wikidata
2544:VicFlora
2533:VASCAN:
2521:Tropicos
2405:10593266
2392:307757-2
2183:Q1754334
2177:Wikidata
1884:Archived
1676:25708726
1618:(n.d.).
1602:86789297
1456:See also
1377:stir-fry
1343:salsolin
1315:wildfire
1142:arsenate
1136:, or by
1126:chelated
1070:chromium
980:wildfire
849:Raphides
829:proteins
681:oxalates
640:semiarid
616:habitats
411:flaxseed
395:Linnaeus
390:Taxonomy
376:habitats
353:semiarid
329:diaspore
273:such as
186:Synonyms
125:Family:
109:Eudicots
2662:7592553
2636:7547827
2526:7201345
2330:3083945
1993:391-397
1980:2443892
1880:YouTube
1549:8-25).
1472:Salsola
1442:on the
1387:Gallery
1381:potherb
1286:Omaopio
1267:Salsola
1225:oxalate
1218:nitrate
1134:oxalate
1118:Salsola
1078:arsenic
1066:cadmium
1027:Salsola
1004:Salsola
996:Salsola
982:, only
958:Salsola
954:pioneer
942:Salsola
937:Salsola
933:Salsola
922:Salsola
917:Salsola
912:Salsola
887:Salsola
876:Salsola
864:Salsola
825:karakul
787:rodents
739:Siberia
709:annual
707:ruderal
677:spinach
632:compete
620:Midwest
609:ruderal
570:Germany
527:Ecology
477:in its
444:Salsola
424:Salsola
419:Salsola
403:Eurasia
369:ruderal
357:Eurasia
306:Salsola
229:subsp.
140:Salsola
135:Genus:
115:Order:
70:Plantae
2610:218735
2500:SATR12
2495:PLANTS
2477:406780
2448:NZOR:
2441:355937
2418:520950
2317:SALTRA
2314:FoIO:
2281:168045
2222:163470
2209:161989
2206:APDB:
1978:
1917:; and
1832:
1697:
1674:
1664:
1600:
1592:
1553:
1547:
1541:(26).
1212:lignin
1190:assort
1170:ploidy
1113:form.
1102:cobalt
1086:nickel
1082:copper
988:forage
817:camels
802:Kansas
775:wapiti
773:, and
715:forage
521:sepals
489:annual
487:is an
475:bracts
415:Russia
341:tumble
243:tragus
231:tragus
218:glabra
2698:32476
2623:3QYV4
2484:PFI:
2400:IRMNG
2376:IPA:
2369:57896
2356:32817
2276:EUNIS
2268:SASKT
2255:6XFM9
1976:JSTOR
1747:(PDF)
1598:S2CID
1590:JSTOR
1551:S2CID
1379:, or
1373:salad
1351:baled
1234:rumen
1166:genus
1051:mulch
976:Idaho
924:with
903:fungi
767:bison
705:is a
496:habit
494:. In
413:from
409:when
325:meter
311:genus
281:, or
241:var.
216:var.
206:var.
199:Scop.
197:(L.)
103:Clade
90:Clade
77:Clade
47:mode
2670:POWO
2644:IPNI
2631:GBIF
2559:4965
2536:4563
2508:POWO
2464:9295
2436:NCBI
2413:ITIS
2387:IPNI
2379:6375
2351:GRIN
2338:GISD
2325:GBIF
2263:EPPO
2232:7296
2217:APNI
2113:Kali
2039:1992
1830:ISBN
1808:2020
1751:USGS
1695:ISBN
1672:OCLC
1662:ISBN
1636:2015
1329:The
1310:Kali
1294:Maui
1251:Kali
1246:Kali
1183:and
1174:Kali
1162:Kali
1149:Kali
1106:Kali
1100:and
1098:iron
1094:Kali
1090:zinc
1074:lead
1043:Kali
1012:Kali
950:Kali
946:Kali
907:Kali
749:and
719:weed
711:forb
612:weed
517:axil
492:forb
479:axil
442:and
440:Kali
428:Kali
426:and
372:weed
316:Kali
299:Kali
220:Ten.
2706:WFO
2618:CoL
2567:WFO
2487:522
2343:605
2302:FoC
2289:FNA
2250:CoL
1968:doi
1582:doi
1578:168
1446:of
1355:sod
1292:of
1160:of
1128:by
1104:.
1014:on
974:in
302:or
234:DC.
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