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to characterize subsurface geologic conditions and structures. Seismic reflection highlights the presence of a stark density contrast between the salt and surrounding sediment. Seismic techniques are particularly effective as salt domes are typically depressed blocks of crust bordered by parallel
310:, Texas. This led to the discovery of the first salt dome, revealed the importance of salt to the formation of hydrocarbon accumulations, and produced enough oil for petroleum to become an economically feasible fuel for the United States. Several countries use
230:. Some salt domes have salt sheets that extrude from the top of the dome; these are referred to as salt plugs. These plugs can coalesce to form salt canopies, which can then be remobilized by roof sedimentation, with the most prominent example in the northern
683:
Dronkert, H. & Remmelts, G. 1996. Influence of salt structures on reservoir rocks in Block L2, Dutch continental shelf. In: Rondeel, H.E., Batjes, D.A.J., Nieuwenhuijs, W.H. (eds): Geology of gas and oil under the
Netherlands, Kluwer (Dordrecht):
502:
salt forms salt domes in the
Essaouira Basin onshore and offshore Morocco. An equivalent salt sequence, the Argo Formation, is associated with salt dome formation on the conjugate
149:, it is recognized that a single evaporation event is rarely enough to produce the vast quantities of salt needed to form a layer thick enough for the formation of salt
282:
provinces. The rock salt of the salt dome is mostly impermeable, so, as it moves up towards the surface, it penetrates and bends existing rock along with it. As
555:(Lower Cretaceous) age salt was deposited within the area of thinned crust on both the Brazilian and conjugate Angola/Gabon margins forming many salt domes.
536:
618:
Schreiber, B.C. and Hsü, K.J. (1980) Evaporites. In
Developments in Petroleum Geology, Vol. 2 (Ed. G.D. Hobson), pp. 87–138. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
172:, thereby creating a salt diapir. However, after the 1980s, the primary force that drives the flow of salt is considered to be differential loading.
198:, ductile thinning, or other forms of regional deformation. The vertical growth of salt formations creates pressure on the upward surface, causing
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near Moab, Utah. A Paradox
Formation salt body that has risen as a ridge through several hundred meters of overburden, predominantly
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868:. Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A.Jorgensen and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC
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238:. These occur when the growth of a dome is prevented by an exhausted supply of salt, and the top and bottom contacts merge.
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91:. Salt domes can have unique surface and subsurface structures, and they can be discovered using techniques such as
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381:. The thicker salt is found in a series of basins: the Western Gulf, the Southern Gulf, and the Oman salt basins.
190:). The flow of the salt overcomes the strength of the overburden as well as boundary friction aided by overburden
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where the accumulation of sediments around the diapir contribute to its growth and eventually form into a dome.
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Salt domes occur in many parts of the world where there is a sufficiently thick layer of rock salt developed.
249:. The latter was developed based on techniques from the former and is more effective. Seismic refraction uses
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of rock are penetrated, they are, generally, bent upwards where they meet the dome, forming pockets and
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Some salt domes can be seen from Earth's surface. They can also be located by finding unique
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dried out. Later deposition, once the sea refilled, triggered the formation of salt domes.
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End-on view of emergent Onion Creek salt dome between remnants of displaced overburden
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133:. The formation of a salt dome begins with the deposition of salt in a restricted
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Lateral view of emergent salt dome from ridge of remnant of displaced overburden
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and surrounding phenomena. For instance, salt domes can contain or be near
141:, resulting in the precipitation and deposition of salt. While the rate of
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was created from a revision of this article dated 26 July 2019
765:, in Harff, Jan; Meschede, Martin; Petersen, Sven; Thiede, Jörn (eds.),
1254:
1131:
797:
Thomas R.; Ellison R.A.; Goodenough K.M.; Roberts N.; Allen P. (2015).
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Schultz-Ela, D.D; Jackson, M.P.A; Vendeville, B.C. (January 12, 1992).
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is associated with widespread salt dome formation in most parts of the
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of salt is significantly larger than the rate of sedimentation of
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led to salt rising and intruding into the overburden due to its
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efforts led to the discovery of numerous salt domes soon after
125:
Stratigraphically, salt basins developed periodically from the
30:
For the domed buildings sometimes used to store rock salt, see
431:
An example of an emergent salt dome is at Onion Creek, Utah /
87:
minerals) intrudes into overlying rocks in a process known as
902:
528:
The Gulf Coast is home to over 500 salt domes formed from
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Group has formed salt domes over the central and southern
799:"Salt domes of the UAE and Oman: Probing eastern Arabia"
316:
caverns for holding large amounts of oil or gas reserves
946:
156:
Over time, the layer of salt is covered with deposited
841:"Geosights: The Onion Creek salt diapir, Grand County"
763:"Salt Diapirism in the Oceans and Continental Margins"
234:. Another structure that can form from salt domes are
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above the salt domes can contain deposits of native
302:. In 1901, an exploratory oil well was drilled into
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883:Salt Dome Cutaway - Louisiana State Exhibit Museum
439:. As the salt body rose, the overburden formed an
769:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–8,
637:Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P. A. (2007).
278:Salt domes are the site of many of the world's
463:salt was deposited, forming salt domes in the
160:, becoming buried under an increasingly large
962:
639:"Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics"
451:Offshore northern Norway in the southwestern
333:). They can also contain deposits of metals,
8:
551:During the break-up of the south Atlantic,
182:), forced displacement of salt boundaries (
969:
955:
947:
932:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
915:
700:"What is a Salt Dome? How do they form?"
571:), thick salt layers were formed as the
241:Salt domes have also been located using
36:
27:Structural dome formed of salt or halite
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1003:International Salt Co. v. United States
611:
178:can be caused by gravitational forces (
115:Diagram showing formation of salt domes
521:Imaging of undersea salt domes in the
416:in the US, which extends from eastern
45:(the white area in the middle) in the
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535:. This region is home to most of the
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1333:List of countries by salt production
725:"Mechanics of Active Salt Diapirism"
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491:, extending eastwards into Germany.
767:Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences
25:
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412:forms salt domes throughout the
1285:Salt and cardiovascular disease
826:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.10.011
663:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001
775:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_93-1
537:US Strategic Petroleum Reserve
361:In the Middle East, the upper
1:
741:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90345-k
595:Underground hydrogen storage
761:Drachev, Sergey S. (2014),
735:(3–4). Amsterdam: 275–312.
543:was formed by a salt dome.
373:and onshore in Iran, Iraq,
83:formed when salt (or other
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547:South Atlantic salt basins
118:
29:
1444:
997:In the American Civil War
565:Messinian salinity crisis
186:), or thermal gradients (
41:Astronaut photography of
1303:Salt Industry Commission
99:as they can function as
95:. They are important in
863:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
420:, through southwestern
910:
890:Listen to this article
845:Utah Geological Survey
525:
402:
394:
116:
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909:
643:Earth-Science Reviews
520:
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264:petroleum exploration
180:gravitational loading
114:
63:
40:
1328:Open-pan salt making
1152:Monosodium glutamate
941:More spoken articles
806:Precambrian Research
585:Plasticity (physics)
479:In northwest Europe
375:United Arab Emirates
232:Gulf of Mexico basin
214:Discovery mechanisms
184:displacement loading
176:Differential loading
839:McCalla C. (2008).
818:2015PreR..256....1T
655:2007ESRv...82....1H
495:Morocco–Nova Scotia
457:Upper Carboniferous
1167:Potassium chloride
1019:In Chinese history
911:
600:Gorleben salt dome
526:
424:into northwestern
403:
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329:(recovered by the
247:seismic reflection
243:seismic refraction
220:surface structures
117:
93:seismic reflection
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58:
1458:
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1395:Salting the earth
1390:Salt in the Bible
1364:San Francisco Bay
1172:Potassium nitrate
907:
784:978-94-007-6644-0
573:Mediterranean Sea
410:Paradox Formation
228:natural gas vents
208:passive diapirism
97:petroleum geology
16:(Redirected from
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1503:Economic geology
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1308:Evaporation pond
1082:Calcium chloride
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408:age salt of the
367:Hormuz Formation
357:Hormuz Formation
300:petroleum traps)
51:Bushehr Province
47:Zagros Mountains
43:Jashak salt dome
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1426:Water softening
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1270:Salt-cured meat
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1227:Sodium chloride
1202:Salt substitute
1177:River reed salt
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922:This audio file
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312:solution mining
304:Spindletop Hill
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274:Commercial uses
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188:thermal loading
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101:petroleum traps
81:structural dome
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32:Monolithic dome
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363:Neoproterozoic
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224:sulfur springs
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64:Salt dome in
62:
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39:
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19:
1411:Mineral lick
1296:and industry
1112:Fleur de sel
1001:
865:
859:
848:. Retrieved
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809:
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766:
732:
728:
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707:. Retrieved
703:
679:
646:
642:
614:
590:Salt glacier
569:Late Miocene
562:
550:
541:Avery Island
527:
498:
483:salt of the
478:
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430:
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371:Persian Gulf
365:salt of the
360:
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335:sodium salts
320:
277:
268:World War II
240:
217:
174:
155:
124:
76:
74:
1513:Oil storage
1369:In Pakistan
1354:In Cheshire
1313:Salt mining
1275:Salted fish
1197:Salammoniac
1157:Moshio salt
1062:Asín tibuok
704:geology.com
649:(1): 1–28.
563:During the
533:Louann Salt
504:Nova Scotia
453:Barents Sea
447:Barents Sea
296:natural gas
280:hydrocarbon
194:, erosion,
139:evaporation
127:Proterozoic
18:Salt diapir
1493:Salt domes
1487:Categories
1323:Sink works
1247:Food usage
1137:Kala namak
1072:Black lava
1024:Salt March
937:Audio help
928:2019-07-26
850:2019-07-02
709:2015-12-17
606:References
465:Hammerfest
426:New Mexico
349:Occurrence
298:(known as
288:reservoirs
236:salt welds
162:overburden
119:See also:
1508:Evaporite
1416:Road salt
1347:By region
1318:Salt well
1122:Himalayan
1029:Salt road
671:0012-8252
489:North Sea
485:Zechstein
441:anticline
437:sandstone
292:petroleum
200:extension
192:extension
170:ductility
107:Formation
89:diapirism
85:evaporite
77:salt dome
1452:Category
1359:In Ghana
1294:Commerce
1217:Sel gris
1212:Seasoned
1207:Sea salt
1162:Pickling
1057:Alberger
939: ·
812:: 1–16.
684:159–166.
579:See also
471:basins.
469:Nordkapp
455:, thick
422:Colorado
343:de-icers
339:nitrates
314:to form
308:Beaumont
204:faulting
166:buoyancy
158:sediment
147:clastics
1378:Culture
1260:Salting
1255:Brining
1232:Truffle
1132:Jugyeom
1127:Iodised
1067:Bittern
992:History
985:History
926: (
897:minutes
814:Bibcode
651:Bibcode
323:caprock
254:normal
151:diapirs
131:Neogene
129:to the
1463:Portal
1237:Túltul
1222:Smoked
1147:Kosher
1117:Garlic
1097:Cyclic
1092:Curing
1087:Celery
1077:Butter
1047:Abraum
866:Sulfur
781:
669:
553:Aptian
507:margin
377:, and
327:sulfur
284:strata
260:graben
256:faults
1187:Onion
1107:Flake
1102:Dairy
1052:Alaea
1039:Types
802:(PDF)
306:near
135:basin
1477:Food
1192:Rock
978:Salt
779:ISBN
667:ISSN
467:and
418:Utah
379:Oman
321:The
294:and
245:and
226:and
202:and
70:Iran
55:Iran
1436:Tax
822:doi
810:256
771:doi
737:doi
733:228
659:doi
290:of
103:.
49:in
1489::
820:.
808:.
804:.
777:,
749:^
731:.
727:.
702:.
689:^
665:.
657:.
647:82
645:.
641:.
623:^
539:.
509:.
428:.
345:.
337:,
318:.
270:.
75:A
68:,
53:,
1465::
970:e
963:t
956:v
943:)
935:(
930:)
899:)
895:6
892:(
853:.
828:.
824::
816::
773::
743:.
739::
712:.
673:.
661::
653::
567:(
459:–
258:(
34:.
20:)
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