240:
318:. The National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA) is responsible for setting the mandatory iodine content of table salt. The Brazilian diet averages 12 g of table salt per day, more than twice the recommended value of 5 g a day. To avoid excess consumption of iodine, the iodizing of Brazilian table salt was reduced to 15–45 mg/kg in July 2013. Specialists criticized the move, saying that it would be better for the government to promote reduced salt intake, which would solve the iodine problem as well as reduce the incidence of high blood pressure.
200:
452:, argued that the necessary dose of iodine was minute (with larger amounts causing overdose issues), and another doctor, Otto Bayard, conducted successful experiments based on this idea, that the theory of goitre as iodine deficiency came to be accepted. Learning of Hunziker's theory, Bayard conducted experiments with iodised salt containing only tiny amounts of iodine in villages badly affected by goitre. The success of these led, starting in 1922, to the adoption of iodised salt throughout the Swiss cantons.
541:)". The study also found "a large increase in thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with high prevalence of iodine deficiency" between 1910–1960, a high short-term price for iodization's long-running benefits. A 2013 study found a gradual increase in average intelligence of 1 standard deviation, 15 points in iodine-deficient areas and 3.5 points nationally after the introduction of iodized salt.
570:
464:
academic level due to that problem. Dr. Ouaess linked these results with the fact that natural drinking water sources in Syria do not contain enough minerals. He presented the result of that study to the Syrian
Ministry of Health. After that, adding iodine to salt became almost mandatory till 2021, when the Syrian government cancelled the iodization of salt as a result of economic problems related to economic sanctions.
376:
national salt enrichment program had a great rapid success. Prevalence of goiter in Iran dropped dramatically. The national survey in 1996 reported 40% of boys and 50% of girls have goiter. The 3rd national survey in 2001 showed that the total goiter rate is 9.8%. In 2007, the 4th national survey was conducted 17 years after iodized salt consumption by
Iranian households. In this study the total goiter rate was 5.7%.
2808:
33:
391:, a country in Central Eurasia in which local food supplies seldom contain sufficient iodine, has drastically reduced iodine deficiency through salt iodization programs. Campaigns by the government and non-profit organizations to educate the public about the benefits of iodized salt began in the mid-1990s, with iodization of edible salt becoming legally mandatory in 2002.
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117:
482:
number of factors threaten this triumph: 2005 limits on iodine content of animal feed, organic milk (which contains lower amounts of iodine because of restrictions on mineral additions), and overall reduction in milk intake. A number of studies between 1995 and 2020 has found iodine deficiency in
British teenagers and pregnant women.
687:"Individuals in whom the chronic iodine deficiency has induced thyroid hyperplasia and goitre with autonomous thyroid follicular cells may respond to excessive intake with resultant hyperthyroidism." A similar short term increase in deaths happened in the UK with the (unintentional) iodisation of milk, peaking in 1931–1940.
481:
disinfectants used in milking parlours also serve as a source of iodine for cows. Subsequent dairy promotion programs increased the population's milk consumption, creating an "accidental public health triumph" by increasing the population's iodine consumption and nearly eliminating goitre. However, a
428:
According to the 568/2002 law signed by the
Romanian parliament and republished in 2009, since 2002 iodized salt is distributed mandatory in the whole country. It is used mandatory on the market for household consumption, in bakeries, and for pregnant women. Iodised salt is optional though for animal
270:
Salt producers are often, although not always, supportive of government initiatives to iodize edible salt supplies. Opposition to iodization comes from small salt producers who are concerned about the added expense, private makers of iodine pills, concerns about promoting salt intake, and unfounded
544:
A 2018 paper found that the nationwide distribution of iodine-fortified salt increased incomes by 11%, labour force participation by 0.68 percentage points and full-time work by 0.9 percentage points. According to the study, "These impacts were largely driven by changes in the economic outcomes of
463:
In the late 1980s, a Syrian endocrinologist named Samir Ouaess conducted research on hypothyroidism and noticed that 90 percent of
Syrians suffer from hypothyroidism, 50 percent suffer from health problems as a result of Thyroid deficiency, and 10 percent of students suffer from a decline in their
366:
Iodised salt was introduced to India in the late 1950s. Public awareness was increased by special programs and initiatives, both governmental and nongovernmental. As of now, iodine deficiency is only present in a few isolated regions which are still unreachable. In India, some people use
Himalayan
375:
A national program with iodized salt started in 1992. A national survey of 1990 revealed the prevalence of iodine deficiency to be 20-80% in different parts of Iran indicating a major public health problem. Central provinces, far from the sea, had the highest prevalence of iodine deficiency. The
590:
Adding iron to iodized salt is complicated by several chemical, technical, and organoleptic issues. Since a viable DFS premix became available for scale-up in 2001, a body of scientific literature has been emerging to support the DFS initiative including studies conducted in Ghana, India, Côte
305:
Australian children were identified as being iodine deficient in a survey conducted between 2003 and 2004. As a result of this study the
Australian Government mandated that all bread with the exception of "organic" bread must use iodised salt. There remains concern that this initiative is not
586:
to prevent it from reacting with the iodine in the salt. By providing iron in addition to iodine in the convenient delivery vehicle of salt, it could serve as a sustainable approach to combating both iodine and iron deficiency disorders in areas where both deficiencies are prevalent.
1016:
943:
Katarzyna
Waszkowiak & Krystyna Szymandera-Buszka. Effect of storage conditions on potassium iodide stability in iodized table salt and collagen preparations. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. Volume 43 Issue 5, Pages 895–899. (Published Online: 27 Nov
362:
India and all of its states ban the sale of non-iodized salt for human consumption. However, implementation and enforcement of this policy are imperfect; a 2009 survey found that 9% of households used non-iodized salt and that another 20% used insufficiently iodized salt.
536:
A 2017 study found that the introduction of iodized salt in 1924 raised the IQ for the one-quarter of the population most deficient in iodine. These findings "can explain roughly one decade's worth of the upward trend in IQ in the United States (the
171:
Salt is an effective vehicle for distributing iodine to the public because it does not spoil and is consumed in more predictable amounts than most other commodities. For example, the concentration of iodine in salt has gradually increased in
2216:
476:
UK milk had historically provided an alternative avenue for iodine intake, for which it is indirectly fortified through cattle feed. Iodisation of cattle feed was originally started in the 1930s with the goal of improving cow health.
472:
Iodised salt is not readily available in the UK, where table salt forms a low proportion of salt consumed and there exists a conflict of interest with the salt-reduction campaign, which aims to reduce salt consumption further still.
379:
Concerns of iodine deficiency have raised over recent years due to consumption of non-iodized salts especially sea salt which is strongly suggested by traditional medicine workers in Iran. Many of whom have not any academic studies.
210:
can be iodised by spraying it with a potassium iodate or potassium iodide solution. 57 grams of potassium iodate, costing about US$ 1.15 (in 2006), is required to iodise a ton (2,000 pounds) of salt. Optional additives include:
407:
The Salt
Trading Corporation has been distributing Iodized Salt in Nepal since 1963. 98% of the Population uses Iodized Salt. Utilising non-Iodised salt for human consumption is prohibited. Salt costs about US$ 0.27 a Kilo.
354:. The Chinese government responded by cracking down on smuggled salt, establishing salt police with 25,000 officers to enforce the salt monopoly. Consumption of iodized salt reached 90% of the Chinese population by 2000.
560:
Processed food from the US almost universally do not use iodised salt, raising concerns about possible deficiency. On the other hand, processed food from
Thailand contribute sufficient iodine to most of the population.
223:, which prevents potassium iodide from oxidizing and evaporating. These ingredients are not required for potassium iodate, which is commonly used globally for its increased stability, but is not approved by the US FDA.
176:: 3.75 mg/kg in 1922, 7.5 mg/kg in 1962, 15 mg/kg in 1980, 20 mg/kg in 1998, and 25 mg/kg since 2014. These increases were found to improve iodine status in the general Swiss population.
179:
Salt that is iodized with iodide may slowly lose its iodine content by exposure to excess air over long periods. Salts fortified with iodate are relatively stable to storage and heat; the main concern is
2213:
557:
is made for producing the brine to be used in pickling vegetables and other foodstuffs. Contrary to popular belief, however, iodized salt affects neither colour, taste, nor consistency of pickles.
263:. According to public health experts, iodisation of salt may be the world's simplest and most cost-effective measure available to improve health, only costing US$ 0.05 per person per year. At the
1980:
Adhvaryu, Achyuta; Bednar, Steven; Molina, Teresa; Nguyen, Quynh; Nyshadham, Anant (2019-03-04). "When It Rains It Pours: The Long-run Economic Impacts of Salt Iodization in the United States".
1277:
1408:
326:
Salt sold to consumers in Canada for table and household use must be iodized with 0.01% potassium iodide. Sea salt and salt sold for other purposes, such as pickling, may be sold uniodized.
89:
that is naturally present in the food supply in some regions, especially near sea coasts but is generally quite rare in the Earth's crust since iodine is a so-called heavy element, and
335:
2175:"Dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of micronized ferric pyrophosphate and encapsulated ferrous fumarate in southern India"
191:(KI) to protect a person's thyroid gland in the event of a nuclear emergency. There is not enough iodine in iodised salt to block the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid.
184:
impurities in the salt itself, which can be removed relatively easily. Moisture accelerates the decomposition of iodate, but ceases to do so once reducing impurities are removed.
954:
Waszkowiak, Katarzyna; Szymandera-Buszka, Krystyna (May 2008). "Effect of storage conditions on potassium iodide stability in iodised table salt and collagen preparations".
2235:
44:
905:"Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children: a 5-y prospective national study"
448:
In the early 20th century, goitre was endemic in most Swiss cantons. Iodine was recognised to have an effect on goitre, but it was not until Heinrich Hunziker, a GP in
2094:
Chotivichien, Saipin; Chongchaithet, Nuntaya; Aksornchu, Pattamaporn; Boonmongkol, Nuntachit; Duangmusik, Pattama; Knowles, Jacky; Sinawat, Sangsom (6 July 2021).
267:
in 1990, a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000. At that time, 25% of households consumed iodised salt, a proportion that increased to 66% by 2006.
2173:
Andersson, Maria; Thankachan, Prashanth; Muthayya, Sumithra; Goud, Ramakrishna B; Kurpad, Anura V; Hurrell, Richard F; Zimmermann, Michael B (1 November 2008).
1195:
2233:
Aigueperse, Jean; Mollard, Paul; Devilliers, Didier; Chemla, Marius; Faron, Robert; Romano, René; Cuer, Jean Pierre (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic".
1453:
338:
estimated that iodine deficiency was responsible for 10 million cases of intellectual developmental disorders in China. Chinese governments have held a
74:. In many countries, iodine deficiency is a major public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by purposely adding small amounts of iodine to the
2214:
Double Fortification of Salt: a Technical Breakthrough to Alleviate Iron and Iodine Deficiency Disorders Around the World. The Micronutrient Initiative.
1115:
314:
Iodine Deficiency Disorders were detected as a major public health issue by Brazilian authorities in the 1950s when about 20% of the population had a
1281:
1092:
351:
1398:
1262:
2362:
97:
are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables, iodine added to salt provides the small but essential amount of iodine needed by humans.
2267:
2328:
2282:
1304:
1067:
2692:
104:
may rapidly lose its iodine content in high temperature and high relative humidity conditions through the process of oxidation and iodine
429:
consumption and the food industry, although widely used. The salt iodization process has to assure a minimum of 30mg iodine/kg of salt.
802:
Diosady, L. L., and M. G. Venkatesh Mannar. "Stability of iodine in iodized salt". 8th World Salt Symposium. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2000.
1569:
1037:
420:
signed Republic Act 8172: An Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN). However, local production of non-iodized salt continues.
1330:
Fackler, Martin (October 13, 2002). "Special police protect an ancient monopoly -- and China's public health". Associated Press.
2644:
239:
2156:
2076:
2356:
2252:
1857:
835:
Phyllis A. Lyday "Iodine and Iodine Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
105:
90:
1520:
1251:
455:
Today, iodised salt continues to be used in Switzerland, where historically endemic iodine deficiency has been eradicated.
2368:
1341:
Rah, Jee H.; Anas, Ansari M.; Chakrabarty, Arijit; Sankar, Rajan; Pandav, Chandrakant S.; Aguayo, Victor M. (2013-06-18).
367:
rock salt. Rock salt however is low in iodine and should be consumed only when there are other iodine-rich foods in diet.
2822:
1551:
2723:
1673:
Woodside, Jayne V.; Mullan, Karen R. (April 2021). "Iodine status in UK–An accidental public health triumph gone sour".
282:
2301:
399:
Salt being sold in the country must be iodized which is forced under the Food Regulation 1985 from 30 September 2020.
1493:
812:
749:
108:. Poor manufacturing techniques and storage processes can also lead to insufficient amounts of iodine in table salt.
1907:"Iodine, milk, and the elimination of endemic goitre in Britain: the story of an accidental public health triumph"
1567:
Impact after 1 year of compulsory iodisation on the iodine content of table salt at retailer level in South Africa
199:
2321:
264:
445:
Switzerland was the first country to introduce iodised salt, in the world's first food fortification programme.
346:
in the 1980s led to widespread smuggling of non-iodized salt from private producers. In the inland province of
2872:
2862:
2288:
1461:
553:
In contrast to table salt, which often contains iodide as well as anti-caking ingredients, special canning and
2378:
2034:
343:
339:
260:
63:
2867:
2718:
2639:
510:
437:
The South African government instructed that all salt for sale was to be iodised after December 12, 1995.
2667:
2606:
1591:
62:. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of
1858:"The Cognitive Effects of Micronutrient Deficiency: Evidence from Salt Iodization in the United States"
1196:"Iodine deficiency in Australia: is iodine supplementation for pregnant and lactating women warranted?"
1170:
881:
856:
2163:, 2000, University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pages of Professor L.L. Diosady
2096:"Assessment of the contribution of industrially processed foods to salt and iodine intake in Thailand"
1481:
2852:
2811:
2687:
2511:
2398:
2314:
2302:
Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies
2269:
WHO: Unfulfilled potential: using diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt to eliminate lymphatic filariasis
2107:
1817:
1116:"Are Australian children iodine deficient? Results of the Australian National Iodine Nutrition Study"
624:
1619:"Availability of iodised table salt in the UK – is it likely to influence population iodine intake?"
2501:
1403:
981:
Shi, Huimin (January 2004). "Adding An Oxidant Increases the Stability of Iodine in Iodized Salt".
569:
530:
1516:
Sustainable Prevention of Iodine Deficiency and Achievement of Optimal Iodine Nutrition – Romania
545:
young women. In later adulthood, both men and women had higher family incomes due to iodization."
2526:
2015:
1739:
1231:
1151:
1071:
779:
668:
662:
620:
600:
573:
Iodised salt with folic acid and fluorine. The folic acid gives a light yellow color to the salt.
502:
220:
125:
1955:
721:
2754:
2749:
2531:
2248:
2196:
2135:
2035:"Possible effects of iodized salt on the taste, colour and consistency of traditional pickles"
2007:
1936:
1887:
1833:
1808:
1788:
1731:
1690:
1648:
1380:
1362:
1223:
1215:
1143:
1135:
1111:
998:
926:
771:
652:
498:
256:
59:
144:. Any of these compounds supplies the body with its iodine required for the biosynthesis of
2728:
2713:
2441:
2416:
2240:
2186:
2125:
2115:
1997:
1989:
1926:
1918:
1877:
1869:
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1778:
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1721:
1682:
1638:
1630:
1370:
1354:
1207:
1127:
990:
963:
916:
836:
763:
582:
Salt can also be double-fortified with iron and iodine. The iron is microencapsulated with
522:
297:
Since 8 May 1967 salt for human or animal use must be iodised, according to the Law 17,259.
227:
188:
153:
133:
129:
1566:
1045:
1017:"Use of potassium iodine for thyroid protection during nuclear or radiological emergencies"
2857:
2790:
2785:
2662:
2629:
2586:
2561:
2536:
2351:
2220:
2160:
1956:"How Adding Iodine To Salt Resulted In A Decade's Worth Of IQ Gains For The United States"
1573:
1555:
1524:
647:
334:
Much of the Chinese population lives inland, far from sources of dietary iodine. In 1996,
165:
161:
86:
75:
1536:
1343:"Towards universal salt iodisation in India: achievements, challenges and future actions"
2111:
1821:
1643:
1618:
1263:
Salt with less iodize should be mandatory in Brazil in up to 90 days – Bem Estar – Globo
160:) hormones by the thyroid gland. Animals also benefit from iodine supplements, and the
2780:
2697:
2619:
2541:
2481:
2426:
2421:
2373:
2130:
2095:
1931:
1906:
1882:
1783:
1758:
1710:"Iodine concentration of organic and conventional milk: Implications for iodine intake"
1375:
1342:
1211:
1131:
641:
417:
181:
71:
767:
493:
In the early 20th century, goitres were especially prevalent in the region around the
2846:
2744:
2624:
2571:
2521:
2058:
967:
554:
518:
279:
141:
137:
82:
2019:
1743:
1454:"Iodine Global Network (IGN) - Price differential hampers iodized salt use in Nepal"
1235:
2770:
2591:
2546:
2471:
2406:
2153:
1155:
783:
636:
538:
93:
generally declines with greater atomic mass. Where natural levels of iodine in the
32:
903:
Michael B Zimmermann; Isabelle Aeberli; Toni Torresani; Hans Bürgi (August 2005).
2120:
1759:"When It Rains It Pours: Endemic Goiter, Iodized Salt, and David Murray Cowie MD"
525:
to table and cooking salt. On May 1, 1924, iodised salt was sold commercially in
2836:
2672:
2634:
2596:
2581:
2556:
2516:
2506:
2476:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2436:
1829:
1517:
514:
494:
490:
Iodized salt is not mandatory in the United States, but it is widely available.
173:
994:
17:
2682:
2496:
2466:
2461:
2411:
2383:
1726:
1709:
1634:
1547:
754:
506:
388:
2244:
2011:
1366:
1219:
1139:
840:
2775:
2677:
2388:
2191:
2174:
286:
248:
187:
Contrary to popular belief, iodised salt cannot be used as a substitute for
145:
2200:
2139:
1891:
1837:
1735:
1694:
1652:
1384:
1227:
1147:
1002:
930:
775:
1940:
1922:
1873:
1792:
1774:
921:
904:
116:
2795:
2576:
2566:
2431:
1993:
657:
526:
478:
449:
216:
1194:
Gallego, Gisselle; Goodall, Stephen; Eastman, Creswell J. (2010-01-01).
2614:
2491:
2002:
1114:; Topliss, Duncan J.; Harding, Philip E.; Walsh, John P. (2006-01-01).
583:
347:
67:
2831:
1686:
1358:
2551:
2077:"Iodine Is Important and You May Not Be Getting as Much as You Think"
315:
244:
101:
55:
1110:
Li, Mu; Eastman, Creswell J.; Waite, Kay V.; Ma, Gary; Byth, Karen;
1806:
McClure RD (October 1935). "Goiter Prophylaxis with Iodized Salt".
259:
affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of
616:
612:
568:
238:
198:
115:
31:
1399:"Health DG: Iodine must be added to salt being sold from Sept 30"
2337:
272:
207:
94:
51:
2310:
882:"Sel de cuisine : hausse du taux d'enrichissement en iode"
1708:
Bath, Sarah C.; Button, Suzanne; Rayman, Margaret P. (2012).
1617:
Bath, Sarah C.; Button, Suzanne; Rayman, Margaret P. (2014).
1305:"China Confronts Retardation Of Millions Deficient in Iodine"
1429:
1171:"Your daily bread, now with iodine - Health & Wellbeing"
36:
An example of a commonly distributed packet of iodized salt.
54:
mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element
342:
since 119 BCE and began iodizing salt in the 1960s, but
203:
Percentage of share of households consuming iodized salt
2306:
1856:
Feyrer, James; Politi, Dimitra; Weil, David N. (2017).
722:"In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"
128:
are used as iodide sources, depending on the producer:
1537:
http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/36611
1252:
Research assesses the impact of iodized salt in Brazil
956:
International Journal of Food Science & Technology
2820:
1578:
International journal of food sciences and nutrition
2763:
2737:
2706:
2653:
2605:
2397:
2344:
2154:Double fortification of salt with iron and iodine.
1494:"Table salt needs extra iodine – Bangladesh study"
813:"Table salt needs extra iodine – Bangladesh study"
644:serves an analogous function to "enriched salt".
230:and sodium ferrocyanide, which prevent clumping.
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
112:Chemistry, biochemistry and nutritional aspects
2236:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1911:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
1535:DECISION no. 568 of 5 June 2002 (republished)
599:In some countries, table salt is treated with
27:Table salt preparation with iodide salts added
2322:
2033:Badran, Osama; Qaraqash, Wisam; Gamah, Sana.
1518:http://www.ign.org/cm_data/Poster_Romania.pdf
857:"100 years of salt iodination in Switzerland"
306:sufficient for pregnant and lactating women.
289:(0.15 mg) of iodine per day for adults.
8:
1862:Journal of the European Economic Association
1576:, 1999, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 7–12 (12 ref.),
1032:
1030:
533:began distributing iodised salt nationally.
350:, only 20% of salt consumed was sold by the
416:On December 20, 1995, Philippine President
261:intellectual and developmental disabilities
64:intellectual and developmental disabilities
2329:
2315:
2307:
2179:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
549:No-additive salts for canning and pickling
168:is the main supplement to livestock feed.
2190:
2129:
2119:
2001:
1930:
1881:
1782:
1725:
1642:
1374:
920:
884:(in French). Swiss Federal Administration
565:Fortification of salt with other elements
243:Promotion of iodized salt to children by
2289:Newton County – Encyclopedia of Arkansas
2059:"Office of Dietary Supplements - Iodine"
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
352:China National Salt Industry Corporation
2827:
2363:International Salt Co. v. United States
851:
849:
699:
680:
1982:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1169:Corporation, Australian Broadcasting.
665:, a similar public health intervention
1851:
1849:
1847:
513:, led the United States to adopt the
336:the Chinese Ministry of Public Health
100:An opened package of table salt with
7:
2693:List of countries by salt production
2039:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
743:
741:
1590:Goodman, Jonah (30 November 2023).
1093:"InfoLeg - Información Legislativa"
720:McNeil, Donald G. Jr (2006-12-16).
58:. The ingestion of iodine prevents
1212:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03586.x
1132:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00177.x
25:
1763:American Journal of Public Health
1303:Tyler, Patrick E. (4 June 1996).
1280:. 7 February 2014. Archived from
1278:"Labelling Requirements for Salt"
750:"Iodine deficiency—way to go yet"
623:has been added to salt to combat
340:legal monopoly on salt production
2830:
2807:
2806:
968:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01538.x
2645:Salt and cardiovascular disease
1905:Phillips, D I (1 August 1997).
1411:from the original on 2023-07-13
219:(typically at about 0.04%) and
1347:Maternal & Child Nutrition
271:rumors that iodization causes
91:abundance of chemical elements
1:
1068:"2005 CFR Title 21, Volume 2"
909:American Journal of Nutrition
768:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61009-0
591:d'Ivoire, Kenya and Morocco.
2121:10.1371/journal.pone.0253590
1714:British Journal of Nutrition
1200:Medical Journal of Australia
1120:Medical Journal of Australia
283:Food and Drug Administration
235:In public health initiatives
2223:, Micronutrient Initiative.
2152:Diosady LL and Mannar MGV.
1954:Max Nisen (July 22, 2013).
1830:10.1126/science.82.2129.370
983:Food and Nutrition Bulletin
748:The Lancet (12 July 2008).
578:Double-fortified salt (DFS)
226:Anti-caking agents such as
2889:
1430:"Salt Trading Corporation"
995:10.1177/156482650402500205
603:to enhance dental health.
70:gland problems, including
2804:
2357:In the American Civil War
1727:10.1017/S0007114511003059
1635:10.1017/S1368980012005496
1021:World Health Organisation
265:World Summit for Children
66:. Deficiency also causes
2663:Salt Industry Commission
2245:10.1002/14356007.a11_307
1598:. London, United Kingdom
1097:servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
841:10.1002/14356007.a14_381
529:. By the fall of 1924,
2239:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2192:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26149
1623:Public Health Nutrition
1554:March 25, 2008, at the
1757:Markel Howard (1987).
1675:Clinical Endocrinology
1596:London Review of Books
574:
511:University of Michigan
252:
204:
121:
120:A pile of iodised salt
37:
1923:10.1136/jech.51.4.391
1775:10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219
1112:Zacharin, Margaret R.
922:10.1093/ajcn.82.2.388
572:
242:
202:
119:
35:
2688:Open-pan salt making
2512:Monosodium glutamate
1994:10.1162/rest_a_00822
1311:. The New York Times
625:lymphatic filariasis
275:or other illnesses.
215:Stabilizers such as
2112:2021PLoSO..1653590C
1874:10.1093/jeea/jvw002
1822:1935Sci....82..370M
1404:The Star (Malaysia)
531:Morton Salt Company
517:practice of adding
126:inorganic compounds
2527:Potassium chloride
2379:In Chinese history
2219:2011-07-25 at the
2159:2011-08-13 at the
1572:2011-03-24 at the
1523:2022-04-25 at the
1309:The New York Times
1048:on 16 October 2013
1042:The Salt Institute
669:Food fortification
663:Water fluoridation
621:diethylcarbamazine
607:Diethylcarbamazine
601:potassium fluoride
575:
503:David Murray Cowie
253:
221:sodium thiosulfate
205:
122:
38:
2818:
2817:
2755:Salting the earth
2750:Salt in the Bible
2724:San Francisco Bay
2532:Potassium nitrate
1816:(2129): 370–371.
1687:10.1111/cen.14368
1592:"A National Evil"
1359:10.1111/mcn.12044
1284:on 30 August 2018
505:, a professor of
499:Pacific Northwest
257:iodine deficiency
60:iodine deficiency
16:(Redirected from
2880:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2810:
2809:
2668:Evaporation pond
2442:Calcium chloride
2331:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2285:101.9 (c)(8)(iv)
2270:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2185:(5): 1378–1387.
2170:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:Columbia Surgery
2073:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2005:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:Business Insider
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1564:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1460:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:www.stcnepal.com
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1070:. Archived from
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:. Archived from
1034:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1006:
978:
972:
971:
951:
945:
941:
935:
934:
924:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
861:Swiss Federalism
853:
844:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
809:
803:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
745:
736:
735:
733:
732:
717:
688:
685:
595:Fluoridated salt
523:potassium iodide
228:calcium silicate
189:potassium iodide
154:triiodothyronine
134:potassium iodide
130:potassium iodate
21:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2873:Human nutrition
2863:History of salt
2843:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2800:
2791:Ximenes Redoubt
2786:Water softening
2759:
2733:
2702:
2655:
2649:
2630:Salt-cured meat
2601:
2587:Sodium chloride
2562:Salt substitute
2537:River reed salt
2393:
2340:
2335:
2298:
2293:
2278:
2276:Further reading
2273:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2221:Wayback Machine
2212:
2208:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2161:Wayback Machine
2151:
2147:
2106:(7): e0253590.
2093:
2092:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:Wayback Machine
1565:
1561:
1556:Wayback Machine
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1525:Wayback Machine
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1266:(in Portuguese)
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:(in Portuguese)
1248:
1247:
1243:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
980:
979:
975:
953:
952:
948:
942:
938:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
880:
879:
875:
865:
863:
855:
854:
847:
834:
830:
821:
819:
811:
810:
806:
801:
797:
788:
786:
747:
746:
739:
730:
728:
719:
718:
701:
697:
692:
691:
686:
682:
677:
648:History of salt
633:
609:
597:
580:
567:
551:
488:
470:
461:
443:
435:
426:
414:
405:
397:
386:
373:
360:
332:
324:
312:
303:
295:
285:recommends 150
237:
197:
166:ethylenediamine
162:hydrogen iodide
159:
151:
114:
87:dietary mineral
76:sodium chloride
28:
23:
22:
18:Salt iodization
15:
12:
11:
5:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Smelling salts
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2698:Salt tectonics
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:Health effects
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Sodium nitrate
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Korean brining
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Old Salt Route
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:External links
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2260:
2253:
2225:
2206:
2165:
2145:
2086:
2068:
2063:ods.od.nih.gov
2050:
2025:
1988:(2): 395–407.
1972:
1946:
1917:(4): 391–393.
1897:
1868:(2): 355–387.
1843:
1798:
1769:(2): 219–229.
1749:
1720:(7): 935–940.
1700:
1681:(4): 692–699.
1658:
1629:(2): 450–454.
1609:
1582:
1580:ISSN 0963-7486
1559:
1540:
1528:
1509:
1485:
1474:
1445:
1421:
1407:. 2020-09-25.
1390:
1353:(4): 483–496.
1333:
1322:
1295:
1269:
1255:
1241:
1206:(8): 461–463.
1186:
1175:www.abc.net.au
1161:
1126:(4): 165–169.
1102:
1084:
1059:
1038:"Iodized Salt"
1026:
1023:. 7 July 2023.
1008:
989:(2): 137–141.
973:
962:(5): 895–899.
946:
936:
915:(2): 388–392.
895:
873:
845:
828:
804:
795:
737:
726:New York Times
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
666:
660:
655:
653:Lugol's iodine
650:
645:
642:Enriched flour
639:
632:
629:
608:
605:
596:
593:
579:
576:
566:
563:
550:
547:
487:
484:
469:
468:United Kingdom
466:
460:
457:
442:
439:
434:
431:
425:
422:
418:Fidel V. Ramos
413:
410:
404:
401:
396:
393:
385:
382:
372:
369:
359:
356:
344:market reforms
331:
328:
323:
320:
311:
308:
302:
299:
294:
291:
236:
233:
232:
231:
224:
196:
193:
164:derivative of
157:
149:
113:
110:
72:endemic goitre
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2885:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Endocrinology
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:Miscellaneous
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Grain of salt
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
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2699:
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2689:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
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2669:
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2660:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Brined cheese
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
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2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
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2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
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2435:
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2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:In Middlewich
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
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2275:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
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1916:
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1475:
1464:on 2021-09-27
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1225:
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1213:
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1197:
1190:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1074:on 2012-02-17
1073:
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1027:
1022:
1018:
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614:
606:
604:
602:
594:
592:
588:
585:
577:
571:
564:
562:
558:
556:
555:pickling salt
548:
546:
542:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:sodium iodide
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
486:United States
485:
483:
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474:
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185:
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177:
175:
169:
167:
163:
155:
147:
143:
142:sodium iodide
139:
138:sodium iodate
135:
131:
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81:Iodine is a
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48:iodized salt
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41:Iodised salt
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39:
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2853:Edible salt
2729:In Pakistan
2714:In Cheshire
2673:Salt mining
2635:Salted fish
2557:Salammoniac
2517:Moshio salt
2422:Asín tibuok
2003:10986/31273
1550:, Cerebos
1458:www.ign.org
507:paediatrics
495:Great Lakes
441:Switzerland
412:Philippines
255:Worldwide,
208:Edible salt
174:Switzerland
106:sublimation
2847:Categories
2683:Sink works
2607:Food usage
2497:Kala namak
2432:Black lava
2384:Salt March
2254:3527306730
2044:2020-09-24
1602:6 December
1503:2023-10-30
1498:SciDev.Net
1468:2021-06-12
1439:2021-06-12
1415:2023-07-10
1315:28 October
1288:20 October
1180:2016-12-31
1078:2006-04-11
866:6 December
822:2023-10-30
817:SciDev.Net
789:2014-12-10
755:The Lancet
731:2008-12-04
695:References
389:Kazakhstan
384:Kazakhstan
287:micrograms
249:Indonesian
247:on a 1996
195:Production
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2776:Road salt
2707:By region
2678:Salt well
2482:Himalayan
2389:Salt road
2012:0034-6535
1367:1740-8695
1220:0025-729X
1140:0025-729X
1052:7 October
888:8 January
301:Australia
293:Argentina
146:thyroxine
2812:Category
2719:In Ghana
2654:Commerce
2577:Sel gris
2572:Seasoned
2567:Sea salt
2522:Pickling
2417:Alberger
2217:Archived
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2157:Archived
2140:34228736
2100:PLOS ONE
2020:67876468
1965:July 23,
1892:31853231
1838:17796701
1744:14544257
1736:21781365
1695:33249610
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1570:Archived
1552:Archived
1521:Archived
1409:Archived
1385:23795562
1236:38147490
1228:20402611
1148:16489900
1003:15214259
931:16087983
776:18620930
658:Sea salt
631:See also
527:Michigan
497:and the
479:Iodophor
450:Adliswil
395:Malaysia
217:dextrose
182:reducing
2738:Culture
2620:Salting
2615:Brining
2592:Truffle
2492:Jugyeom
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2427:Bittern
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