421:'s failure to dock with the orbiting Salyut 6 space station, Soyuz 26 was launched with the aim of docking at the other port, the aft port. The two-man crew of Romanenko and Grechko was launched 10 December 1977, the first launch window following the failed mission. Grechko's presence on the flight arose out of the Soyuz 25 failure. A decision to no longer fly all-rookie crews made him the replacement engineer for Soyuz 26. The launch was almost delayed by bad weather in the
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535:. The spacecraft used to launch EP-1 was called Soyuz 27, which successfully docked at Salyut 6's forward port the next day, much to the relief of mission control. This was the first time three independently launched spacecraft had ever flown docked to each other. While the docking took place, Grechko and Romanenko moved into Soyuz 26 and closed the hatches in case of an accident.
255:
477:. He reported that there was no visible damage to the docking drogue, which meant that the docking mechanism on Soyuz 25 was faulty, not that of Salyut 6. Accordingly, the station's program was rescued. Additionally, he placed a materials exposure experiment on the exterior of the space station to be retrieved by a subsequent crew. The EVA lasted 1 hour and 28 minutes.
587:
On 29 January 1978, Progress replenished the air of the station. On 2 and 3 February 1978, the refueling operation was completed. The refueling was another first. Never before had one spacecraft refuelled another in orbit. Finally, the craft was used to make orbit adjustments and was undocked and de-orbited on 8 February, burning up during
613:
The crew took photographs with the MKF-6M multi-spectral camera, and created alloys with the Splav furnace. To attempt to make pure alloys, the attitude adjusters of the station were turned off, but
Grechko reported samples were degraded by slight movements of the station despite the precautions. One
480:
It was later revealed that a potentially dangerous incident occurred during the EVA. Once
Grechko was back in the airlock, Romanenko asked to look outside, so Grechko moved aside and Romanenko pushed hard against the airlock. He did not have his safety tether attached and began to float away from the
686:
By the end of the mission, Romanenko had developed an excruciating toothache, but there was little to stop the pain with on the station. All doctors at mission control could suggest was that he wash his mouth with warm water and keep warm. By the end of the mission — only six days after the Soyuz 28
586:
were designed to refuel the space station and bring supplies for the crew; Progress 1 was the first of its kind to be launched. The tanker docked at the aft port on 22 January 1978. Some 1000 kg of propellants were on board and 1300 kg of supplies, including replacement parts, clothes, air and food.
549:
A now-standard experiment called "Resonance" was carried out, which tested the stresses of the multi-spacecraft structure by simply having the cosmonauts jump up and down. The visiting crew undocked Soyuz 26 on 16 January 1978 and returned to Earth, thus freeing the aft port for the next spacecraft.
485:
to sound more dangerous than it really was. Although
Romanenko's safety tether was not attached, there was still the electricity/communications umbilical that would have held him to the station. Another complication occurred when the gauges indicated no air was refilling the airlock. However, it was
545:
On 13 January 1978, the crews performed for the first time the now-routine exchange of seat liners and centering weights in their respective Soyuz craft. The liners are custom molded for each space traveler, and are needed for launch and landing, and the weights are needed to ensure a proper center
469:
The issue of whether the front docking port was broken, and if so was salvageable, was crucial to mission planners. If there was only a single usable port, only short-duration missions were possible at the station. The Soyuz 25 docking apparatus burned up during re-entry in
October, so it could not
429:
was stationed. Once the ship's antennae were locked into position, the Soyuz launch was set to launch as the ship was needed to relay the docking procedure to mission control. The crew docked the next day, checked the seals and opened the hatches to the station, the first crew to enter the station.
697:
They underwent immediate medical tests. It was announced that
Grechko's heart had changed position during the flight and each had lost 4 kg on average during the mission. Leg volume decreased significant, though it was said the crew did not faithfully carry out the exercise regime while aboard the
546:
of mass for the returning craft so it does not undershoot or overshoot the landing target. While the main reason for the Soyuz swap was to free the aft port for the
Progress, another reason was that extended exposure to space of the vehicle leads to degradation of its engine and propellant seals.
614:
discovery made as a result of these experiments was that the station naturally aligned itself with its service compartment pointing towards the Earth and its transfer compartment away. This meant attitude control propellant could be preserved. A telescope was used extensively for observations of
516:. But the tanker had to dock at the aft port where the propellant line connections were, and Soyuz 26 was docked there. Mission control was not yet willing to attempt to redock the Soyuz at the other port, a now-standard practice. Accordingly, a new crew was sent up on another
489:
Numerous experiments were carried out over the next few weeks. Since this was an attempt to set a new space-endurance record, much of the focus of the mission was on medical experimentation. But other research was also done. Earth observations were made 21 December 1977 of the
200:
The expedition set several records and established several milestones, including the longest space flight to that time, the first docking of three spacecraft together, and the hosting of the first non-Soviet, non-American space-farer. Additionally, the mission saw the first
682:
On 9 March 1978, the crew's exercise routine was increased from 1–3 hours a day to 10–12 hours a day in preparation for their return to Earth. Deactivation of the station commenced on 13 March 1978, and the Soyuz 27 engines were tested on 15 March 1978.
481:
station and thrash about. Grechko grabbed his commander by his untethered safety line and pulled him back in. (In an interview afterward, he reported he asked
Romanenko, "Yuri, where are you going?") Grechko felt the incident was overblown by author
673:
During the visit, one of the Soyuz 28 crew informed
Romanenko that Grechko's father had died. It was left to his judgment whether he should inform him during the mission or after they landed. He decided to wait for the completion of the mission.
449:
of the EO-1 mission. The purpose was to inspect the forward docking port to assess whether there was damage which might have prevented Soyuz 25 from docking two months earlier. The spacewalk was the first one by the
Soviets since cosmonauts from
197:. The two person crew stayed were in space for a record setting 96 days, from December 1977 to March 1978. The expedition was the start of what would be the semi-permanent occupation of space by the Soviets.
430:
It was only upon the announcement of this successful docking that the
Soviets revealed the station had a second port. The Soyuz 26 spacecraft remained docked until January 1978, when it landed the crew of
209:
stations which made many of these feats possible was an extra docking port on Salyut 6, which allowed for re-supply missions, visiting crews and, potentially, crew rotations and permanent occupation.
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The Soyuz 28 crew left in the craft they arrived in and returned to Earth 10 March 1978. No exchange of craft was contemplated as the EO-1 crew were due to return soon themselves.
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station. Both men tried to swim out of bed when they awoke for the first few days, and by the fourth day could walk through a park. It took two weeks for them to fully recover.
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countries, and other countries later. The Soyuz 28 crew docked with the station at the vacant aft port on 3 March 1978, and spent the next week performing experiments.
498:, and a new navigation system was tested on 25 December 1977. By 3 January 1978, the crew requested more work as they were nearly finished setting up the station.
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278:. Soyuz 17, at the time, held the record for Soviet mission duration, and EO-1 would also break the mission duration record (surpassing USA's
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By 13 December 1977, the station had been activated, and the cosmonauts gave a television tour of the station the next day.
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The station required refueling by mid-January 1978, and this was to be accomplished by a new unmanned supply tanker,
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towards the end of February 1978, but the Soviets reported three crew were required for the optimum results.
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type of spacecraft. Soyuz 26, which brought the EO-1 crew members to the space station, was of this design.
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biological experiment, and Dzhanibekov, an electronics expert, inspected the station's electrical system.
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who would have been flight engineer. Kovalyonok and Ivanchenkov also served as the backup crew for the
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652:. Remek was the first non-Soviet, non-American person in space and flew as part of the Soviet
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They undocked from the station in Soyuz 27 on 16 March 1978 and landed 265 km west of
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spacecraft to dock at the forward port, and depart in the parked Soyuz 26 spacecraft.
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long duration space expedition, the first to dock successfully with the space station
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soon realized the gauges had to be faulty, and they safely reentered the station.
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in 1969. The spacewalk was also significant as it was the first use of the
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It was during the visit by this crew that the EO-1 crew surpassed the
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Grechko left the Salyut while Romanenko remained in the depressurized
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Second visiting crew, first international cosmonaut, new space record
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spacecraft, the first of which, Progress 1, resupplied the EO-1 crew.
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Four days later, on 20 January 1978, an unmanned cargo ship called
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by the Soviets since 1969. An important modification from previous
1137:
949:
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615:
557:
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253:
610:- for surpassing their Soviet space-endurance record of 63 days.
694:(Astana). They had set a new space endurance record of 96 days.
1141:
862:
779:. New York: Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc.
246:, a few months after the Soyuz 26 spacecraft had been landed.
598:
On 11 February 1978, the crew received congratulations from
262:
This was the first spaceflight of the mission's commander,
667:
record of 84 days in space, which had stood since 1974.
266:, and the second spaceflight of the flight engineer
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984:
948:
896:
724:
List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations
138:
124:
116:
111:
93:
83:
75:
67:
57:
52:
36:
28:
772:
445:On 20 December 1977, the crew performed the only
16:Soviet long duration space expedition to Salyut 6
242:crew, even though they returned to earth aboard
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874:
258:The crew and the station with a docked Soyuz.
225:
147:
142:
8:
19:
841:. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company.
687:crew's landing — a nerve had been exposed.
470:be determined whether the fault lay there.
1261:
1190:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
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881:
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859:
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18:
1185:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
814:
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802:
800:
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656:program which flew military pilots from
640:was launched, carrying Soviet cosmonaut
284:
2583:The † sign designates failed missions.
762:
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750:
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527:, was launched on 10 January 1978 with
839:Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight
386:mission in January 1978 to Salyut 6.
378:, who would have been Commander, and
7:
2581:; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
2573:Uncrewed missions are designated as
462:(which are still used today on the
238:, and are often referred to as the
14:
441:First Soviet spacewalk since 1969
1246:
939:
729:Timeline of longest spaceflights
708:
357:
315:
282:mission, which lasted 84 days).
234:. The crew were launched aboard
775:The Soviet Manned Space Program
582:was launched. The non-reusable
2587:designates cancelled missions.
1:
1238:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
374:The backup crew for EO-1 was
464:International Space Station
226:
148:
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629:
569:
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270:, who flew on the 29-day
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107:
103:
48:
44:
24:
2610:1977 in the Soviet Union
837:Newkirk, Dennis (1990).
502:The first triple docking
425:where the tracking ship
771:Clark, Phillip (1988).
494:and of forest fires in
1180:List of Soyuz missions
567:
427:Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
408:
259:
212:The crew consisted of
1206:Soyuz (rocket family)
898:Salyut stations (DOS)
561:
402:
380:Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
257:
1381:Zond lunar programme
1258:(by spacecraft type)
950:Almaz stations (OPS)
529:Vladimir Dzhanibekov
523:The mission, called
224:for the mission was
2605:1977 in spaceflight
1216:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1031:Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)
1026:Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3)
1021:Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2)
584:Progress spacecraft
376:Vladimir Kovalyonok
21:
2488:(uncrewed landing)
1695:(uncrewed landing)
1211:Soyuz (spacecraft)
916:Kosmos 557 (DOS-3)
716:Spaceflight portal
604:Vitaly Sevastyanov
568:
409:
395:Launch of Soyuz 26
390:Mission highlights
346:Record spaceflight
260:
2592:
2591:
2510:
2509:
2497:(uncrewed launch)
1710:(uncrewed launch)
1521:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
1496:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
1233:Soyuz abort modes
1135:
1134:
1125:Return from Orbit
977:
636:On 2 March 1978,
562:A drawing of the
460:Orlan space suits
372:
371:
232:Russian peninsula
184:
183:
32:Salyut expedition
2617:
2515:Current missions
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1281:Soyuz 7K-OK No.1
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968:Salyut 5 (OPS-3)
963:Salyut 3 (OPS-2)
958:Salyut 2 (OPS-1)
943:
931:Salyut 7 (DOS-6)
926:Salyut 6 (DOS-5)
921:Salyut 4 (DOS-4)
906:Salyut 1 (DOS-1)
890:Salyut programme
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678:The mission ends
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353:Flight Engineer
329:10 December 1977
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155:Taymyr Peninsula
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71:10 December 1977
37:Mission duration
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642:Aleksei Gubarev
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1023:
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1013:TKS spacecraft
1009:
1008:
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739:
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731:
726:
720:
719:
703:
700:
679:
676:
650:Vladimír Remek
630:Main article:
627:
624:
606:- the crew of
570:Main article:
564:Progress 7K-TG
555:
552:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
442:
439:
423:Atlantic Ocean
411:Main article:
396:
393:
391:
388:
370:
369:
366:
364:Georgy Grechko
354:
350:
349:
344:
341:
334:
327:
324:
322:Yuri Romanenko
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
268:Georgy Grechko
264:Yuri Romanenko
251:
248:
218:Georgy Grechko
214:Yuri Romanenko
182:
181:
174:
173:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
140:
136:
135:
133:Georgi Grechko
129:Yuri Romanenko
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:Arrived aboard
81:
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55:
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2261:
2260:Soyuz TMA-01M
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
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2239:
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2110:
2108:
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2043:
2040:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
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1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
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1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:Past missions
1254:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
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1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:Spaceflights
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:Support craft
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
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989:
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983:
974:
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884:
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877:
872:
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865:
864:
861:
850:
848:0-87201-848-2
844:
840:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
786:0-517-56954-X
782:
777:
776:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
741:
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706:
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684:
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671:
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647:
643:
639:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:Pacific Ocean
590:
585:
581:
580:
573:
565:
560:
553:
551:
547:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
509:
508:Salyut 6 EP-1
501:
499:
497:
493:
487:
484:
478:
476:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
440:
438:
435:
433:
428:
424:
420:
414:
406:
401:
394:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
367:
365:
360:
355:
352:
351:
340:
336:16 March 1978
333:
325:
323:
318:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:Salyut 6 EO-1
178: →
177:
171:
168:
163:
159:
156:
150:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:16 March 1978
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:Space station
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
20:Salyut 6 EO-1
2584:
2578:
2574:
1780:Apollo–Soyuz
1538:Soyuz 7K-OKS
1512:Soyuz 7K-LOK
1487:Soyuz 7K-L1E
1474:
1467:
1123:
1000:
992:
838:
774:
696:
689:
685:
681:
672:
669:
662:
635:
620:Orion Nebula
612:
600:Pyotr Klimuk
597:
577:
575:
548:
544:
537:
533:Oleg Makarov
522:
511:
492:Soviet Union
488:
479:
472:
468:
444:
436:
416:
373:
261:
239:
230:, after the
211:
199:
186:
185:
29:Mission type
2577:instead of
2374:Soyuz MS-01
2253:(2010–2016)
2251:Soyuz-TMA-M
2136:Soyuz TMA-1
2129:(2002–2012)
1941:(1986–2002)
1837:Kosmos 1001
1830:(1978–1986)
1799:(1974–1976)
1752:(1974–1976)
1750:Soyuz 7K-TM
1566:(1972–1981)
1514:(1971–1972)
1489:(1969–1970)
1377:(1967–1970)
1375:Soyuz 7K-L1
1268:(1966–1970)
1266:Soyuz 7K-OK
1199:Main topics
1128:(1984 film)
1083:Expeditions
976:(not flown)
658:Soviet bloc
654:Interkosmos
483:James Oberg
294:Spaceflight
274:mission to
170:expeditions
2599:Categories
2444:(uncrewed)
1952:(uncrewed)
1948:Soyuz TM-1
1852:(uncrewed)
1806:Kosmos 670
1797:Soyuz 7K-S
1759:Kosmos 638
1634:(uncrewed)
1598:Kosmos 656
1588:Kosmos 613
1573:Kosmos 496
1564:Soyuz 7K-T
1502:Kosmos 382
1401:Zond 1967A
1390:Kosmos 146
1330:(uncrewed)
1301:Kosmos 186
1290:Kosmos 140
1285:(uncrewed)
1275:Kosmos 133
1108:Spacewalks
985:Successors
735:References
692:Nur-Sultan
648:cosmonaut
579:Progress 1
572:Progress 1
554:Progress 1
518:Soyuz 7K-T
405:Soyuz 7K-T
311:Commander
53:Expedition
2127:Soyuz-TMA
1848:Soyuz T-1
1226:Site 31/6
591:over the
447:spacewalk
348:duration
222:call sign
203:spacewalk
117:Crew size
2365:Soyuz MS
1939:Soyuz-TM
1769:Soyuz 16
1603:Soyuz 14
1593:Soyuz 13
1583:Soyuz 12
1547:Soyuz 10
1446:Zond-M 1
1221:Site 1/5
1103:Visitors
1096:uncrewed
1052:Progress
702:See also
665:Skylab 4
638:Soyuz 28
632:Soyuz 28
618:and the
608:Soyuz 18
589:re-entry
514:Progress
419:Soyuz 25
413:Soyuz 26
343:96 days
339:Soyuz 27
332:Soyuz 26
303:Duration
288:Position
280:Skylab 4
276:Salyut 4
272:Soyuz 17
244:Soyuz 27
240:Soyuz 26
236:Soyuz 26
220:. Their
195:Salyut 6
167:Salyut 6
139:Callsign
98:Soyuz 27
88:Soyuz 26
62:Salyut 6
2585:Italics
2355:TMA-20M
2350:TMA-19M
2345:TMA-18M
2340:TMA-17M
2335:TMA-16M
2330:TMA-15M
2325:TMA-14M
2320:TMA-13M
2315:TMA-12M
2310:TMA-11M
2305:TMA-10M
2300:TMA-09M
2295:TMA-08M
2290:TMA-07M
2285:TMA-06M
2280:TMA-05M
2275:TMA-04M
2270:TMA-03M
2265:TMA-02M
1828:Soyuz-T
1326:Soyuz 2
1295:Soyuz 1
1117:Related
1003:(DOS-8)
995:(DOS-7)
475:airlock
456:Soyuz 4
452:Soyuz 5
368:Second
300:Landing
125:Members
40:96 days
2575:Kosmos
2495:
2486:
2442:
2241:TMA-22
2236:TMA-21
2231:TMA-20
2226:TMA-19
2221:TMA-18
2216:TMA-17
2211:TMA-16
2206:TMA-15
2201:TMA-14
2196:TMA-13
2191:TMA-12
2186:TMA-11
2181:TMA-10
1950:
1850:
1776:
1708:
1693:
1632:
1540:(1971)
1458:Zond 7
1413:Zond 4
1328:
1091:crewed
1001:Zvezda
845:
783:
540:French
496:Africa
326:First
306:Notes
297:Launch
227:Taymyr
207:Salyut
191:Soviet
189:was a
149:Taymyr
144:Таймыр
2579:Soyuz
2561:MS-29
2557:2026
2551:MS-28
2546:MS-27
2542:2025
2527:MS-26
2522:MS-25
2502:MS-24
2493:MS-23
2484:MS-22
2479:MS-21
2474:MS-20
2469:MS-19
2464:MS-18
2459:MS-17
2454:MS-16
2449:MS-15
2440:MS-14
2435:MS-13
2430:MS-12
2425:MS-11
2419:MS-10
2414:MS-09
2409:MS-08
2404:MS-07
2399:MS-06
2394:MS-05
2389:MS-04
2384:MS-03
2379:MS-02
2176:TMA-9
2171:TMA-8
2166:TMA-7
2161:TMA-6
2156:TMA-5
2151:TMA-4
2146:TMA-3
2141:TMA-2
2117:TM-34
2112:TM-33
2107:TM-32
2102:TM-31
2097:TM-30
2092:TM-29
2087:TM-28
2082:TM-27
2077:TM-26
2072:TM-25
2067:TM-24
2062:TM-23
2057:TM-22
2052:TM-21
2047:TM-20
2042:TM-19
2037:TM-18
2032:TM-17
2027:TM-16
2022:TM-15
2017:TM-14
2012:TM-13
2007:TM-12
2002:TM-11
1997:TM-10
1898:T-10a
1440:1969A
1424:1968B
1418:1968A
1407:1967B
1076:Lists
1047:Soyuz
973:OPS-4
911:DOS-2
616:Earth
76:Ended
68:Began
1992:TM-9
1987:TM-8
1982:TM-7
1977:TM-6
1972:TM-5
1967:TM-4
1962:TM-3
1957:TM-2
1929:T-15
1924:T-14
1919:T-13
1914:T-12
1909:T-11
1904:T-10
1843:1074
1527:No.2
843:ISBN
781:ISBN
644:and
602:and
531:and
525:EP-1
432:EP-1
384:EP-1
291:Name
250:Crew
216:and
176:EO-2
112:Crew
1893:T-9
1887:T-8
1882:T-7
1877:T-6
1872:T-5
1867:T-4
1862:T-3
1857:T-2
1817:869
1811:772
1764:672
1619:18a
1578:573
1452:M 2
1395:154
1321:238
1316:213
1311:212
1306:188
1067:FGB
1057:TKS
993:Mir
466:).
2601::
1787:22
1774:19
1740:40
1735:39
1730:38
1725:37
1720:36
1715:35
1706:34
1700:33
1691:32
1686:31
1681:30
1676:29
1671:28
1666:27
1661:26
1655:25
1650:24
1644:23
1639:21
1630:20
1625:18
1614:17
1608:15
1553:11
1476:10
1283:†
1062:VA
795:^
743:^
595:.
434:.
2421:†
1900:†
1889:†
1839:†
1819:†
1813:†
1782:)
1778:(
1702:†
1657:†
1646:†
1621:†
1610:†
1555:†
1549:†
1529:†
1523:†
1498:†
1469:9
1463:8
1454:†
1448:†
1442:†
1435:6
1430:5
1426:†
1420:†
1409:†
1403:†
1397:†
1383:)
1379:(
1365:9
1360:8
1355:7
1350:6
1345:5
1340:4
1335:3
1297:†
1277:†
1161:e
1154:t
1147:v
882:e
875:t
868:v
851:.
789:.
152:,
120:2
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