339:
473:
409:
436:. As a result of the deportations that were ordered in June, nearly 21,000 people were forcefully deported from Samsun. In early September 1921, 1,500 women and children from nearby Greek villages who had recently found temporary refuge in Samsun were deported. A similar deportation was undertaken against c. 6,000 women and children from the adjacent
824:
822:
392:
workers in Samsun determined that all the deportees "were being sent to their deaths" while also observing the impunity with which
Turkish irregular bands were committing murders on the streets of Samsun, as well as investigated the Christian residences. As a result, the Near East Relief orphanage at
298:
had involved slaughter, rape, brutality, and robbery that reached far beyond any justification, military or otherwise. Only a small number of the victims might have been involved in any anti-Turkish resistance activity. Moreover, notorious bands of cetes (organized brigands), especially those led by
380:
stationed off Samsun reported to admiral
Bristol that the deportations would be carried out quickly and that a large number of the deportees would die as a natural consequence. Most of the gendarmes who were supposed to accompany the deportees were former criminals and were acting in collaboration
354:
included looting, burning of Greek settlements around Samsun and massacre of the civilian Greek population. The rest of the population was deported to the interior of
Anatolia. Although not allowed out of Samsun, American relief workers observed the nearby village of Kadikeuy being systematically
495:
to Samsun as a show of concern for these atrocities. In another instance, an
American naval officer witnessed Greek women in Samsun purchasing poison, being determined not to leave themselves "at the mercy of the Turks". From September 1921 on, ominous reports of Turkish atrocities from American
259:), and its environs. It was accompanied by looting, the burning of settlements, rape, and massacres. As a result, the Greek population of the city and those who had previously found refuge there—a total of c. 24,500 men, women and children—were forcibly deported from the city to the interior of
512:
In 2010 Turkish construction workers accidentally discovered the remains of a massive grave at the
Kadikeuy suburb of Samsun. According to Pontic genocide historians, these belonged to civilian women and children massacred during the atrocities that occurred in June 1921. A Turkish news agency
508:
by
Turkish army, there were virtually no Greeks left in Samsun. The Greek cemetery of the city had been plowed up and planted with tobacco. The total death toll of the Pontic Greek community, as a result of the Ottoman and Turkish policies from 1914 to 1923, is estimated at 353,000 to 360,000.
831:, p. 207: "By the time of the events in Smyrna, there were virtually no Greeks at all left in Samsun, as a destroyer captain informed the admiral, so his two protests to Kemalist authorities there had had no permanent effect even at a port right under the noses of his destroyer captains".
455:
In mid-November 1921, 700 women and children who had earlier fled to the hills returned to Samsun for fear of cold due to the approaching winter. The
Turkish authorities did not hesitate to deport them altogether. Some reactions by the head of the Near East Relief to stop at least part of the
371:
In the last week of May 1921, bandits of Topal Osman swarmed into Samsun itself. On June 16, the
Turkish nationalist government of Ankara authorized the deportation of all Greek males between ages 16 and 50 who remained in Samsun. The deportations were carried out by Turkish General
385:, c.46 kilometres (29 mi) south of Samsun, where they were massacred by the band of Topal Osman. In another death march on June 21, a total of 1,085 men were deported from Samsun. After a 4-hour march they were ambushed by a group of Topal Osman, who massacred c. 700 of them.
355:
looted. Its residents as well as those from other villages fled to the city of Samsun to find refuge. Due to his activity, Topal Osman was portrayed as a "national hero" by the
Turkish press in Ankara and Constantinople. Meanwhile, the commander of
484:
Atrocities against the local Greek element were reported as early as March 1921, both by
American Near East Relief missionaries and naval officers on destroyers that visited the Pontus region and especially the Black Sea ports of
1777:
311:, was dramatically affected: the Armenian community that originally numbered 5,000 members was reduced to only 1,000 inhabitants, while the 15,000 ethnic Greeks were reduced to 10,000 at the end of World War I.
397:. The latter claimed that the deportation order was already in effect and admitted that many of the Greek men who had been deported earlier had been killed. Admiral Bristol protested the deportations to the
359:
which was stationed off Samsun, reported that c. 100 surrounding Greek villages were destroyed, their inhabitants killed and the priests were crucified. As a result, the United States High Commissioner in
496:
destroyers stationed at Samsun became more frequent. Protests by Admiral Bristol to the Turkish authorities of Mustafa Kemal against the deportations were not enough to save the local Greek element.
762:, p. 99: "Maybe, despite appearances, Admiral Bristol had... Whatever the reason, the admiral again protested the deportations, this time to the Nationalist government at Angora".
1214:
980:
451:
Bodies lay along the roadside and in the fields everywhere. There was no hope for the Greeks from Malatia to Samsun, and the most fortunate were those who perished at the start.
1550:
1167:
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reported that the construction workers threw the remains into the nearby river. The discovery has not received any serious coverage in the Turkish and Greek press.
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1187:
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178:
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98:
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222:
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had been engaged in continuous shooting, plunder and rape of defenseless Greek villagers in the Pontus region. As a result of this campaign of
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1513:
146:
142:
1716:
1772:
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198:
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58:
1440:
315:
170:
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949:
928:
907:
693:
194:
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118:
1508:
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381:
with Turkish irregular band leaders. On June 17, the first group of 1,040 men was deported. They were marched to the town of
1503:
1102:
1092:
464:, reported that an additional 1,300 Greeks were sent out from Samsun, mostly women and children, but also a few old men.
1787:
1782:
215:
38:
1792:
1686:
1623:
1362:
989:
278:
of Turkey which from 1914 to 1923 reached a final death toll of c. 353,000. It was also part of the last stage of the
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1533:
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1041:
1013:
1589:
1584:
1538:
1031:
527:
244:
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1237:
158:
1259:
1762:
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1334:
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Samsun was flooded with Greek children from the region. A commission of US navy officers visited the Samsun
208:
338:
1757:
1676:
1493:
1372:
1286:
1222:
326:
movement, many of whom were wanted for crimes committed during World War I, marked the final phase of the
1410:
1405:
1249:
1157:
1615:
1558:
1518:
1367:
1271:
1128:
1056:
70:
34:
1254:
1430:
376:, while massive arrests of the local Greek population begun the same day. Meanwhile, the commander of
1711:
1691:
1452:
1314:
1061:
899:
The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917-1923
505:
477:
377:
365:
264:
102:
1656:
1628:
1498:
1483:
314:
On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) landed in Samsun, far away from the war zone of the
66:
1651:
1721:
1382:
1324:
522:
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1425:
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deportation were ignored by the local Turkish governor. In April 1922, the commander of the USS
138:
74:
1468:
1244:
1145:
1008:
945:
924:
903:
689:
186:
86:
330:
and the extermination campaign of the local Greek communities continued the following years.
270:
The deportations were part of the Turkish National Movement's genocidal policies against the
1594:
1579:
1390:
1172:
1051:
461:
389:
356:
275:
174:
1523:
1473:
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1701:
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373:
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256:
182:
150:
46:
22:
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307:
the Christian population of Samsun, the most important port on the south coast of the
1751:
1291:
1135:
1118:
283:
271:
82:
42:
472:
1458:
1162:
866:Το δικό μας Ολοκαύτωμα. Ποντιακή Γενοκτονία: σιγή Αγκυρας για τους ομαδικούς τάφους
134:
126:
122:
685:
Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses
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897:
683:
433:
351:
323:
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62:
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425:
394:
920:
America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919 1923
480:
protested to the local Ottoman authorities in Samsun against the deportations
308:
941:
Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923
408:
361:
319:
304:
260:
368:, immediately filled a protest against the Turkish officials of Samsun.
486:
267:
missionaries and naval officers on destroyers that visited the region.
429:
402:
252:
248:
471:
437:
417:
407:
382:
337:
190:
322:. The arrival of the former together with members of the former
1778:
Persecution of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century
962:
350:
During late spring of 1921, the activity of armed bands led by
504:
By September 1922, when the Greco-Turkish War ended with the
489:
and Samsun. On one occasion Admiral Bristol sent the cruiser
443:
American relief worker Edit Wood, on his way from Samsun to
263:
in 1921–1922. The atrocities were reported by both American
16:
Death marches orchestrated by the Turkish National Movement
707:
705:
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809:
807:
782:
780:
247:
as part of its extermination of the Greek community of
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1124:
United States during the Turkish War of Independence
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996:
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108:
92:
52:
28:
21:
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103:American Committee for Relief in the Near East
974:
891:] (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki.
342:Massacres at Samsun: Streets run with blood,
216:
8:
416:Most deportees were marched via Amasya and
1611:
1210:
981:
967:
959:
677:
675:
528:Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
282:, which was launched after the landing of
223:
209:
852:
828:
615:
603:
579:
294:During 1915–1917 the deportations in the
99:Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor
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18:
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798:
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723:
666:
651:
639:
627:
591:
564:
545:
7:
881:Pericles, Alexiadis Thomas (2008).
14:
1707:Conference of London (1921–1922)
1233:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
1004:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
119:Committee of Union and Progress
1103:Grand National Assembly (1923)
1098:Grand National Assembly (1920)
399:Turkish nationalist government
1:
1184:Ankara Government and Georgia
938:Shirinian, George N. (2017).
171:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
1564:Liberation of Constantinople
1297:Liberation of Constantinople
195:Istanbul trials of 1919–1920
1773:1920s in the Ottoman Empire
1687:Conference of London (1920)
990:Turkish War of Independence
902:. Oxford University Press.
1809:
1768:History of Samsun Province
1198:Yalova Peninsula massacres
1042:Sultanahmet demonstrations
1734:
1093:Ottoman Parliament (1919)
1032:Turkish National Movement
923:. Naval Institute Press.
682:Bartrop, Paul R. (2014).
334:Campaign of extermination
255:(then still formally the
245:Turkish National Movement
204:
169:
113:
97:
57:
33:
1494:Summer Offensive of 1920
1287:Summer Offensive of 1920
688:. ABC-CLIO. p. 64.
412:Map of the Pontus region
286:in Samsun, in May 1919.
1534:Liberation of Balıkesir
1335:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
1077:Grand National Assembly
1717:Conference of Lausanne
1677:Treaty of Alexandropol
1634:Paris Peace Conference
917:Shenk, Robert (2017).
896:Prott, Volker (2016).
618:, pp. 54–55, 310.
481:
453:
413:
347:
93:Foreign aid and relief
1559:Bombardment of Samsun
1129:Bombardment of Samsun
1014:King–Crane Commission
506:destruction of Smyrna
475:
411:
341:
251:, a city in northern
159:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
71:Evacuation of Ayvalik
35:Young Turk Revolution
1712:Armistice of Mudanya
1692:Cilicia Peace Treaty
1624:Conference of London
478:Mark Lambert Bristol
424:, and from there to
366:Mark Lambert Bristol
243:orchestrated by the
147:Special Organization
1788:Mass murder in 1922
1783:Mass murder in 1921
1629:San Remo conference
1250:Battle of Babaçiçek
1193:Samsun deportations
1188:Population exchange
1179:Personae non gratae
884:Η Αμισός του Πόντου
801:, pp. 109–110.
237:Samsun deportations
179:Population Exchange
109:Responsible parties
79:Samsun deportations
67:Massacre of Phocaea
1793:Turkish war crimes
1722:Treaty of Lausanne
1325:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
1057:Balıkesir Congress
944:. Berghahn Books.
864:Koutsis Georgios,
523:Turkish war crimes
482:
414:
348:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1729:
1603:
1602:
1539:Capture of Smyrna
1315:Koçgiri rebellion
1255:Özdemir Operation
1245:Tal Afar uprising
1146:Burning of Smyrna
1062:Alaşehir Congress
1009:Khilafat Movement
642:, pp. 94–95.
606:, pp. 54–55.
594:, pp. 91–92.
476:U.S navy admiral
316:Greco-Turkish War
274:community of the
239:were a series of
233:
232:
187:Armenian genocide
143:Teskilati Mahsusa
87:Burning of Smyrna
59:Labour Battalions
1800:
1697:Treaty of Ankara
1682:Treaty of Moscow
1657:Treaty of Sèvres
1612:
1431:Alemdar Incident
1277:Şehzadebaşı raid
1268:Eskişehir (1920)
1228:Al-Jazeera Front
1211:
1173:Menemen massacre
1158:Kaç Kaç incident
1052:Erzurum Congress
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889:Amisos of Pontus
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276:Black Sea region
265:Near East Relief
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175:Greeks in Turkey
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1524:Great Offensive
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1330:Battle of Geyve
1320:Konya rebellion
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1072:Amasya Protocol
1047:Amasya Circular
1037:Karakol society
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344:The Tweed Daily
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199:Malta Tribunals
139:Bahaeddin Şakir
137:
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75:İzmit massacres
17:
12:
11:
5:
1806:
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1763:Greek genocide
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1067:Sivas Congress
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857:
855:, p. 140.
853:Shirinian 2017
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829:Shirinian 2017
818:
816:, p. 103.
803:
791:
789:, p. 102.
776:
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714:, p. 157.
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654:, p. 101.
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616:Shirinian 2017
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604:Shirinian 2017
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580:Shirinian 2017
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374:Nureddin Pasha
335:
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328:Greek genocide
291:
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280:Greek genocide
257:Ottoman Empire
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183:Greek refugees
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151:Nureddin Pasha
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90:
89:
55:
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47:Ottoman Empire
39:Ottoman Greeks
31:
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26:
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23:Greek genocide
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1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Chanak crisis
1290:
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1137:
1136:Chanak crisis
1134:
1130:
1127:
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1125:
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1120:
1119:Amasya trials
1117:
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951:9781785334337
947:
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930:9781612513027
926:
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909:9780191083549
905:
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894:
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874:
867:
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843:, p. 13.
842:
837:
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823:
819:
815:
810:
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800:
795:
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774:, p. 99.
773:
768:
765:
761:
756:
753:
750:, p. 97.
749:
744:
741:
737:
736:Pericles 2008
732:
729:
726:, p. 98.
725:
720:
717:
713:
712:Pericles 2008
708:
706:
702:
697:
695:9781610693318
691:
687:
686:
678:
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669:, p. 95.
668:
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636:
633:
629:
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621:
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612:
609:
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582:, p. 28.
581:
576:
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567:, p. 94.
566:
561:
559:
557:
555:
551:
548:, p. 90.
547:
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520:
516:
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510:
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467:
465:
463:
462:William Leahy
459:
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289:
287:
285:
284:Mustafa Kemal
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:death marches
238:
226:
221:
219:
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107:
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91:
88:
84:
83:Amasya trials
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
48:
44:
43:Pontic Greeks
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
1736:
1449:Smyrna, 1919
1373:Alexandropol
1192:
1177:
1163:Malta exiles
940:
919:
898:
888:
883:
860:
848:
836:
794:
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387:
370:
349:
346:, 6 Jun 1921
343:
313:
293:
272:Pontic Greek
269:
236:
234:
123:Three Pashas
78:
53:The genocide
378:USS Overton
352:Topal Osman
324:Young Turks
318:in western
301:Topal Osman
155:Topal Osman
115:Young Turks
63:Death march
1752:Categories
1608:Agreements
1529:Dumlupınar
1453:Occupation
1421:Kanlıgeçit
841:Shenk 2017
814:Shenk 2017
799:Shenk 2017
787:Shenk 2017
772:Prott 2016
760:Shenk 2017
748:Shenk 2017
724:Shenk 2017
667:Shenk 2017
652:Shenk 2017
640:Shenk 2017
628:Prott 2016
592:Shenk 2017
565:Shenk 2017
546:Shenk 2017
534:References
440:district.
426:Diyarbakir
395:Mutasarrif
364:, admiral
290:Background
29:Background
1514:Eskişehir
1509:2nd İnönü
1504:1st İnönü
1484:Tellidede
1416:Kovanbaşı
1406:Karboğazı
1363:Sarıkamış
1260:Köysancak
1207:Campaigns
1086:Elections
1025:awakening
500:Aftermath
492:St. Louis
487:Trebizond
468:Witnesses
447:, noted:
401:based in
388:American
309:Black Sea
1738:Timeline
1669:Assembly
1667:National
1023:National
997:Concepts
517:See also
362:Istanbul
320:Anatolia
305:genocide
261:Anatolia
165:See also
1644:Ottoman
1590:Ardahan
1573:Georgia
1519:Sakarya
1474:Erbeyli
1469:Bergama
1411:Kaç Kaç
1350:Armenia
1307:Revolts
1238:Taşlıca
1215:British
875:Sources
868:Enet.gr
357:USS Fox
1616:Allies
1595:Batumi
1479:Erikli
1464:Malgaç
1401:Aintab
1391:Marash
1383:French
1340:Yozgat
1272:Samsun
1112:Issues
948:
927:
906:
692:
445:Harput
432:, and
430:Bitlis
422:Harput
403:Ankara
296:Pontus
253:Turkey
249:Samsun
135:Djemal
1499:Gediz
1489:Aydın
1441:Greek
1426:Fadıl
1282:Akbaş
1168:Media
887:[
438:Bafra
418:Sivas
383:Kavza
191:Sayfo
131:Enver
127:Talat
1551:U.S.
1459:Urla
1396:Urfa
1368:Kars
1358:Oltu
946:ISBN
925:ISBN
904:ISBN
690:ISBN
235:The
458:Fox
434:Van
420:to
405:.
145:or
117:or
1754::
821:^
806:^
779:^
704:^
674:^
659:^
572:^
553:^
460:,
428:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
141:,
133:,
129:,
125::
101:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
45:,
41:,
37:,
1455:)
1451:(
982:e
975:t
968:v
954:.
933:.
912:.
698:.
224:e
217:t
210:v
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