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340:. Line carding had been used for decades to underwrite properties that were not covered by fire maps. Each insured property was listed on a single card, and no map was kept. Corporate mergers also reduced the need for Sanborn Maps, since the consolidated company only needed to buy one set of maps. As insurance companies increased in size, they could withstand larger disasters and no longer needed to use insurance maps to reduce their concentration of risk. Companies also cited "modern building construction, better
40:
299:. The Sanborn Company sent out legions of surveyors to map building footprints in all major urbanized areas, along with building details related to fire risk. At its peak in the 1920s, the company employed about 700 people, including about 300 field surveyors and 400 cartographers, printers, managers, salesmen, and support staff. Areas under intensive development were surveyed every six months.
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investigated the possibility of creating its own maps. However, many insurance companies opposed the proposal, citing the "very large expenditure" required and their satisfaction with
Sanborn's "commendably satisfactory" service. Instead, the NBFU Map Committee took an active role in Sanborn's operations. In 1922, Sanborn agreed to add a member of the Map Committee to its
209:, the location of gas lines, etc. The decision as to how much, if any, insurance would be offered to a customer was often determined solely through the use of a Sanborn map. The maps also allowed insurance companies to visualize their exposure in their coverage areas; when an agent sold a policy, he could color in the corresponding building on the map.
347:
From the late 1930s to the late 1950s, Sanborn's annual profit fell from $ 500,000 to just $ 100,000. About thirty insurance companies accounted for most of the company's sales. However, its monopoly over insurance mapping had allowed it to earn substantial profits over the decades. These profits
275:
Within several decades, the company became the largest and most successful
American map company. This growth came about through savvy management and the buyout of competing firms. In 1889 Sanborn acquired Perris and Browne, an older firm, and can by virtue of this expansion date its origins to 1852.
228:
In the late 18th century, insurance companies in London began to create detailed maps to give underwriters the information they needed to assess fire risk. The practice was adopted by
American insurance companies in the mid-19th century. Demand for fire insurance mapping grew rapidly after the end
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visited every property that was under consideration for coverage. As insurance companies increased their service areas, it was no longer practical to send people to every insurable property to assess the risk. The
Sanborn maps allowed them to underwrite properties from the office, pooling the cost
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and public and university libraries, and remain a resource for people in many different fields. The maps facilitate historical research through the study of urban growth and decline patterns, and for research into the evolution of specific buildings, sites and districts. Genealogists use the maps
314:
Sanborn's monopoly was resented by some insurance companies for its high cost. The
Underwriter's Association of the Pacific complained that an "Eastern monopoly" was giving service that was "very slow, expensive, and generally unsatisfactory." In the 1910s, the National Board of Fire Underwriters
161:
The map volumes contain an enormous amount of information. They are organized as follows: a decorative title page; an index of streets and addresses; a ‘specials’ index with the names of churches, schools, businesses etc.; and a master index indicating the entirety of the mapped area and the sheet
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street plans at a scale of 50 feet to one inch (1:600) on 21 by 25 inches (53 by 64 cm) sheets of paper. The maps were published in volumes, bound and then updated until the subsequent volume was produced. Larger cities would be covered by multiple volumes of maps. Between editions of
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and urban geographers use them to study patterns of growth and migration of populations. Environmental scientists also use the maps for historical analysis of properties, as the maps often showed the locations of gas stations, drycleaners, and other potential sources of soil and groundwater
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The firm name established by
Sanborn in 1867 was changed in 1876 when the firm was incorporated under the name Sanborn Map and Publishing Company, which then became the Sanborn-Perris Map Company, Ltd. until 1902, when the name was shortened to the Sanborn Map Company.
131:
companies to assess their total liability in urbanized areas of the United States. Since they contain detailed information about properties and individual buildings in approximately 12,000 U.S. cities and towns, Sanborn maps are valuable for documenting changes in the
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Over time, Sanborn diversified into other mapping activities, and as of 2020 is a geospatial specialist and holder of electronic GIS assets and systems, though the fire insurance business continues as a niche department. Corporate headquarters are in
Colorado.
144:
in 1977, but old
Sanborn maps remain useful for historical research into urban geography. The license for the maps was acquired by land data company Environmental Data Resources (EDR), and EDR was acquired in 2019 by real estate services company LightBox.
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With the decline of its insurance business, Sanborn could no longer afford to maintain its army of surveyors. However, the company continued to sell its maps and perform some updates. Government sales began to play a larger role, especially the
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Sanborn held a monopoly over fire insurance maps for the majority of the 20th century, but the business declined as US insurance companies stopped using maps for underwriting in the 1960s. The last
Sanborn fire maps were published on
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Volume 1, 1867. Seeing a lucrative market for this type of map, he established the D. A. Sanborn
National Insurance Diagram Bureau in New York City to publish the Boston atlas and develop and sell maps of additional areas.
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greatly curtailed construction activity in the United States. By 1936, Sanborn had reduced its publishing output from 60 to 20 volumes per year, a pace that would take over 50 years to update the entire map collection.
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The maps were utilized by insurance companies to determine the potential risk of a particular building, taking into account all of the information included on the map: building material, proximity to other buildings and
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Maps are kept of business in the downtown district and proper care is exercised in considering block lines and conflagration hazard. They propose to institute a line card system to properly care for lines not shown on
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shares from any shareholder at fair value, paying with a portion of its investment portfolio. 72% of the outstanding shares were turned in. In just two years, Buffett had secured a 50% return on his investment.
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published volumes, map updates were sent out as correction slips. Sanborn employees, called "pasters" or "correctors", would visit subscribers' offices to paste the slips on top of the old maps.
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The maps include outlines of each building and outbuilding; the location of windows and doors; street names; street and sidewalk widths; property boundaries; fire walls; natural features (
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were invested in a portfolio of stocks and bonds. By 1958, the stock was selling for $ 45 a share, but the investments were worth $ 65 a share. This attracted the attention of a young
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use the maps to understand the significance and historical evolution of buildings, including their historic uses and building materials in conservation and rehabilitation efforts.
549:
Stated simply, the Sanborn maps survive as a guide to American urbanization that is unrivaled by other cartography and, for that matter, by few documentary resources of any kind.
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with other insurance companies that also subscribed to the maps. It was said that at one time, insurance companies and their agents “relied upon them with almost blind faith”.
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In 1996, the license for the maps was acquired by land data company Environmental Data Resources (EDR). In 2019, EDR was acquired by real estate services company LightBox.
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722:. Regarding Sanborn's acquisition of Perris, Ristow gives the year as 1899, but on the published maps the name changed from 1889 to 1890. See for example the
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numbers for each large-scale map (usually depicting four to six blocks); and general information such as population, economy and prevailing wind direction.
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Unique information includes the location of the homes of prominent individuals, brothels, and more ephemeral buildings including outhouses and stables.
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and municipal planning agencies. Sanborn printed its last catalog in 1950, created its last new map in 1961, and issued its last update in 1977.
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including the framing, flooring, and roofing materials; the strength of the local fire department; indications of sprinkler systems; locations of
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173:, etc.); railroad corridors; building use (sometimes even particular room uses); house and block number; as well as the composition of
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371:. Allied with other dissatisfied shareholders, Buffett could count on the votes of at least 44% of the shares in a
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255:, a civil engineer and surveyor, began working on fire insurance maps in 1866. That year, he was contracted by the
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In 1916, Sanborn purchased its last major competitor, the E. Hexamer & Sons of Philadelphia, and became a
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Annual Report of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Alabama for the Year Ending December 31, 1921
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181:; location of water and gas mains; and even the names of most public buildings, churches and businesses.
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are detailed maps of U.S. cities and towns in the 19th and 20th centuries. Originally published by
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Insurance Maps of the City of New York Surveyed and Published by Sanborn–Perris Map Co., Limited
359:"New Orleans Brewing Association" Brewery in 1896 from Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of New Orleans
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344:, and improved fire protection methods for the decline in importance of fire insurance maps."
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507:, and from the copyright owners, Environmental Data Resources (EDR), a division of LightBox.
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Ristow, Walter W. (1968). "United States Fire Insurance and Underwriters Maps: 1852–1968".
770:(2008 Trade Paperback ed.). New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 65–66.
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Historic Sanborn maps are available through public or university libraries, including the
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all fostered huge population growths, urbanization, and heightened demand for mapping.
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306:"MARKET STREET CABLE R. W. CO." in 1889 map detail from Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of
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352:, who pressured the company to distribute the investment portfolio to shareholders.
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730:. Volume 3. (New York: Sanborn Map & Publishing Company Limited, 1889) and the
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594:"Silver Lake-backed startup Lightbox makes even more RE Tech acquisition noise"
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Sanborn maps are found primarily in the archives and special collections of
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141:
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Buffett eventually purchased 23% of the company's outstanding shares as an
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1004:– Digital Sanborn Fire Maps of San Jose available to library card holders
911:"Historical Atlases Rescued from the Trash Could be a Boon to Historians"
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In the 1950s, insurance companies began to use an alternative form of
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Early 20th century Sanborn map showing a (since demolished) block of
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882:. Geostat Center and Department of History, University of Virginia
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319:, and a second seat was added by 1927. However, the onset of the
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933:. Digital Collections, Berkeley Library, University of California
751:. Montgomery, Alabama: Brown Printing Company. 1922. p. 44.
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283:. Company headquarters moved to 629 Fifth Avenue in northern
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845:
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955:— pay site (free from some public and academic libraries)
367:, representing 35% of his investment partnership's total
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use the maps to study historic urban planning designs.
865:. Kent State University, Libraries & Media Services
487:
to locate the residences and workplaces of ancestors.
1165:— The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County
27:
Detailed maps of cities and towns in the United States
1212:
Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Wisconsin Communities
263:. About the same time, he developed similar maps of
1231:
Sanborn Maps of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1894 and 1910
823:
Fire Insurance Maps: Their History and Applications
108:
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84:
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59:
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539:Keister, Kim (May–June 1993). "Charts of Change".
221:1911 Sanborn map showing Lagoon Amusement Park in
1043:Sanborn Maps of Indianapolis, Indiana, 1887–1941
690:The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
989:Sanborn Maps of San Francisco, California, 1905
983:Sanborn Maps of San Francisco, California, 1900
633:"Introduction to the Collection – Sanborn Maps"
1108:Sanborn Maps of St. Louis, Missouri, 1870–1904
880:"Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, A Brief History"
666:"Letter from Warren Buffett to Partners, 1960"
768:Buffett: The Making of an American Capitalist
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8:
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153:The Sanborn maps themselves are large-scale
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1158:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
728:Insurance Maps of San Francisco, California
439:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1135:Sanborn Maps of New Hampshire, 1880s–1940s
1052:Sanborn Maps of Muncie, Indiana, 1883–1911
1037:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
959:Sanborn Maps, Environmental Data Resources
851:Introduction to the Sanborn Map Collection
718:Introduction to the Sanborn Map Collection
287:, but there were also regional offices in
127:(Sanborn), the maps were created to allow
38:
31:
1190:Sanborn Maps of South Carolina, 1884–1960
1154:Sanborn Maps of North Carolina, 1884–1922
1077:Sanborn Maps of Frankfort, Kentucky, 1907
825:. College Station, Texas: Lacewing Press.
459:Learn how and when to remove this message
1221:Sanborn Maps of Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1918
953:ProQuest Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867–1970
863:"Information About Digital Sanborn Maps"
834:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
1179:Pennsylvania State University Libraries
1175:Sanborn Maps of Pennsylvania, 1884–1958
1033:Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Illinois
588:
586:
565:"Library Announces Digital Map Project"
528:
1083:Sanborn Maps of Hallowell, Maine, 1890
559:
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136:of American cities over many decades.
113:https://edrnet.com/prods/sanborn-maps/
1126:Sanborn Maps of New Jersey, 1884–1950
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1207:Marriott Library Special Collections
1194:University of South Carolina Library
998:Sanborn Maps of San Jose, California
437:adding citations to reliable sources
1247:Urban planning in the United States
1099:Sanborn Maps of Missouri, 1883–1951
1071:Sanborn Maps of Kentucky, 1884–1922
1008:Sanborn Maps of Colorado, 1883–1922
1252:Map companies of the United States
1203:University of Utah Digital Library
1169:Sanborn Maps of Toledo, Ohio, 1902
1112:Washington University in St. Louis
1027:Sanborn Maps of Georgia, 1884–1922
1018:Sanborn Maps of Florida, 1860–1923
974:Sanborn Maps of Alabama, 1884–1950
401:Modern uses of fire insurance maps
25:
1117:Sanborn Maps of Nevada, 1879–1923
1062:Sanborn Maps of Kansas, 1883–1922
1184:Sanborn Maps of Texas, 1877–1922
1163:Sanborn Maps of Cincinnati, Ohio
965:Sanborn Maps from over 15 states
409:
247:immigration to the United States
1186:— University of Texas Libraries
44:Sanborn map of Boston from 1867
1066:University of Kansas Libraries
1:
1073:— Kentuckiana Digital Library
1022:University of Florida Library
896:"Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps"
738:. Volume 4. (New York: 1890).
328:Decline of insurance business
1216:Wisconsin Historical Society
1130:Princeton University Library
1029:— Digital Library of Georgia
259:to prepare maps of areas in
243:Second Industrial Revolution
1233:— UW Milwaukee, AGS Library
1199:Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps
832:American Maps and Mapmakers
1268:
1145:Insurance Maps of New York
1121:University of Nevada, Reno
796:Total Geospatial Solutions
766:Lowenstein, Roger (1995).
821:Oswald, Diane L. (1997).
493:Historic preservationists
37:
1047:IUPUI University Library
269:Insurance Map of Boston,
1149:New York Public Library
1002:San Jose Public Library
947:Digital map collections
830:Ristow, Walter (1985).
637:The Library of Congress
375:. The Board agreed to
369:assets under management
257:Aetna Insurance Company
233:. Factors such as the
125:The Sanborn Map Company
88:The Sanborn Map Company
1103:University of Missouri
1012:University of Colorado
479:
360:
311:
225:
188:Insurance underwriting
1095:Fogler Library, Orono
1089:Sanborn Maps of Maine
1056:Ball State University
978:University of Alabama
792:"Corporate home page"
541:Historic Preservation
474:
358:
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253:Daniel Alfred Sanborn
220:
192:At the outset of the
64:Daniel Alfred Sanborn
878:Chris Nehls (2003).
433:improve this section
1093:University of Maine
969:Library of Congress
855:Library of Congress
846:Sanborn Map Company
715:Ristow, Walter W.,
569:Library of Congress
505:Library of Congress
342:building fire codes
34:
861:Tom Gates (2001).
571:. December 1, 1997
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317:Board of Directors
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241:construction, the
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175:building materials
1139:Dartmouth College
664:Buffett, Warren.
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365:activist investor
134:built environment
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16:(Redirected from
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935:. Retrieved
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915:the original
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547:(3): 42–49.
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497:Demographers
481:
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449:October 2020
446:
431:Please help
419:
397:
393:
390:
382:
362:
346:
338:line carding
337:
334:underwriting
331:
313:
310:, California
278:
274:
268:
251:
245:and massive
227:
203:
198:underwriters
191:
183:
164:
160:
155:lithographed
152:
138:
124:
121:Sanborn maps
120:
119:
85:Manufacturer
33:Sanborn maps
29:
18:Sanborn Maps
937:October 23,
921:October 23,
604:October 30,
575:October 30,
477:New Orleans
373:proxy fight
149:Description
1241:Categories
961:— pay site
732:title page
724:title page
642:January 5,
523:References
484:town halls
196:industry,
931:"Sanborn"
901:March 20,
798:. Sanborn
420:does not
336:known as
261:Tennessee
231:Civil War
142:microfilm
96:Available
93:Available
70:Inception
702:29781319
511:See also
489:Planners
377:buy back
281:monopoly
239:railroad
104:LightBox
60:Inventor
54:City map
1141:Library
1058:Library
886:July 1,
869:July 1,
802:May 14,
441:removed
426:sources
297:Atlanta
293:Chicago
229:of the
213:History
109:Website
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774:
734:from:
726:from:
700:
295:, and
265:Boston
171:canals
167:rivers
754:maps.
698:JSTOR
939:2023
923:2023
903:2014
888:2011
871:2011
804:2015
772:ISBN
644:2017
606:2020
577:2020
424:any
422:cite
77:1866
73:1866
50:Type
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435:by
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