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186:) and that 44% of the world's tidal flats occur within Asia (56,051 km or 21,641 sq mi). A 2022 analysis of tidal wetland losses and gains estimates that global tidal flats experienced losses of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) between 1999 and 2019, which were largely offset by global gains of 6,700 km (2,600 sq mi) over the same time period.
2645:
951:
Aldea, K. (2022). The
Unvegetated Tidal Flats in Catanduanes Island, Philippines: Current and Future Trends. In T. Shinbo, S. Akama & S. Kubota (Eds.), " Interdisciplinary Studies for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Region along the Kuroshio: Problem-Based Approach by Kuroshio Science"
321:
Barren zones extend from the lowest portion of the intertidal zone to the marsh areas. Beginning in close proximity to the tidal bars, sand dominated layers are prominent and become increasingly muddy throughout the tidal channels. Common bedding types include laminated sand, ripple bedding, and bay
317:
which is composed of a barren zone and marshes. Within these areas are various ratios of sand and mud that make up the sedimentary layers. The associated growth of coastal sediment deposits can be attributed to rates of subsidence along with rates of deposition (example: silt transported via river)
362:
can be distinguished in that they contain thinly laminated layers of clayey silt. The main source of the silt comes from rivers. Dried up mud along with wind erosion forms silt dunes. When flooding, rain or tides come in, the dried sediment is then re-distributed.
839:
Murray, Nicholas J.; Worthington, Thomas A.; Bunting, Pete; Duce, Stephanie; Hagger, Valerie; Lovelock, Catherine E.; Lucas, Richard; Saunders, Megan I.; Sheaves, Marcus; Spalding, Mark; Waltham, Nathan J.; Lyons, Mitchell B. (13 May 2022).
189:
In the past tidal flats were considered unhealthy, economically unimportant areas and were often dredged and developed into agricultural land. Some mudflats can be extremely treacherous to walk on. For example, the mudflats surrounding
309:
region of East Asia, more than 65% of mudflats present in the early 1950s had been destroyed by the late 2000s. It is estimated that up to 16% of the world tidal flats have disappeared since the mid-1980s.
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when disturbed by stepping on it. Four people are known to have become stuck up to their waists and drowned when the tide came in, and many others are rescued from the
Anchorage mudflats each year.
89:
that form in intertidal areas where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers. A global analysis published in 2019 suggested that tidal flat ecosystems are as extensive globally as
966:
Mangrove-Friendly
Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture organized by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, January 11–15, 1999, Iloilo City, Philippines
964:
Triño, A. T., & Rodriguez, E. M. (2000). Mud crab (Scylla serrata) culture in tidal flats with existing mangroves. In J. H. Primavera, M. T. Castaños, & M. B. Surtida (Eds.),
2471:
779:
Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019), "The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats",
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in places, mudflats are exposed not by tidal action, but by wind-action driving water away from the shallows into the sea. This kind of wind-affected mudflat is called
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954:
https://kochi.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=8635&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21
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to migrate from breeding sites in the northern hemisphere to non-breeding areas in the southern hemisphere. They are often of vital importance to
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194:, are made from fine glacial-silt which does not easily separate out its water, and, although seemingly solid, can quickly gel and become like
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IUCN situation analysis on East and
Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)
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are a common as well as wavy bedding planes. Marshes are also the origins of coal/peat layers because of the abundant decaying plant life.
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The maintenance of mudflats is important in preventing coastal erosion. However, mudflats worldwide are under threat from predicted
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93:, covering at least 127,921 km (49,391 sq mi) of the Earth's surface. They are found in sheltered areas such as
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1004:, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70,
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254:. They usually support a large population of wildlife, and are a key habitat that allows tens of millions of migratory
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Swamps and marshes (with thick and deep mud beneath surfaces in hot season) are either freshwater, salty, or brackish.
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analysis estimated that approximately 50% of the global extent of tidal flats occurs within eight countries (
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zones. The most apparent character of the area is the development of tidal channels, affecting mainly the
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297:. In some parts of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, mudflats have been reclaimed for
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968:(pp. 171–176). Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
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120:(or inland seas) alike, wherein many rivers and creeks end. Mudflats may be viewed
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Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014),
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34:
General sketch-map of a tidal plain, showing the typical tripartition in
147:, and thus the flat is submerged and exposed approximately twice daily.
17:
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842:"High-resolution mapping of losses and gains of Earth's tidal wetlands"
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27:
Coastal wetlands where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers
62:) the tidal flats may directly pass into a shallow marine environment.
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3375:
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378:, extending hundreds of yards offshore at the low tide. The line of
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29:
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2013:
1975:
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while the sediment layers consist of thin sand and mud layers.
3219:
3130:
2438:
2428:
1395:
1198:
94:
1082:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 418–428.
1037:"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea"
3053:
1116:
50:. In this case, the tidal flat is protected seaward by a
305:, and industrial development. For example, around the
143:. Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the
899:"Dredging Indian River Lagoon Wetlands 1920 - 1950s"
3788:
3733:
3674:
3646:
3615:
3562:
3534:
3494:
3098:
3091:
2944:
2816:
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2714:
2652:
2542:
2459:
2324:
2027:
1853:
1820:
1625:
1585:
1502:
1159:
998:MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012),
970:https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/454
313:Mudflat sediment deposits are focused into the
3656:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
923:Associated Press - Man dies on Alaskan Mudflat
382:and seashells in the foreground indicates the
3741:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
3666:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
3069:
2277:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1987:
1137:
8:
935:"Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory Home"
326:also has a strong presence in barren zones.
2342:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3680:
3095:
3076:
3062:
3054:
2658:
2539:
2526:
2024:
2010:
1994:
1980:
1972:
1144:
1130:
1122:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1044:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
774:
772:
770:
768:
727:
3761:Meadowview Biological Research Station
3693:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
1080:Depositional Sedimentary Environments
1078:Reineck, H. E.; Singh, I. B. (1980).
982:"Manko - Tidal Flat, Mangrove Forest"
7:
3756:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
2605:Oceanic physical-biological process
2467:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
278:mudflats have been classified as a
242:Tidal flats, along with intertidal
1840:Integrated coastal zone management
25:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3011:
2643:
2315:
2132:Colored dissolved organic matter
1956:
1955:
1493:
1486:
700:
262:, as well as certain species of
54:, but in many cases (low-energy
3252:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2477:Latin America and the Caribbean
289:, land claims for development,
128:, resulting from deposition of
2959:Ecological values of mangroves
2502:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1938:Region of freshwater influence
293:due to shipping purposes, and
1:
3776:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
3766:Society of Wetland Scientists
1700:Large-scale coastal behaviour
1532:Beaches in estuaries and bays
394:Gulls feeding on mudflats in
3391:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
2979:Marine conservation activism
2964:Fisheries and climate change
3661:National Wetlands Inventory
2974:Human impact on marine life
2851:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2087:Aquatic population dynamics
3923:
3746:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
1117:Intertidal Change Explorer
318:and changes in sea level.
3864:
3683:
3005:
2661:
2641:
2590:Marine primary production
2538:
2525:
2484:List of marine ecoregions
2313:
2023:
2009:
1951:
1484:
801:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
3725:Wetland indicator status
2836:Coastal biogeomorphology
2831:Marine coastal ecosystem
1645:Coastal biogeomorphology
332:contain an abundance of
280:Biodiversity Action Plan
109:; they are also seen in
3436:Freshwater swamp forest
2744:Paradox of the plankton
2555:Diel vertical migration
2449:Freshwater swamp forest
2167:GIS and aquatic science
2015:General components and
1112:Tidal Flats Field Sites
869:10.1126/science.abm9583
755:"Celebrating the Slobs"
372:Brewster, Massachusetts
250:forests, are important
3771:Wetlands International
3542:List of wetland plants
2570:Large marine ecosystem
2262:Shoaling and schooling
1542:Coastal morphodynamics
740:www.askaboutireland.ie
716:Herringbone cross beds
671:Andros Island, Bahamas
410:Selected example areas
406:
387:
356:
347:Satellite view of the
239:
63:
3416:Salt pannes and pools
2989:Marine protected area
2916:Salt pannes and pools
2691:Marine larval ecology
2666:Census of Marine Life
2550:Deep scattering layer
2507:San Francisco Estuary
2472:Africa and Madagascar
2297:Underwater camouflage
2077:Aquatic biomonitoring
2017:freshwater ecosystems
1933:Physical oceanography
393:
369:
346:
226:
124:as exposed layers of
33:
2724:Marine bacteriophage
2686:Marine invertebrates
1762:Submergent coastline
1715:Marine transgression
1670:Discordant coastline
1655:Concordant coastline
3876:Wetlands portal
3507:Constructed wetland
3092:Types and landforms
2600:Ocean fertilization
2409:Trophic state index
2367:Lake stratification
2097:Aquatic respiration
1866:Coastal engineering
861:2022Sci...376..744M
793:2019Natur.565..222M
443:Great Rann of Kutch
139:and aquatic animal
3720:Salt marsh die-off
3638:Salt marsh dieback
3547:List of fen plants
3386:Palustrine wetland
3287:Intertidal wetland
3282:Interdunal wetland
2866:Intertidal wetland
2861:Intertidal ecology
2729:Marine prokaryotes
2671:Deep-sea community
2565:Iron fertilization
2488:Specific examples
2414:Upland and lowland
2332:Freshwater biology
2197:Microbial food web
2107:Aquatic toxicology
2050:Aquatic adaptation
2003:Aquatic ecosystems
1835:Coastal management
1675:Emergent coastline
1346:Intertidal wetland
1249:Continental margin
559:Kneiss Archipelago
507:Lindisfarne Island
407:
388:
357:
295:chemical pollution
282:priority habitat.
240:
64:
60:longshore currents
3894:
3893:
3796:Aquatic ecosystem
3784:
3783:
3703:Ramsar Convention
3530:
3529:
3512:Converted wetland
3454:Peat swamp forest
3317:Inland salt marsh
3051:
3050:
3032:Oceans portal
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2876:Hydrothermal vent
2812:
2811:
2701:Seashore wildlife
2532:Marine ecosystems
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2287:Thermal pollution
2252:Ramsar Convention
2192:Microbial ecology
2152:Fisheries science
2092:Aquatic predation
1969:
1968:
1797:Wave-cut platform
1710:Marine regression
1254:Continental shelf
1244:Coastal waterfall
1153:Coastal geography
855:(6594): 744–749.
787:(7738): 222–225,
334:herbaceous plants
192:Anchorage, Alaska
16:(Redirected from
3914:
3884:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3856:Will-o'-the-wisp
3789:Related articles
3681:
3481:Whitewater river
3431:Coniferous swamp
3312:Freshwater marsh
3205:Clearwater river
3121:Blackwater river
3096:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3018:Lakes portal
3016:
3015:
3014:
2984:Marine pollution
2676:Deep-water coral
2659:
2647:
2580:Marine chemistry
2540:
2527:
2444:Freshwater marsh
2337:Freshwater biome
2319:
2035:Acoustic ecology
2025:
2011:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1720:Raised shoreline
1695:Ingression coast
1690:Graded shoreline
1665:Cuspate foreland
1497:
1490:
1441:Submarine canyon
1301:Freshwater marsh
1146:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1094:
1093:
1075:
1060:
1058:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1014:, archived from
995:
989:
988:
986:
978:
972:
962:
956:
949:
943:
942:
931:
925:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
901:. Archived from
895:
889:
888:
846:
836:
830:
827:
821:
819:
776:
763:
762:
753:Roche, Richard.
750:
744:
743:
732:
710:
705:
704:
703:
150:A recent global
87:coastal wetlands
77:or, in Ireland,
73:, also known as
21:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3780:
3751:Ducks Unlimited
3729:
3688:Clean Water Act
3670:
3648:Classifications
3642:
3611:
3558:
3526:
3490:
3441:Mangrove forest
3087:
3082:
3052:
3047:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2993:
2954:Coral bleaching
2940:
2921:Seagrass meadow
2818:Marine habitats
2808:
2782:Coral reef fish
2748:
2734:Marine protists
2710:
2648:
2639:
2610:Ocean turbidity
2585:Marine food web
2534:
2513:
2455:
2394:River ecosystem
2347:Freshwater fish
2320:
2311:
2117:Bioluminescence
2102:Aquatic science
2019:
2005:
2000:
1970:
1965:
1947:
1923:Intertidal zone
1849:
1816:
1705:Longshore drift
1650:Coastal erosion
1621:
1581:
1517:Beach evolution
1498:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1169:Anchialine pool
1155:
1150:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1012:
997:
996:
992:
984:
980:
979:
975:
963:
959:
950:
946:
933:
932:
928:
921:
917:
908:
906:
897:
896:
892:
844:
838:
837:
833:
828:
824:
778:
777:
766:
759:The Irish Times
752:
751:
747:
734:
733:
729:
724:
708:Wetlands portal
706:
701:
699:
696:
434:Chamiza Wetland
412:
384:high-water mark
315:intertidal zone
287:sea level rises
260:migratory birds
221:
145:intertidal zone
48:intertidal zone
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Drainage basin
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:Paludification
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:Sapric or muck
3582:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3563:Soil mechanics
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Brackish marsh
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3021:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2772:Saltwater fish
2769:
2767:Marine reptile
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:Marine viruses
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2716:Microorganisms
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2706:Wild fisheries
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Thorson's rule
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Marine biology
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:Brackish marsh
2431:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Lake ecosystem
2359:
2354:
2352:Hyporheic zone
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:Microbial loop
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Eutrophication
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Cascade effect
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2055:Aquatic animal
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Brackish marsh
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Barrier island
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1101:External links
1099:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1061:
1056:10.1890/130260
1050:(5): 267–272,
1027:
1010:
990:
973:
957:
944:
939:irlspecies.org
926:
915:
890:
831:
822:
764:
745:
726:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
712:
711:
695:
692:
691:
690:
673:
669:West coast of
667:
650:
648:United Kingdom
634:
621:
604:
594:Port of Tacoma
591:
578:
565:
556:
543:
530:
517:
515:United Kingdom
504:
491:
478:
476:United Kingdom
468:Bridgwater Bay
465:
463:United Kingdom
449:
440:
431:
422:
411:
408:
349:Kneiss Islands
276:United Kingdom
233:Stewart Island
227:Mudflats near
220:
217:
152:remote sensing
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3879:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Riparian zone
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:Organizations
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:Tropical peat
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Várzea forest
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Polygonal bog
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3044:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Sponge ground
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Marine biomes
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Demersal fish
2790:
2788:
2787:Deep-sea fish
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Marine mammal
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Trophic level
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Sediment trap
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Phytoplankton
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Aquatic plant
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Anoxic waters
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Littoral zone
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Bulkhead line
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Wave shoaling
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Surge channel
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
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1640:Cliffed coast
1638:
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1567:Shingle beach
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1239:Coastal plain
1237:
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1091:
1089:0-387-10189-6
1085:
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1068:
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1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1018:on 2014-06-24
1017:
1013:
1011:9782831712550
1007:
1003:
1002:
994:
991:
983:
977:
974:
971:
967:
961:
958:
955:
948:
945:
940:
936:
930:
927:
924:
919:
916:
905:on 2013-03-20
904:
900:
894:
891:
886:
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878:
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850:
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826:
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749:
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677:
674:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
633:
632:United States
629:
625:
622:
620:
619:United States
616:
612:
608:
605:
603:
602:United States
599:
595:
592:
590:
589:United States
586:
585:Massachusetts
582:
579:
577:
576:United States
573:
569:
566:
564:
560:
557:
555:
551:
547:
544:
542:
538:
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531:
529:
525:
521:
518:
516:
512:
508:
505:
503:
502:United States
499:
495:
492:
490:
489:United States
486:
485:Massachusetts
482:
479:
477:
473:
472:Morecambe Bay
469:
466:
464:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
444:
441:
439:
435:
432:
430:
426:
425:Banc d'Arguin
423:
421:
417:
414:
413:
409:
405:
404:United States
401:
397:
392:
385:
381:
377:
376:United States
373:
368:
364:
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354:
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168:United States
165:
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148:
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123:
119:
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112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
52:beach barrier
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3821:List of bogs
3676:Conservation
3607:Ombrotrophic
3551:
3522:Water-meadow
3446:
3360:
3257:Grass valley
3247:Flood-meadow
3210:Cypress dome
3141:Cataract bog
3116:Beach meadow
2946:Conservation
2895:
2797:Pelagic fish
2777:Coastal fish
2681:Marine fungi
2419:Water garden
2302:Water column
2247:Productivity
2222:Pelagic zone
2182:Macrobenthos
2172:Hydrobiology
2142:Ecohydrology
1792:Volcanic arc
1680:Feeder bluff
1587:River mouths
1552:Raised beach
1547:Pocket beach
1475:
1446:Tidal island
1436:Strand plain
1381:Natural arch
1375:
1079:
1047:
1043:
1030:
1020:, retrieved
1016:the original
1000:
993:
976:
965:
960:
947:
938:
929:
918:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
893:
852:
848:
834:
825:
784:
780:
758:
748:
739:
730:
581:Plymouth Bay
481:Cape Cod Bay
456:East Lothian
416:Arcachon Bay
370:Mudflats in
358:
328:
324:Bioturbation
320:
312:
284:
244:salt marshes
241:
210:
200:
188:
149:
122:geologically
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
3846:Telmatology
3841:River delta
3708:Ramsar site
3698:Marsh organ
3597:Hydric soil
3476:Vernal pool
3459:Shrub swamp
3327:Tidal marsh
3156:Plateau bog
3146:Coastal bog
3136:Blanket bog
2931:Sponge reef
2906:Rocky shore
2901:Oyster reef
2871:Kelp forest
2754:Vertebrates
2654:Marine life
2630:Viral shunt
2595:Marine snow
2497:Maharashtra
2404:Stream pool
2307:Zooplankton
2227:Photic zone
2187:Meiobenthos
2040:Algal bloom
1943:River plume
1757:Steep coast
1730:Rocky shore
1725:Rip current
1605:River delta
1577:Wash margin
1572:Storm beach
1562:Shell beach
1527:Beach wrack
1522:Beach ridge
1512:Beach cusps
1461:Tied island
1451:Tidal marsh
1174:Archipelago
1107:Tidal Flats
952:(pp.76-82).
736:"Sloblands"
688:South Korea
684:North Korea
657:Netherlands
568:Padilla Bay
533:Moreton Bay
524:Nova Scotia
520:Minas Basin
303:agriculture
299:aquaculture
237:New Zealand
215:in German.
118:salty lakes
75:tidal flats
3806:Bog butter
3502:Bog garden
3495:Artificial
3466:Wet meadow
3332:High marsh
3322:Salt marsh
3225:Fen-meadow
3193:Alder carr
3176:Upland bog
3171:String bog
3166:Raised bog
2911:Salt marsh
2846:Coral reef
2635:Whale fall
2615:Photophore
2492:Everglades
2460:Ecoregions
2399:Stream bed
2372:Macrophyte
2325:Freshwater
2157:Food chain
2070:Water bird
1871:Grain size
1845:Submersion
1822:Management
1807:Wind fetch
1767:Surf break
1685:Flat coast
1615:regressive
1401:Salt marsh
1259:Coral reef
1022:2014-08-01
909:2011-10-28
722:References
676:Yellow Sea
653:Wadden Sea
637:Snettisham
628:Washington
624:Skagit Bay
615:Washington
611:Warm Beach
607:Port Susan
598:Washington
572:Washington
546:North Slob
537:Queensland
494:Cook Inlet
429:Mauritania
400:Washington
396:Skagit Bay
307:Yellow Sea
256:shorebirds
252:ecosystems
203:Baltic Sea
111:freshwater
40:intertidal
36:supratidal
3628:Hydrosere
3616:Processes
3602:Marsh gas
3447:Myristica
3337:Low marsh
3151:Kermi bog
3126:Bofedales
3106:Backswamp
2936:Tide pool
2841:Cold seep
2625:Upwelling
2389:Rheotaxis
2382:Fish pond
2357:Limnology
2282:Substrate
2267:Siltation
2137:Dead zone
1830:Accretion
1812:Wind wave
1772:Surf zone
1627:Processes
1600:Mouth bar
1557:Recession
1537:Beachrock
1456:Tide pool
1386:Peninsula
1274:cliff-top
1161:Landforms
885:248749118
541:Australia
360:Salt pans
338:Mudcracks
274:. In the
205:coast of
196:quicksand
164:Australia
156:Indonesia
130:estuarine
107:estuaries
91:mangroves
71:mud flats
3907:Mudflats
3901:Category
3886:Category
3816:Bog-wood
3811:Bog iron
3801:Bog body
3623:Halosere
3575:Histosol
3570:Acrotelm
3553:Sphagnum
3411:Reed bed
3356:Moorland
3235:Rich fen
3230:Poor fen
3085:Wetlands
3043:Category
2969:HERMIONE
2886:Mangrove
2696:Seagrass
2242:Pleuston
2237:Plankton
2217:Particle
2162:Food web
1961:Category
1787:Undertow
1740:Sea foam
1735:Sea cave
1635:Blowhole
1477:Windwatt
1336:Headland
1184:Avulsion
877:35549414
817:56481043
809:30568300
694:See also
459:Scotland
452:Belhaven
291:dredging
268:mollusks
248:mangrove
212:Windwatt
141:detritus
67:Mudflats
44:subtidal
18:Sandflat
3851:Turbary
3831:Estuary
3406:Pothole
3396:Pocosin
3361:Mudflat
3200:Ciénega
3183:Callows
3099:Natural
2896:Mudflat
2856:Estuary
2826:Bay mud
2804:Seabird
2560:f-ratio
2543:General
2424:Wetland
2212:Neuston
2177:Hypoxia
2122:Biomass
2112:Benthos
2028:General
1911:shingle
1891:granule
1876:boulder
1854:Related
1750:peresyp
1660:Current
1595:Debouch
1504:Beaches
1471:Waituna
1466:Tombolo
1376:Mudflat
1371:Machair
1361:Isthmus
1281:Estuary
1224:Channel
857:Bibcode
849:Science
789:Bibcode
665:Denmark
661:Germany
644:England
641:Norfolk
563:Tunisia
554:Ireland
550:Wexford
511:England
353:Tunisia
330:Marshes
219:Ecology
207:Germany
201:On the
184:Myanmar
126:bay mud
103:lagoons
3421:Slough
3376:Pakihi
3366:Muskeg
3292:Kettle
3262:Guelta
2881:Lagoon
2207:Nekton
2065:Mammal
2060:Insect
1901:pebble
1896:gravel
1886:cobble
1431:Strait
1411:Skerry
1366:Lagoon
1351:Island
1306:Fundus
1209:Bodden
1086:
1008:
883:
875:
815:
807:
781:Nature
528:Canada
498:Alaska
420:France
182:, and
180:Brazil
172:Canada
105:, and
99:bayous
85:, are
3517:Swale
3486:Yaéré
3449:swamp
3426:Swamp
3381:Palsa
3371:Oasis
3351:Misse
3302:Marsh
3272:Igapó
3267:Hamun
3242:Flark
3215:Dambo
3111:Bayou
2272:Spawn
1782:Swash
1745:Shoal
1426:Stack
1416:Sound
1406:Shoal
1356:Islet
1341:Inlet
1331:Hapua
1296:Fjord
1291:Fjard
1286:Firth
1234:Coast
1229:Cliff
1204:Bight
1179:Atoll
1040:(PDF)
985:(PDF)
881:S2CID
845:(PDF)
813:S2CID
680:China
447:India
438:Chile
380:wrack
322:mud.
264:crabs
176:India
160:China
137:clays
133:silts
114:lakes
83:slobs
56:waves
3713:List
3580:Peat
3535:Life
3401:Pond
3346:Mere
3297:Lagg
3277:Ings
3188:Carr
2377:Pond
1916:silt
1906:sand
1881:clay
1610:mega
1421:Spit
1391:Reef
1321:Gulf
1269:Dune
1264:Cove
1219:Cape
1189:Ayre
1084:ISBN
1006:ISBN
873:PMID
805:PMID
470:and
272:fish
270:and
246:and
229:Oban
116:and
95:bays
79:slob
58:and
42:and
3220:Fen
3131:Bog
2439:Fen
2429:Bog
1396:Ria
1326:Gut
1316:Geo
1311:Gat
1199:Bay
1052:doi
865:doi
853:376
797:doi
785:565
231:on
81:or
69:or
3903::
1064:^
1048:12
1046:,
1042:,
937:.
879:.
871:.
863:.
851:.
847:.
811:,
803:,
795:,
783:,
767:^
757:.
738:.
686:,
682:,
678::
663:,
659:,
655::
646:,
639:,
630:,
626:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
600:,
596:,
587:,
583:,
574:,
570:,
561:,
552:,
548:,
539:,
535:,
526:,
522:,
513:,
509:,
500:,
496:,
487:,
483:,
474:,
461:,
454:,
445:,
436:,
427:,
418:,
402:,
398:,
374:,
351:,
301:,
266:,
235:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
135:,
101:,
97:,
38:,
3077:e
3070:t
3063:v
1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
1145:e
1138:t
1131:v
1092:.
1059:/
1054::
987:.
941:.
912:.
887:.
867::
859::
820:/
799::
791::
761:.
742:.
386:.
355:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
