35:
889:; excerpt at p. 56, "Klaproth has given in his "Annals of the Emperors" a sketch of these eight boards, with the offices under each. It is ... a concise account of the government of Japan. The study of such a subject is rather dry and uninteresting, but it is necessary for any one who wishes to make himself acquainted with Japanese history, either of the past or of the present day...."
443:
The highest positions in the court hierarchy can be cataloged. A dry list provides a superficial glimpse inside the complexity and inter-connected relationships of the
Imperial court structure.
421:, it is necessary to evaluate its role in the traditional Japanese context of a durable yet flexible framework. This was a bureaucratic network and a hierarchy of functionaries. The role of
723:
644:
1263:
680:
593:
719:
711:
638:
626:
260:
216:
1234:
1167:
684:
676:
599:
587:
564:
The government ministries were eight semi-independent bureaucracies. A list alone cannot reveal much about the actual functioning of the
1253:
688:
605:
236:
206:
1190:
715:
632:
655:
The specific ministries above are not grouped arbitrarily. The two court officials below had responsibility for them as follows:
547:(Secretariat). These are specifically named men who act at the sole discretion of the emperor. Among the duties of the
1258:
196:
34:
551:
include writing out the patents and titles conferred by the emperor. In cases of dispute between high officers, the
253:
765:
1159:
226:
1203:
163:
17:
568:, but the broad hierarchical categories do suggest the way in which governmental functions were parsed:
246:
1149:
741:
391:
343:
1171:
555:
draft a statement of the case for both sides. Also, they look after any newly introduced business.
1210:
750:
407:
375:
332:
1230:
1186:
1163:
1139:
Dickson, Walter G. and Mayo
Williamson Hazeltine. (1898). "The Eight Boards of Government" in
1108:
1090:
1072:
1054:
1033:
1015:
952:
923:
828:
825:
793:
790:
336:
conflated the hierarchical position with a functional role as the director of palace affairs.
323:
who were the administrators charged with oversight of the eight ministries of the government.
994:
903:
900:
879:
875:
853:
432:
361:
299:
26:
1214:). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
435:
proved to be adaptable in the creation of constitutional government in the modern period.
327:
448:
285:
was an associate counselor in the
Imperial court of Japan from the 8th century until the
88:
1220:
1199:
176:
82:
1182:
The
Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan,
1247:
904:
The
Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan
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1095:
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1038:
1020:
999:
977:
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51:
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294:
61:
1224:
1180:
1153:
1176:
755:
505:
497:
411:
311:
186:
148:
138:
47:
596:; also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction".
78:
472:
315:(minor councillors) and those with more narrowly defined roles, such as the
118:
710:
This administrator was charged or tasked with supervising four ministries:
675:
This administrator was charged or tasked with supervising four ministries:
353:
1194:
1238:
517:
Other high-ranking bureaucrats who function somewhat flexibly within the
485:
456:
128:
98:
1215:
298:, or early feudal Japanese government. It was established in 702 by the
1144:
464:
108:
1185:
translated by Fujiko Hara. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
760:
402:
Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials in the pre-
528:(Associate counselor). This office functions as a manager of
339:
Prominent among those holding this office were three brothers:
973:
978:
Ranks in
Ancient and Meiji Japan (in English and French)
394:(参議院 Sangi'in) and its members were named after it.
232:
222:
212:
202:
192:
182:
172:
159:
154:
144:
134:
124:
114:
104:
94:
76:
59:
25:
1226:Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.
703:
668:
602:; also known as the "Ministry of the Interior".
414:government did manage to endure for centuries.
1048:
1046:
1009:
1007:
697:
662:
540:
326:In an early review of the Imperial hierarchy,
305:In the ranks of the Imperial bureaucracy, the
278:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
788:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Sangi" in
784:
782:
780:
489:(Major counselor). There are commonly three
254:
8:
1123:
1121:
988:
986:
847:
845:
843:
509:(Minor counselor); there are commonly three
452:(Chancellor of the Realm or Chief Minister).
406:reached its nadir during the years of the
261:
247:
22:
480:The next highest tier of officials were:
390:The position was eliminated in 1885. The
776:
1229:New York: Columbia University Press.
417:In order to appreciate the office of
7:
876:"The Eight Boards of Government" in
43:Part of a series on the politics and
1264:8th-century establishments in Japan
645:Ministry of the Imperial Household
431:(Council of State). The Daijō-kan
14:
425:was an important element in the
410:, and yet the core structures of
33:
829:Annales des empereurs du japon,
1205:Annales des empereurs du Japon
45:government of Japan during the
1:
694:Major Controller of the Right
532:activities within the palace.
659:Major Controller of the Left
960:; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).
704:
669:
439:Highest Daijō-kan officials
292:This was a position in the
1280:
1254:Government of feudal Japan
594:Ministry of Civil Services
15:
823:Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
766:Imperial Household Agency
698:
663:
541:
476:(Minister of the Center).
279:
242:
41:
32:
1160:Harvard University Press
1152:and Käthe Roth. (2005).
1150:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
1143:New York: P.F. Collier.
639:Ministry of the Treasury
627:Ministry of the Military
468:(Minister of the Right).
460:(Minister of the Left).
974:Unterstein (in German)
898:Ozaki, Yukio. (2001).
600:Ministry of Ceremonies
588:Ministry of the Center
330:'s 1834 supplement to
115:Minister of the Center
382:until he died in 737
368:until he died in 737
350:until he died in 737
289:in the 19th century.
135:Middle Counselor
105:Minister of the Right
742:House of Councillors
606:Ministry of Taxation
560:The Eight Ministries
392:House of Councillors
384:(Tenpyō 9, 8th month
370:(Tenpyō 9, 7th month
344:Fujiwara no Fusasaki
183:Civil Administration
145:Minor Counselor
125:Major Counselor
95:Minister of the Left
16:For other uses, see
1155:Japan encyclopedia.
869:Dickson, Walter G.
633:Ministry of Justice
501:(Middle counselor).
378:held the office of
364:held the office of
346:held the office of
83:Chief Minister
1259:702 establishments
1211:Nihon Odai Ichiran
794:Japan Encyclopedia
751:Sessho and Kampaku
724:Imperial Household
493:; sometimes more.
408:Tokugawa shogunate
376:Fujiwara no Umakai
333:Nihon Odai Ichiran
233:Imperial Household
69:(Council of State)
1235:978-0-231-04940-5
1168:978-0-674-01753-5
653:
652:
309:came between the
271:
270:
1271:
1221:Varley, H. Paul.
1128:
1125:
1116:
1104:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1068:
1062:
1050:
1041:
1029:
1023:
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1002:
990:
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890:
867:
861:
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838:
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804:
786:
709:
707:
701:
700:
674:
672:
666:
665:
571:
570:
546:
544:
543:
398:Sangi in context
362:Fujiwara no Maro
284:
282:
281:
263:
256:
249:
168:
155:Eight Ministries
70:
66:
37:
23:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1244:
1243:
1200:Titsingh, Isaac
1136:
1131:
1127:Varley, p. 272.
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1119:
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1101:
1087:
1083:
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1065:
1051:
1044:
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893:
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864:
850:
841:
822:
807:
787:
778:
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695:
660:
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538:
441:
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328:Julius Klaproth
276:
267:
193:Popular Affairs
166:
164:Nakatsukasa-shō
85:
72:
68:
67:
62:
55:
46:
44:
27:Premodern Japan
21:
12:
11:
5:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1218:
1197:
1195:OCLC 123043741
1174:
1147:
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1132:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1099:
1081:
1063:
1042:
1024:
1003:
982:
966:
962:Jinnō Shōtōki,
932:
914:
891:
862:
839:
805:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
739:
732:
729:
728:
727:
692:
681:Civil Services
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
636:
630:
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621:
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603:
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13:
10:
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3:
2:
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1252:
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1249:
1240:
1239:OCLC 59145842
1236:
1232:
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1213:
1212:
1207:
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1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:9780691050959
1188:
1184:
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1173:
1172:OCLC 58053128
1169:
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1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:, p. 433, at
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:, p. 432, at
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:, p. 431, at
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 430, at
1057:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:, p. 429, at
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:, p. 427, at
1018:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
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989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
956:, p. 425, at
955:
954:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
930:
927:, p. 425, at
926:
925:
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912:
908:
907:
902:
901:
895:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
877:
872:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
848:
846:
844:
840:
837:
834:, p. 426, at
833:
832:
827:
826:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
799:, p. 817, at
798:
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764:
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613:
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607:
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576:
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559:
554:
550:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
512:
508:
507:
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499:
495:
492:
488:
487:
483:
482:
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451:
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446:
445:
444:
438:
436:
434:
430:
429:
424:
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409:
405:
397:
395:
393:
385:
381:
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363:
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355:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
334:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
303:
301:
300:Code of Taihō
297:
296:
290:
288:
275:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
231:
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87:
84:
80:
75:
71:
65:
58:
53:
49:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
19:
1225:
1216:OCLC 5850691
1209:
1204:
1181:
1177:Ozaki, Yukio
1154:
1140:
1114:Google Books
1107:
1102:
1096:Google Books
1089:
1084:
1078:Google Books
1071:
1066:
1060:Google Books
1053:
1039:Google Books
1032:
1027:
1021:Google Books
1014:
1000:Google Books
998:, p. 60, at
993:
969:
961:
958:Google Books
951:
929:Google Books
924:pp. 425-426.
922:
917:
911:Google Books
909:, p. 10, at
905:
899:
894:
887:Google Books
885:, p. 56, at
881:
874:
870:
865:
859:Google Books
857:, p. 69, at
852:
836:Google Books
830:
824:
801:Google Books
795:
789:
745:
654:
617:
578:
565:
563:
552:
548:
535:
529:
525:
518:
516:
510:
504:
496:
490:
484:
479:
471:
463:
455:
449:Daijō daijin
447:
442:
426:
422:
418:
416:
404:Meiji period
401:
389:
383:
379:
369:
365:
356:9, 4th month
351:
347:
338:
331:
325:
320:
316:
310:
306:
304:
293:
291:
287:Meiji period
273:
272:
167:
89:Daijō-daijin
81: /
63:
1158:Cambridge:
1145:OCLC 285881
177:Shikibu-shō
1248:Categories
1202:. (1834).
1179:. (2001).
1134:References
1106:Titsingh,
1088:Titsingh,
1070:Titsingh,
1052:Titsingh,
1031:Titsingh,
1013:Titsingh,
950:Titsingh,
921:Titsingh,
906:pp. 10–11.
882:pp. 55-78.
851:Titsingh,
685:Ceremonies
173:Ceremonial
79:Chancellor
992:Dickson,
737:Daijō-kan
566:Daijō-kan
530:Daijō-kan
519:Daijō-kan
473:Naidaijin
428:Daijō-kan
295:daijō-kan
237:Kunai-shō
227:Ōkura-shō
217:Gyōbu-shō
207:Hyōbu-shō
197:Minbu-shō
119:Naidaijin
64:Daijō-kan
1223:(1980).
1109:pp. 433.
1091:pp. 432.
1073:pp. 431.
1055:pp. 430.
1034:pp. 429.
1016:pp. 427.
873:(1898).
796:, p. 817
731:See also
720:Treasury
712:Military
689:Taxation
670:Sadaiben
511:Shōnagon
506:Shōnagon
498:Chūnagon
491:Dainagon
486:Dainagon
457:Sadaijin
412:ritsuryō
317:Sadaiben
312:Shōnagon
223:Treasury
187:Jibu-shō
149:Shōnagon
139:Chūnagon
129:Dainagon
99:Sadaijin
980:, p. 6.
831:p. 426.
746:Sangiin
716:Justice
705:Udaiben
521:were;
465:Udaijin
321:Udaiben
213:Justice
109:Udaijin
54:periods
1233:
1189:
1166:
1141:Japan.
995:p. 60.
964:p.272.
953:p. 425
880:Japan,
871:et al.
854:p. 69.
687:, and
677:Center
433:schema
354:Tenpyō
160:Center
772:Notes
756:Kōkyū
618:Right
526:Sangi
423:Sangi
419:Sangi
380:Sangi
366:Sangi
348:Sangi
307:Sangi
274:Sangi
52:Heian
18:Sangi
1231:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1164:ISBN
761:Kuge
722:and
579:Left
553:Geki
549:Geki
536:Geki
319:and
50:and
48:Nara
699:右大弁
664:左大弁
203:War
1250::
1237:;
1193:;
1170:;
1162:.
1120:^
1045:^
1006:^
985:^
976::
935:^
842:^
808:^
779:^
718:,
714:,
702:,
683:,
679:,
667:,
542:外記
302:.
280:参議
1208:(
803:.
744:,
726:.
708:)
696:(
691:.
673:)
661:(
647:.
641:.
635:.
629:.
608:.
590:.
545:)
539:(
513:.
386:)
372:)
358:)
352:(
283:)
277:(
262:e
255:t
248:v
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
