2142:& Melinda Gates Foundation from 2015 to 2022. Results from this project showed that capacity development best happens on the job and in a learning organization culture. In a government capacity development initiative, it is critical to have an enabling policy and program funding to translate capacity development input into program and infrastructure outputs. Capacity development aims to empower staff and institutions, develop a learning strategy, learning content and training modules, as well as strengthened partnerships and institutions of learning. The Capacity Development Effectiveness Ladder Framework (CDEL) identifies five critical steps for capacity development interventions: Developing original learning content, partnerships for learning and outreach, learning strategy, visioning change and designing solutions, contribution to capacity development discourse.
837:
1378:
673:
1370:
829:
624:"For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and the 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to the activities covered by the definition of sanitation."
526:
2012:
1043:
70:
2043:
1976:
1180:
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accessing, loss of productivity, additional costs for healthcare among others. Inadequate sanitation also leads to loss from potential tourism revenue. This study also found that impacts are disproportionately higher for the poor, women and children. Availability of toilet at home on the other hand, positively contributes to economic well-being of women as it leads to an increase in literacy and participation in labor force.
904:, and delivers empty containers when picking up full ones. The service transports and safely disposes of or reuses collected excreta. The cost of collection of excreta is usually borne by the users. With suitable development, support and functioning partnerships, CBS can be used to provide low-income urban populations with safe collection, transport and treatment of excrement at a lower cost than installing and maintaining
38:
6051:
268:
1764:
1790:) related diseases. It usually involves a participatory approach of engaging people to take responsibility of WASH services and infrastructure including its operation and maintenance. The three key elements of promoting hygiene are; mutual sharing of information and knowledge, the mobilization of affected communities and the provision of essential material and facilities.
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1799:
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4888:
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all DALYs globally." Of the four health outcomes studied, it was diarrheal disease that had the most striking correlation, namely the highest number of "attributable burden of disease": over 1 million deaths and 55 million DALYs from diarrheal diseases was linked with lack of WASH. Of these deaths, 564,000 deaths were linked to unsafe sanitation in particular.
1203:(FSM) (or faecal sludge management in British English) is the storage, collection, transport, treatment and safe end use or disposal of fecal sludge. Together, the collection, transport, treatment and end use of fecal sludge constitute the "value chain" or "service chain" of fecal sludge management. Fecal sludge is defined very broadly as what accumulates in
4112:
3875:
256:
497:
2141:
is regarded as an important mechanism to achieve progress in the sanitation sector. For example, in India the
Sanitation Capacity Building platform (SCBP) was designed to "support and build the capacity of town/cities to plan and implement decentralized sanitation solutions" with funding by the Bill
1884:
In 2023, WHO summarized the available data with the following key findings: "In 2019, use of safe WASH services could have prevented the loss of at least 1.4 million lives and 74 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from four health outcomes. This represents 2.5% of all deaths and 2.9% of
1317:
Onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) is defined as "a sanitation system in which excreta and wastewater are collected and stored or treated on the plot where they are generated". Another term that is used for the same system is non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS), which are prevalent in many
819:
For developing countries, the economic costs of inadequate sanitation is a huge concern. For example, according to a World Bank study, economic losses due to inadequate sanitation to The Indian economy are equivalent to 6.4% of its GDP. Most of these are due to premature mortality, time lost in
2150:
A study was carried out in 2018 to compare the lifecycle costs of full sanitation chain systems in developing cities of Africa and Asia. It found that conventional sewer systems are in most cases the most expensive sanitation options, followed, in order of cost, by sanitation systems comprising
1778:
In many settings, provision of sanitation facilities alone does not guarantee good health of the population. Studies have suggested that the impact of hygiene practices have as great an impact on sanitation related diseases as the actual provision of sanitation facilities. Hygiene promotion is
1400:
facility which is not shared with other households, and where the excreta produced is either treated and disposed in situ, stored temporarily and then emptied and transported to treatment off-site, or transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site. In other words, safely
1831:
541:"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal."
2065:
There are numerous reasons for this gap. A major one is that sanitation is rarely given political attention received by other topics despite its key importance. Sanitation is not high on the international development agenda, and projects such as those relating to
506:
1389:. It is measured under the Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1, as the "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water". The current value in the 2017 baseline estimate by
1944:
eggs are a commonly used indicator. With helminth egg analysis, eggs are extracted from the sample after which a viability test is done to distinguish between viable and non viable eggs. The viable fraction of the helminth eggs in the sample is then counted.
2216:. Throughout history people have devised systems to get water into their communities and households, and to dispose (and later also treat) wastewater. The focus of sewage treatment at that time was on conveying raw sewage to a natural body of water, e.g. a
2849:
960:
practices. It focuses on spontaneous and long-lasting behavior change of an entire community. The term "triggering" is central to the CLTS process: it refers to ways of igniting community interest in ending open defecation, usually by building simple
1665:
1038:. When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land. Ecosan is also called resource-oriented sanitation.
500:
1433:(SuSanA) includes five features (or criteria) in its definition of "sustainable sanitation": Systems need to be economically and socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate and protect the environment and natural resources.
504:
503:
499:
498:
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505:
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and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy". The people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying a sanitation technology at any step of the sanitation chain are called
2085:(JMP) has been publishing reports of updated estimates every two years on the use of various types of drinking-water sources and sanitation facilities at the national, regional and global levels. The JMP report for 2015 stated that:
3293:
1318:
countries. NSSS play a vital role in the safe management of fecal sludge, accounting for approximately half of all existing sanitation provisions. The degree of treatment may be variable, from none to advanced. Examples are pit
2002:
in 2020, the fight for clean water and sanitation is more important than ever. Handwashing is one of the most common prevention methods for
Coronavirus, yet two out of five people do not have access to a hand-washing station.
1300:
Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. In practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would want to use voluntarily. The result of lack of sanitation is usually
1155:
control. According to World health organization (WHO) Environmental sanitation was defined as the control of all those factors in the physical environment which exercise a harmful effect on human being physical development,
876:
facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households.
502:
1360:
per year or 4.7% of global anthropogenic methane emissions, which are comparable to the greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants. This means that the GHG emissions from the NSSS as a non-negligible source.
2125:
The latest innovations in the field of public health sanitation, currently in the testing phase, comprise - use of 'locally produced alcohol-based hand rub'; 'novel latrine improvement'; and 'container-based sanitation'.
2113:
launched the "Reinvent the Toilet
Challenge" to promote safer, more effective ways to treat human waste. The program is aimed at developing technologies that might help bridge the global sanitation gap (for example the
1625:. Daily cover also minimizes odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of
4607:(RTTC, Round 1 and 2), Grand Challenges Explorations (Round 6 and 7) - Request for proposals, grant conditions, Seattle exhibition fair program and exhibitor guide. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
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815:
The benefits to society of managing human excreta are considerable, for public health as well as for the environment. As a rough estimate: For every US$ 1 spent on sanitation, the return to society is US$ 5.50.
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about one's own open defecation behaviors. CLTS takes an approach to rural sanitation that works without hardware subsidies and that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation and take
1834:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
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is a sanitation system designed to meet certain criteria and to work well over the long-term. Sustainable sanitation systems consider the entire "sanitation value chain", from the experience of the user,
1839:
4689:
900:
in sealable, removable containers (also called cartridges) that are transported to treatment facilities. This type of sanitation involves a commercial service which provides certain types of
2074:
1866:
The WHO has investigated which proportion of death and disease worldwide can be attributed to insufficient WASH services. In their analysis they focus on the following four health outcomes:
1390:
1268:
869:
473:
438:
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being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges.
4714:
1836:
3290:
2516:
2122:). In 2015, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation published their "Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy portfolio update and overview" called "Building demand for sanitation".
2421:
2361:
1267:
service") is a term used to categorize types of sanitation for monitoring purposes. It refers to the management of human feces at the household level. The term was coined by the
2031:(MDGs) aimed at poverty eradication and sustainable development. The specific sanitation goal for the year 2015 was to reduce by half the number of people who had no access to
836:
362:
in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation. There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as
3368:
2039:(UNDP) Human Development Report in 2006 has shown, progress meeting the MDG sanitation target is slow, with a large gap between the target coverage and the current reality.
5856:
3176:
2746:
501:
4687:
UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: Lessons from
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform, Part 1: Journey of Urban Sanitation Capacity Development in India
1995:(SDG 6). The target is about "clean water and sanitation for all" by 2030. It is estimated that 660 million people still lacked access to safe drinking water as of 2015.
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603:
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Some grassroots organizations have trialled community-managed toilet blocks whose construction and maintenance costs can be covered by households. One study of Mumbai
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significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer (
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2163:
and pour-flush pit latrines. The main determinants of urban sanitation financial costs include: Type of technology, labour, material and utility cost, density,
2062:", in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target. The year aimed to develop awareness and more actions to meet the target.
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672:
4392:
3440:. Berkeley, California, USA: The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida. p. 6. Archived from
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Sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of
437:
Several sanitation "levels" are being used to compare sanitation service levels within countries or across countries. The sanitation ladder defined by the
4730:
Jyoti Dash and
Depinder Kapur (2021) UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT : Lessons from Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP)
828:
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2621:
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Sanitation includes all four of these technical and non-technical systems: Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are
1835:
803:
plant. The "sanitation chain" involves the experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transporting and treatment of waste, and
2601:
2401:
2331:
2326:
4686:
613:
Despite the fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two terms are often used side by side as "sanitation and wastewater management".
2844:
2786:
2701:
2646:
2626:
2501:
2476:
2321:
2316:
1699:
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1305:(and open urination but this is of less concern) with associated serious public health issues. It is estimated that 2.4 billion people still lacked
617:
3548:
Gius, Mark; Subramanian, Ramesh (2015). "The
Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India".
2096:
82% of the global urban population, and 51% of the rural population is using improved sanitation facilities in 2015, as per the JMP definition of "
5929:
5901:
4941:
3600:
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2806:
2741:
2736:
2671:
2656:
2641:
2581:
2491:
2441:
2396:
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2024:
240:
856:
The term sanitation is connected with various descriptors or adjectives to signify certain types of sanitation systems (which may deal only with
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2011:
525:
5906:
5222:
4711:
2791:
2781:
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2691:
2631:
2606:
2596:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2531:
2471:
2456:
2426:
2416:
2356:
2336:
2306:
2199:
1782:
Hygiene promotion is a planned approach of enabling people to act and change their behavior in an order to reduce and/or prevent incidences of
3059:
1401:
managed sanitation is a basic sanitation service where in addition excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.
5964:
5871:
4510:
4466:
4436:
4365:
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3610:
3494:
2801:
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2731:
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2551:
2541:
2521:
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2381:
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2351:
2341:
2311:
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found that US$ 1.58 per adult would be sufficient for construction, and less than US$ 1/household/month would be sufficient for maintenance.
568:
on "Humanitarian
Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" which describes minimum standards in four "key response sectors" in
2093:
rates have decreased from 38% to 25% globally. Just under one billion people (946 million) still practise open defecation worldwide in 2015.
1882:("Good Health and Wellbeing"): Indicator 3.9.2 reports on the "mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene".
776:. Sanitation technologies may also take the form of relatively simple onsite sanitation systems. This can in some cases consist of a simple
5954:
4584:
4198:"Indicator 6.2.1 - Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water"
3432:
3317:
2796:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2611:
2576:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2496:
2486:
2461:
2431:
2391:
2386:
2346:
2036:
219:
1066:
is the management and technical processes required to provide sanitation in emergency situations. Emergency sanitation is required during
745:
Sanitation infrastructure has to be adapted to several specific contexts including consumers' expectations and local resources available.
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5911:
5475:
5063:
4012:
2874:
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2511:
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customarily rely upon less stringent protocols. The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of
708:
457:
291:
4710:
Kapur, D. (2021) UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT : Lessons from
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP),
680:
The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as
4979:
4516:
3866:
2822:
There is a vast number of professions that are involved in the field of sanitation, for example on the technical and operations side:
2110:
1291:(Target 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1) from 2015 onwards. Here, they are a component of the definition for "safely managed sanitation service".
1082:. There are three phases of emergency response: Immediate, short term and long term. In the immediate phase, the focus is on managing
860:
management or with the entire sanitation system, i.e. also greywater, stormwater and solid waste management) – in alphabetical order:
3907:"The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals"
3845:
Velkushanova, Konstantina; Strande, Linda; Ronteltap, Mariska; Koottatep, Thammarat; Brdjanovic, Damir; Buckley, Chris, eds. (2021).
3783:
3253:
2905:
5969:
5495:
5078:
4309:
4006:
3761:
2937:
1691:
3696:
The world can't wait for sewers; Advancing container-based sanitation businesses as a viable answer to the global sanitation crisis
3414:
991:
The term "dry sanitation" is not in widespread use and is not very well defined. It usually refers to a system that uses a type of
4494:
1042:
2962:
2059:
2047:
1026:. It is an approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a desire to "close the loop", mainly for the
6079:
3168:
738:
cycle (for example in the case of fecal-borne diseases). This aspect is visualised with the F-diagram where all major routes of
5612:
5240:
5217:
3348:
3291:
Lived
Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India
2879:
2055:
1511:
1430:
1346:
1119:
1018:, commonly abbreviated as ecosan (also spelled eco-san or EcoSan), is an approach to sanitation provision which aims to safely
953:
922:
712:
461:
235:
200:
3028:
5886:
5836:
5648:
5545:
5306:
5207:
5120:
4665:
1992:
1970:
1904:
1879:
1725:
during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from
1386:
1288:
941:
935:
720:
469:
394:
284:
157:
147:
4731:
4205:
791:
Providing sanitation to people requires attention to the entire system, not just focusing on technical aspects such as the
5719:
5490:
4617:
4597:
4145:
4119:
3083:
2984:
1984:
1227:, but also anything else that may go into an onsite containment technology, such as flushwater, cleansing materials (e.g.
31:
4637:
3936:
3270:
5584:
5311:
4172:
3114:
2028:
1280:
995:
and no sewers to transport excreta. Often when people speak of "dry sanitation" they mean a sanitation system that uses
3233:
3206:
5731:
5624:
5535:
5348:
5336:
5245:
4934:
3392:
2207:
1871:
1695:
1506:
most wastewater is still discharged untreated into the environment. Alternatives to centralized sewer systems include
1287:" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions. The same terms are used to monitor progress towards
1111:
1079:
546:
4060:
Cheng, Shikun; Long, Jinyun; Evans, Barbara; Zhan, Zhe; Li, Tianxin; Chen, Cong; Mang, Heinz-Peter; Li, Zifu (2022).
2212:
Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was plentiful, such as near rivers or
2015:
Example for lack of sanitation: Unhygienic pit latrine with ring slab in
Kalibari community in Mymensingh, Bangladesh
4903:
69:
5801:
5726:
5631:
5167:
2240:
2160:
1878:, and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs). These health outcomes are also included as an indicator for achieving
1656:
consequences are considered. Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.
1216:
1103:
996:
909:
893:
887:
841:
398:
355:
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4381:
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5918:
5485:
5192:
5150:
5114:
5021:
2277:
1988:
1276:
1264:
534:
465:
152:
4873:
Farnsworth Gray, Harold. "Sewerage in Ancient and Mediaeval Times." Sewage Works Journal Vol.12.5 (1940): 939-46
3802:
Ecosan - closing the loop - Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th–11th April 2003, Lübeck, Germany
6067:
5761:
5460:
5172:
5068:
4845:
4618:
Building demand for sanitation - a 2015 portfolio update and overview - Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy
2042:
1618:
80:
342:
with soap. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the
1717:(CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other
1334:(FSM) systems where the fecal sludge that is generated onsite is treated at an offsite location. Wastewater (
628:
Sanitation can include personal sanitation and public hygiene. Personal sanitation work can include handling
6032:
5959:
5791:
3345:
2119:
1553:
1519:
1331:
1200:
1194:
1127:
796:
657:
343:
5530:
3846:
3804:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and International Water Association (IWA).
3646:"Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti"
6055:
6027:
5806:
5016:
4927:
3966:
3644:
Tilmans, Sebastien; Russel, Kory; Sklar, Rachel; Page, Leah; Kramer, Sasha; Davis, Jennifer (2015-04-13).
3151:
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1411:
1350:
1035:
414:
230:
223:
53:
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969:. CLTS involves actions leading to increased self-respect and pride in one's community. It also involves
956:
in mainly rural people by a process of "triggering", leading to spontaneous and long-term abandonment of
6012:
5796:
5331:
5232:
5125:
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3824:. Loughborough: Loughborough university. Water, engineering and development centre (WEDC). p. 250.
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1477:
1284:
1240:
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773:
641:
565:
402:
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3500:
3412:
Breaking the sanitation barriers; WHO Guidelines for excreta use as a baseline for environmental health
734:
Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the
533:
There are some variations on the use of the term "sanitation" between countries and organizations. The
347:
2130:, the national public health agency of the United States has recognized the stated three initiatives.
5987:
5771:
5636:
5602:
5550:
5370:
5316:
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5100:
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4908:
4803:
4550:
4272:
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2172:
1503:
1473:
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1140:
1063:
1057:
800:
735:
519:
406:
191:
172:
107:
102:
4794:
Patel, Sheela (2015-04-01). "The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance".
3768:. IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the urban poor – partnerships and governance, Delft, The Netherlands
1706:. Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law.
6101:
5997:
5992:
5766:
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5555:
5390:
4999:
3050:
2097:
1397:
1306:
1260:
1254:
873:
477:
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1975:
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and moves upwards using the terms "unimproved", "limited", "basic", with the highest level being "
5619:
5202:
5051:
4827:
4732:
Part II : Sanitation Capacity Building Platform: Understanding the Process and Effectiveness
4566:
4360:. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University.
4027:
3624:
3508:
2823:
1900:
1844:
1610:
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collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and reuse or disposal. The
945:
728:
661:
450:
3441:
3310:
1179:
1139:
Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to
3895:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017
3715:"Community-Led Total Sanitation: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Evidence and Its Quality"
3158:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017
1034:
between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. One of the aims is to minimise the use of
6111:
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5776:
5704:
5653:
5427:
5407:
5395:
5355:
5326:
5294:
5212:
5105:
5073:
4969:
4819:
4776:
4506:
4361:
4320:
4101:
4062:"Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis"
4002:
3928:
3862:
3825:
3740:
3675:
3606:
3567:
3490:
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was quite extensive. These systems consisted of stone and wooden drains to collect and remove
2138:
1999:
1710:
1507:
1487:
Sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of the collection of
1457:
1327:
1204:
979:
749:
716:
431:
206:
3988:
3780:
Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation
6106:
5946:
5699:
5658:
5470:
5445:
5257:
5187:
5031:
4811:
4766:
4558:
4498:
4420:
Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update
4230:. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
4091:
4081:
3994:
3918:
3852:
3730:
3722:
3665:
3657:
3557:
3473:. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
2884:
2176:
1909:
1807:
1569:
1492:
1461:
1236:
1148:
1075:
1067:
1019:
804:
757:
739:
629:
607:
589:
569:
550:
418:
196:
127:
122:
117:
97:
42:
1309:
facilities including 660 million people who lack access to safe drinking water as of 2015.
1239:
products, grey water (i.e. bathing or kitchen water, including fats, oils and grease), and
6007:
5709:
5512:
5505:
5440:
5380:
5262:
5252:
5182:
5155:
5140:
5095:
5085:
5036:
4738:
4718:
4693:
4644:
4624:
4604:
4149:
4123:
4039:
3970:
3787:
3778:
3765:
3694:
3470:
3418:
3399:
3352:
3297:
3277:
3257:
3250:
3237:
3155:
3090:
2941:
2913:
2864:
2827:
2213:
2090:
1726:
1481:
1302:
1171:
1152:
1107:
1083:
957:
901:
442:
417:. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or
383:
331:
260:
137:
4240:
3819:
3758:
3602:
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource
3486:
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource
2934:
2262:
1779:
therefore an important part of sanitation and is usually key in maintaining good health.
1385:
Safely managed sanitation is the highest level of household sanitation envisioned by the
4807:
4554:
4419:
4077:
3411:
3231:
The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response
1713:
industries, the term "sanitary equipment" means equipment that is fully cleanable using
5694:
5480:
5417:
5402:
5385:
5343:
5145:
5026:
4134:
4096:
4061:
3735:
3714:
3670:
3645:
3391:
Right to water and sanitation derive from the right to an adequate standard of living.
3260:. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Geneva, Switzerland, p. 35
2954:
2869:
2115:
2032:
2020:
1875:
1714:
1634:
1545:
1541:
1349:
which refers in particular to the wastewater part of on-site sanitation. Similarly, an
1220:
1031:
1027:
761:
585:
529:
Urban improved sanitation facilities versus rural improved sanitation facilities, 2015.
359:
319:
272:
37:
2850:
List of countries by proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities
1648:
components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the
27:
Public health conditions related to clean water and proper excreta and sewage disposal
6095:
6002:
5881:
5689:
5663:
5540:
5500:
5465:
5455:
5435:
5177:
5135:
5110:
5058:
5046:
5041:
4950:
4831:
4570:
4538:
4254:
2248:
1929:
1738:
1703:
1687:
1683:
1641:
1422:
1165:
1099:
897:
857:
785:
681:
649:
515:
481:
367:
315:
168:
142:
132:
61:
6022:
5450:
5299:
5289:
5267:
5197:
5090:
5004:
4276:
3759:
Alternatives to waterborne sanitation – a comparative study – limits and potentials
3393:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E
3020:
2067:
1815:
1339:
1232:
1228:
1123:
1095:
966:
724:
645:
581:
339:
112:
4539:"Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective"
1903:
are used to check for fecal pollution of the sample. Commonly used indicators for
4657:
4086:
3893:
Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines
3149:
Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines
3021:"The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis"
640:. Public sanitation work can involve garbage collection, transfer and treatment (
6017:
5714:
5412:
5321:
5284:
4197:
2252:
2187:
2180:
2156:
2152:
1843:
A video shedding light on the unsafe and undignified working conditions of many
1823:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1677:
1649:
1630:
1614:
1590:
1537:
1531:
1323:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1115:
1023:
777:
685:
593:
554:
323:
4142:
4116:
3879:
3713:
Venkataramanan, Vidya; Crocker, Jonathan; Karon, Andrew; Batram, Jamie (2018).
510:
Animated video to underline the importance of sanitation (here with a focus on
5643:
4638:
Capacity development for sustainable sanitation - Factsheet of Working Group 1
4562:
4502:
3906:
2255:
in Rome. The first sewers of ancient Rome were built between 800 and 735 BCE.
2244:
2236:
2232:
2164:
1937:
1742:
1734:
1722:
1669:
1664:
1653:
1652:
options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total
1549:
1515:
1488:
1480:), disposal or reuse of treated wastewater. The latter is also referred to as
1448:
1426:
1144:
992:
872:
defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of
781:
769:
564:
Another example of what is included in sanitation is found in the handbook by
363:
267:
4823:
4815:
4780:
4771:
4754:
4488:
4164:
3932:
3923:
3661:
3571:
3106:
572:
situations. One of them is "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" (
5741:
5560:
5130:
5011:
4138:
3230:
3198:
1933:
1918:
1598:
1465:
1393:
is that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation.
606:
defines sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or
426:
393:
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are
375:
4105:
3821:
Excreta disposal in emergencies a field manual: an inter-agency publication
3744:
3679:
1574:
4887:
4712:
Part III : Capacity Development Effectiveness Ladder (CDEL) Framework
4627:, June 2015. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
3857:
1798:
1356:
The global methane emissions from NSSS in 2020 was estimated to as 377 Mt
610:, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion."
561:
sector only include excreta management in their definition of sanitation.
5607:
5360:
4994:
4964:
4913:
4294:
4260:
4226:
Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014).
3562:
3462:
Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014).
3346:
http://www.right2water.eu/sites/water/files/UNHRC%20Resolution%2015-9.pdf
2906:"sanitation | Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
1941:
1867:
1746:
1721:. The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg, or areas where the
1626:
1622:
1594:
1161:
905:
896:(abbreviated as CBS) refers to a sanitation system where toilets collect
765:
753:
697:
653:
422:
387:
351:
17:
4422:. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1164:. One of the primary function of environmental sanitation is to protect
832:
Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems
5279:
4143:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)
4111:
3874:
3084:
Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment
2231:
in Asia is an example of public water supply and sanitation during the
1819:
1758:
1606:
1602:
1319:
1091:
1071:
974:
949:
701:
693:
637:
599:
577:
485:
371:
4241:
Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document
4228:
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
3464:
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
3251:
Public Funding for Sanitation - The many faces of sanitation subsidies
1373:
Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015
742:
begin with the letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food.
660:, etc. Workers who provide these services for other people are called
5574:
2203:
2082:
1811:
1718:
1582:
1578:
1557:
1335:
1272:
1157:
1087:
962:
845:
792:
633:
620:
guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998:
511:
327:
41:
The sanitation system: collection, transport, treatment, disposal or
4853:
3726:
3708:
3706:
1548:
are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy
3998:
1552:
and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or
1243:. Fecal sludge that is removed from septic tanks is called septage.
5736:
4227:
3963:
3813:
3811:
3463:
2221:
2217:
2041:
2010:
1974:
1829:
1803:
1797:
1762:
1730:
1663:
1645:
1573:
1496:
1456:
1368:
1330:
of wastewater). On-site sanitation systems are often connected to
1279:
in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the
1178:
1170:
1041:
970:
835:
827:
671:
524:
495:
379:
335:
36:
1143:. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and
602:
promotion is seen by many as an integral part of sanitation. The
421:. Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the
5668:
4919:
2168:
2035:
and sanitation in the baseline year of 1990. As the JMP and the
2023:, during the Millennium Summit in New York in 2000 and the 2002
1954:
1925:
1859:
1852:
1787:
1783:
1357:
849:
689:
573:
558:
4923:
3892:
3599:
WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) (2017).
3483:
WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) (2017).
3148:
2266:
1110:. The short term phase might also involve technologies such as
553:
systems as well as drainage systems for rainwater, also called
3271:
DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes
2078:
1269:
Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation
4755:"The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review"
4636:
Spuhler, D., McCreary, C., Fogde, M., Jenssen, P. D. (2012).
4587:, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on June 10, 2012
4115:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3878:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3342:
Human rights and access to safe drinking water and sanitation
3169:"Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities"
1806:, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food), showing pathways of
4914:
Sanitary Statistics of Native Colonial Schools and Hospitals
5862:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
1987:
replaced the Millennium Development Goals. Sanitation is a
840:
Example of sanitation infrastructure: Shower, double-vault
723:, declarations and other standards. It is derived from the
4585:
types of improved drinking-water source on the JMP website
2075:
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
1219:
solutions) and specifically is not transported through a
480:. Lack of access to sanitation has an impact not only on
4898:
3365:"The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation"
1860:
WASH § WASH-attributable burden of diseases and injuries
952:
practices in a community. The approach tries to achieve
4759:
Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
4433:"Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all"
3911:
Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
1899:
When analyzing environmental samples, various types of
4117:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3964:
Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update
3880:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3535:
The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India
3101:
3099:
2167:, level of service provided by the sanitation system,
476:
states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have
3434:
Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment
1342:
is available within the buildings or close to them.
5980:
5939:
5826:
5815:
5752:
5677:
5593:
5521:
5426:
5231:
4957:
4696:, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), India
1741:to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5
1381:
Number of Handwashing Facilities in the world, 2017
807:or disposal. All need to be thoroughly considered.
676:
Access to safe drinking water and sanitation (2016)
3300:. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India
1313:Onsite sanitation or non-sewered sanitation system
4846:"The Art of Plumbing as Recorded through History"
4487:Kurian, Mathew; McCarney, Patricia, eds. (2010).
4257:: Advancement in Water And Wastewater Application
3537:. Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank.
3249:Evans, B., van der Voorden, C., Peal, A. (2009).
604:Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
4171:. Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO.
2128:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
748:Sanitation technologies may involve centralized
2171:condition, energy cost and others (distance to
2007:Millennium Development Goal Number 7 until 2015
622:
539:
425:, water, energy or organic matter contained in
4537:Abellán, Javier; Alonso, José Antonio (2022).
4382:"2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer"
3757:Platzer, C., Hoffmann, H., Ticona, E. (2008).
3693:Shepard, J.; Stevens, C.; Mikhael, G. (2017).
2935:Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions
2855:List of water supply and sanitation by country
1472:Wastewater management consists of collection,
982:to clean up and become "open defecation free".
644:), cleaning drains, streets, schools, trains,
4935:
4358:Managing hygiene promotion in WASH programmes
3957:
3955:
3953:
2278:
1609:are also avenues. In the case of landfills,
292:
8:
4721:, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF URBAN AFFAIRS, India
3584:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
3550:Journal of Economics and Development Studies
3240:, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
2224:, where it would be diluted and dissipated.
2050:, used in the UN Drive to 2015 campaign logo
1353:can treat the wastewater generated locally.
908:. In most cases, CBS is based on the use of
4414:
4412:
3082:World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019).
2229:Sanitation in the Indus Valley Civilization
1491:in gravity driven sewers, its treatment in
1396:Safely managed sanitation is defined as an
824:Types and concepts (for excreta management)
5897:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5823:
4942:
4928:
4920:
4647:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
4243:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
4192:
4190:
3629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3513:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2985:"Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010"
2944:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
2285:
2271:
2263:
2247:from populated areas—see for instance the
537:defines the term "sanitation" as follows:
299:
285:
48:
5857:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
5847:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
4904:Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa
4770:
4095:
4085:
3922:
3856:
3790:. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK
3734:
3669:
3561:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3421:, Ecosan Conference, Durban, South Africa
3225:
3223:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
1810:. The vertical blue lines show barriers:
1640:For incineration options, the release of
1499:or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea.
1175:Environmental sanitation by an NGO member
1046:Emergency pit lining kits by Evenproducts
921:Community-based sanitation is related to
768:. These structures are designed to treat
4490:Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services
2845:List of abbreviations used in sanitation
1700:Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
1376:
366:(a type of intestinal worm infection or
5902:Health departments in the United States
4259:, edited by Z. Ujang, IWA Proceedings,
2897:
2025:World Summit on Sustainable Development
692:), and to provide safety, security and
576:) and it includes the following areas:
60:
5907:Council on Education for Public Health
4706:
4704:
4702:
4463:United Nations Sustainable Development
4035:
4025:
3622:
3577:
3506:
3340:Human Rights Council resolution 15/9,
3179:from the original on 19 September 2020
2293:Water supply and sanitation by country
2200:History of water supply and sanitation
1130:are also part of emergency sanitation.
1090:technologies might include very basic
449:". This is particularly applicable to
410:
5965:Professional degrees of public health
5872:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
4748:
4746:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
3982:
3980:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3031:from the original on 29 December 2019
3019:Paranipe, Nitin (19 September 2017).
1965:Sustainable Development Goal Number 6
1702:are mandatory for food industries in
1387:Sustainable Development Goal Number 6
944:(CLTS) is an approach used mainly in
588:, solid waste management and WASH in
419:reuse of human excreta and wastewater
7:
6062:
5955:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
2037:United Nations Development Programme
1183:A clean exercise organized by an NGO
713:United Nations (UN) General Assembly
462:United Nations (UN) General Assembly
6074:
5223:Workers' right to access the toilet
5064:Human right to water and sanitation
4345:Treatment of deadleg plumbing areas
3818:Harvey, Peter; et al. (2007).
3344:, (6 October 2010), available from
2875:Self-supply of water and sanitation
2111:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
1613:typically have rigid protocols for
715:in 2010. It has been recognized in
709:Human Right to Water and Sanitation
458:Human Right to Water and Sanitation
4280:Handbook of Solid Waste Management
3974:, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York
3848:Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis
3052:Introducing the Sanitation Economy
1955:WASH § Climate change aspects
1248:Improved and unimproved sanitation
923:decentralized wastewater treatment
25:
5496:Commercial determinants of health
4356:Reed, Brian; Bevan, Jane (2014).
4310:Japan External Trade Organization
4208:from the original on 3 March 2021
4175:from the original on 21 July 2021
3987:European Investment Bank (2019).
3719:Environmental Health Perspectives
2105:Initiatives to promote sanitation
1692:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1556:, i.e., more or less diluted raw
1438:Other types, concepts and systems
1263:(related to but distinct from a "
6073:
6061:
6050:
6049:
5079:National public health institute
4886:
4110:
3873:
3058:. Toilet Board Coalition. 2017.
2412:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2060:International Year of Sanitation
2048:International Year of Sanitation
1858:This section is an excerpt from
1536:Sewers are either combined with
1512:decentralized wastewater systems
1410:This section is an excerpt from
1253:This section is an excerpt from
1193:This section is an excerpt from
1120:decentralized wastewater systems
1056:This section is an excerpt from
1008:This section is an excerpt from
934:This section is an excerpt from
886:This section is an excerpt from
642:municipal solid waste management
266:
254:
68:
5476:Open-source healthcare software
5218:Sociology of health and illness
4899:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
4668:from the original on 2021-08-03
4519:from the original on 2022-12-11
4469:from the original on 2019-04-16
4439:from the original on 2019-04-16
4398:from the original on 2021-03-25
4015:from the original on 2020-11-29
3939:from the original on 2018-06-21
3323:from the original on 2017-03-19
3280:WELL Loughborough University UK
3209:from the original on 2020-06-06
3117:from the original on 2021-07-21
3065:from the original on 2018-07-31
3025:Thomson Reuters Foundation News
3001:from the original on 2020-10-21
2965:from the original on 2014-04-01
2880:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
2056:United Nations General Assembly
2027:in Johannesburg, developed the
1808:fecal-oral disease transmission
1431:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
1347:decentralized wastewater system
1338:) is only generated when piped
740:fecal-oral disease transmission
241:National public health agencies
5837:Caribbean Public Health Agency
5649:Sexually transmitted infection
5546:Statistical hypothesis testing
5307:Occupational safety and health
5208:Sexual and reproductive health
5121:Occupational safety and health
4314:"Food Sanitation Law in Japan"
1993:Sustainable Development Goal 6
1971:Sustainable Development Goal 6
1905:bacteriological water analysis
1880:Sustainable Development Goal 3
1593:is most commonly conducted in
1289:Sustainable Development Goal 6
942:Community-led total sanitation
936:Community-led total sanitation
929:Community-led total sanitation
470:Sustainable Development Goal 6
395:community-led total sanitation
322:and treatment and disposal of
158:Sexual and reproductive health
1:
5491:Social determinants of health
4598:Reinvent the Toilet Challenge
4543:Water Resources and Economics
4141:, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018)
3205:. World Health Organization.
3093:. World Bank, Washington, DC.
2910:Oxford Dictionaries | English
2177:end-use of treatment products
1985:Sustainable Development Goals
1784:water, sanitation and hygiene
1767:Hygiene education (on proper
1745:to reduce the possibility of
616:Another definition is in the
338:is part of sanitation, as is
5551:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
5312:Human factors and ergonomics
4796:Environment and Urbanization
4299:, John Wiley and sons (1986)
4087:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468
3650:Environment and Urbanization
2029:Millennium Development Goals
1872:acute respiratory infections
1733:containing small amounts of
1281:Millennium Development Goals
1080:internally displaced persons
468:priority and the subject of
409:, environmental sanitation,
318:conditions related to clean
5732:Good manufacturing practice
5536:Randomized controlled trial
3410:Thor Axel Stenström (2005)
2208:History of waste management
2161:urine diversion dry toilets
1924:With regards to samples of
1696:Code of Federal Regulations
1633:(and hence jeopardize some
1493:wastewater treatment plants
1112:urine-diverting dry toilets
910:urine-diverting dry toilets
547:wastewater treatment plants
6128:
5802:Theory of planned behavior
5727:Good agricultural practice
5632:Public health surveillance
5524:epidemiological statistics
5168:Public health intervention
3229:Sphere Association (2018)
2241:Sanitation in ancient Rome
2197:
1968:
1952:
1857:
1853:WASH § Health aspects
1850:
1756:
1737:). The surface is usually
1675:
1567:
1540:or separated from them as
1529:
1446:
1409:
1252:
1192:
1128:management of fecal sludge
1055:
1007:
997:urine-diverting dry toilet
948:to improve sanitation and
933:
917:Community-based sanitation
894:Container-based sanitation
888:Container-based sanitation
885:
881:Container-based sanitation
842:urine-diverting dry toilet
764:treatment and solid waste
472:. The estimate in 2017 by
439:Joint Monitoring Programme
399:container-based sanitation
29:
6045:
5924:World Toilet Organization
5919:World Health Organization
5486:Public health informatics
5193:Right to rest and leisure
5022:Globalization and disease
4563:10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194
4503:10.1007/978-90-481-9425-4
4389:SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
2983:Gates Foundation (2010).
2959:World Health Organization
2298:
2070:projects are emphasised.
1979:United Nations SDG 6 Logo
1365:Safely managed sanitation
1283:(MDGs). The opposite of "
1265:safely managed sanitation
636:, and managing household
535:World Health Organization
478:safely managed sanitation
464:in 2010. Sanitation is a
346:, especially through the
153:Rehabilitation (penology)
5970:Schools of public health
5762:Diffusion of innovations
5461:Health impact assessment
5173:Public health laboratory
5069:Management of depression
4816:10.1177/0956247815569698
4772:10.2166/washdev.2017.058
4153:SDG-Tracker.org, website
3924:10.2166/washdev.2017.027
3721:. 026001–1 (2): 026001.
3662:10.1177/0956247815572746
1619:underdeveloped countries
1554:sanitary sewer overflows
1135:Environmental sanitation
648:, community toilets and
30:Not to be confused with
6033:Social hygiene movement
5960:Doctor of Public Health
5792:Social cognitive theory
5594:Infectious and epidemic
5376:Fecal–oral transmission
3993:. Publications Office.
3566:(inactive 2024-07-28).
2120:fecal sludge management
2089:Between 1990 and 2015,
1917:and non-specific fecal
1629:that could contaminate
1520:fecal sludge management
1332:fecal sludge management
1201:Fecal sludge management
1195:Fecal sludge management
1188:Fecal sludge management
1104:container-based toilets
1036:non-renewable resources
797:fecal sludge management
658:sewage treatment plants
557:. However, many in the
344:transmission of disease
6028:Germ theory of disease
5807:Transtheoretical model
4459:"Water and Sanitation"
4066:Environmental Research
3891:WHO and UNICEF (2017)
3147:WHO and UNICEF (2017)
2362:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2155:, ventilated improved
2054:In December 2006, the
2051:
2016:
1991:priority and included
1983:In the year 2016, the
1980:
1907:include the bacterium
1848:
1827:
1775:
1673:
1672:food preparation area.
1586:
1469:
1418:Sustainable sanitation
1412:Sustainable sanitation
1405:Sustainable sanitation
1382:
1374:
1351:onsite sewage facility
1184:
1176:
1047:
853:
833:
711:was recognized by the
677:
626:
608:reuse of human excreta
584:, excreta management,
551:solid waste management
543:
530:
522:
460:was recognized by the
415:sustainable sanitation
390:, to name just a few.
46:
5912:Public Health Service
5797:Social norms approach
5787:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
5233:Preventive healthcare
5126:Pharmaceutical policy
4975:Chief Medical Officer
4753:Daudey, Loïc (2018).
4291:William D. Robinson,
3905:Mara, Duncan (2017).
3858:10.2166/9781780409122
3431:Conant, Jeff (2005).
2204:Toilet § History
2198:Further information:
2045:
2014:
1978:
1969:Further information:
1936:or fecal matter from
1890:Environmental aspects
1842:
1801:
1766:
1757:Further information:
1667:
1577:
1478:industrial wastewater
1460:
1443:Wastewater management
1380:
1372:
1182:
1174:
1074:, people affected by
1045:
1016:Ecological sanitation
1010:Ecological sanitation
1003:Ecological sanitation
844:(UDDT) and waterless
839:
831:
774:municipal solid waste
721:human rights treaties
696:for people when they
675:
632:, cleaning household
570:humanitarian response
528:
509:
488:and personal safety.
403:ecological sanitation
40:
5988:Sara Josephine Baker
5887:Public Health Agency
5772:Health communication
5637:Disease surveillance
5603:Asymptomatic carrier
5585:Statistical software
5273:Preventive nutrition
5101:Medical anthropology
4990:Environmental health
4909:Florence Nightingale
4895:at Wikimedia Commons
4282:, McGraw Hill (2002)
4273:George Tchobanoglous
3563:10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2
2955:"Diarrhoeal disease"
2916:on November 17, 2017
2860:Environmental health
2188:informal settlements
2173:wastewater treatment
2139:Capacity development
2134:Capacity development
2118:, or technology for
1644:, including certain
1617:with topsoil, where
1597:, but incineration,
1564:Solid waste disposal
1504:developing countries
1476:(be it municipal or
1474:wastewater treatment
1453:Wastewater treatment
1345:A related term is a
1223:. It is composed of
1141:disease transmission
1064:Emergency sanitation
1058:Emergency sanitation
1051:Emergency sanitation
946:developing countries
801:wastewater treatment
736:disease transmission
520:developing countries
451:developing countries
407:emergency sanitation
192:Disease surveillance
173:International health
108:Environmental health
103:Dental public health
5998:Carl Rogers Darnall
5993:Samuel Jay Crumbine
5767:Health belief model
5620:Notifiable diseases
5556:Regression analysis
5391:Waterborne diseases
4980:Cultural competence
4808:2015EnUrb..27...55P
4658:"About SCBP | SCBP"
4555:2022WRE....3800194A
4297:: A Practical Guide
4078:2022ER....21213468C
3777:Flores, A. (2010).
2818:Society and culture
2747:Trinidad and Tobago
2179:, business models,
2175:facility, climate,
2098:improved sanitation
2058:declared 2008 "The
1901:indicator organisms
1895:Indicator organisms
1526:Stormwater drainage
1398:improved sanitation
1322:(no treatment) and
1307:improved sanitation
1285:improved sanitation
1261:Improved sanitation
1255:Improved sanitation
1068:humanitarian relief
874:improved sanitation
555:stormwater drainage
334:human contact with
261:Medicine portal
148:Occupational safety
5596:disease prevention
5531:Case–control study
5203:Security of person
5052:Health care reform
4737:2021-09-20 at the
4717:2022-01-20 at the
4692:2022-01-19 at the
4643:2022-08-13 at the
4623:2022-11-12 at the
4603:2022-11-11 at the
4202:sdg6monitoring.org
4165:"JMP - Sanitation"
4148:2020-11-01 at the
4122:2017-10-16 at the
3969:2021-02-12 at the
3851:. IWA Publishing.
3786:2017-06-29 at the
3764:2017-10-09 at the
3469:2021-08-28 at the
3417:2008-11-22 at the
3398:2022-03-06 at the
3351:2017-05-17 at the
3311:"General Assembly"
3296:2022-12-11 at the
3276:2022-01-20 at the
3256:2017-10-11 at the
3236:2019-05-12 at the
3154:2019-07-25 at the
3107:"Sanitation | JMP"
3089:2022-12-11 at the
2940:2017-10-12 at the
2832:sanitary engineers
2824:sanitation workers
2422:Dominican Republic
2052:
2017:
1989:global development
1981:
1849:
1845:sanitation workers
1828:
1776:
1698:, 21CFR110, USA).
1674:
1611:advanced countries
1605:and conversion to
1587:
1470:
1383:
1375:
1296:Lack of sanitation
1185:
1177:
1048:
854:
834:
729:standard of living
678:
662:sanitation workers
531:
523:
484:but also on human
466:global development
441:in 2016 starts at
432:sanitation workers
354:, a main cause of
273:Society portal
47:
6089:
6088:
6041:
6040:
5951:Higher education
5782:Positive deviance
5777:Health psychology
5753:Health behavioral
5680:safety management
5654:Social distancing
5428:Population health
5408:Smoking cessation
5356:Pharmacovigilance
5327:Injury prevention
5295:Infection control
5213:Social psychology
5163:Prisoners' rights
5106:Medical sociology
5074:Public health law
4970:Biological hazard
4891:Media related to
4685:Kapur, D. (2020)
4512:978-90-481-9424-7
4367:978-1-84380-168-9
3831:978-1-84380-113-9
3800:GTZ, IWA (2003).
3612:978-92-3-100201-4
3496:978-92-3-100201-4
3173:Our World in Data
2814:
2813:
2046:Modified logo of
2000:COVID-19 pandemic
1960:Global mechanisms
1840:
1802:The "F-diagram" (
1753:Hygiene promotion
1711:biopharmaceutical
1508:onsite sanitation
1482:water reclamation
1328:primary treatment
1237:menstrual hygiene
1205:onsite sanitation
1076:natural disasters
980:collective action
788:management part.
780:or other type of
750:civil engineering
717:international law
590:disease outbreaks
507:
411:onsite sanitation
309:
308:
207:Health indicators
16:(Redirected from
6119:
6077:
6076:
6065:
6064:
6053:
6052:
5947:Health education
5824:
5678:Food hygiene and
5659:Tropical disease
5471:Infant mortality
5446:Community health
5322:Controlled Drugs
5258:Health promotion
5188:Right to housing
5032:Health economics
4944:
4937:
4930:
4921:
4890:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4852:. Archived from
4850:www.academia.edu
4842:
4836:
4835:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4750:
4741:
4728:
4722:
4708:
4697:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4654:
4648:
4634:
4628:
4614:
4608:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4386:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4319:. Archived from
4318:
4306:
4300:
4293:The Solid Waste
4289:
4283:
4270:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4161:
4155:
4132:
4126:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4089:
4072:(Pt D): 113468.
4057:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4020:
3984:
3975:
3959:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3926:
3902:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3860:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3775:
3769:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3615:. Archived from
3596:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3565:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3499:. Archived from
3480:
3474:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3408:
3402:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3367:. Archived from
3361:
3355:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3287:
3281:
3267:
3261:
3247:
3241:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3145:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3103:
3094:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2992:Gates Foundation
2989:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2951:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2912:. Archived from
2902:
2885:World Toilet Day
2828:waste collectors
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
1913:(abbreviated as
1910:Escherichia coli
1841:
1709:In the food and
1570:Waste management
1462:Sewage treatment
1149:industrial waste
1108:chemical toilets
902:portable toilets
864:Basic sanitation
811:Economic impacts
782:non-flush toilet
758:sewage treatment
752:structures like
508:
348:fecal–oral route
301:
294:
287:
271:
270:
259:
258:
257:
197:Health promotion
128:Health promotion
123:Health education
118:Health economics
98:Community health
72:
49:
21:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6037:
6008:Margaret Sanger
5976:
5935:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5754:
5748:
5720:Safety scandals
5679:
5673:
5595:
5589:
5523:
5517:
5513:Social medicine
5506:Race and health
5441:Child mortality
5422:
5381:Open defecation
5263:Human nutrition
5253:Family planning
5241:Behavior change
5227:
5183:Right to health
5096:Maternal health
5086:Health politics
5037:Health literacy
4953:
4948:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4739:Wayback Machine
4729:
4725:
4719:Wayback Machine
4709:
4700:
4694:Wayback Machine
4684:
4680:
4671:
4669:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4645:Wayback Machine
4635:
4631:
4625:Wayback Machine
4615:
4611:
4605:Wayback Machine
4595:
4591:
4583:WHO and UNICEF
4582:
4578:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4326:on 9 April 2008
4323:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4290:
4286:
4271:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4239:SuSanA (2008).
4238:
4234:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4150:Wayback Machine
4133:
4129:
4124:Wayback Machine
4059:
4058:
4047:
4034:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4009:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3971:Wayback Machine
3961:WHO and UNICEF
3960:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3869:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3788:Wayback Machine
3776:
3772:
3766:Wayback Machine
3756:
3752:
3727:10.1289/EHP1965
3712:
3711:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3621:
3613:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3576:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3505:
3497:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3471:Wayback Machine
3461:
3452:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3419:Wayback Machine
3409:
3405:
3400:Wayback Machine
3390:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3353:Wayback Machine
3339:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3298:Wayback Machine
3288:
3284:
3278:Wayback Machine
3268:
3264:
3258:Wayback Machine
3248:
3244:
3238:Wayback Machine
3228:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3156:Wayback Machine
3146:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3091:Wayback Machine
3081:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2942:Wayback Machine
2933:SuSanA (2008).
2932:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2865:Water pollution
2840:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2294:
2291:
2261:
2214:natural springs
2210:
2196:
2148:
2136:
2107:
2091:open defecation
2009:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1863:
1855:
1830:
1796:
1761:
1755:
1739:electropolished
1727:Stainless Steel
1680:
1662:
1579:Hiriya Landfill
1572:
1566:
1546:Combined sewers
1542:sanitary sewers
1534:
1528:
1455:
1447:Main articles:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1415:
1407:
1367:
1315:
1303:open defecation
1298:
1293:
1292:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1217:container-based
1198:
1190:
1153:noise pollution
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:facilities and
1084:open defecation
1070:operations for
1061:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1013:
1005:
989:
984:
983:
958:open defecation
954:behavior change
939:
931:
919:
914:
913:
891:
883:
866:
826:
813:
727:to an adequate
670:
630:menstrual waste
496:
494:
443:open defecation
384:schistosomiasis
350:. For example,
305:
265:
255:
253:
246:
245:
226:
212:
211:
201:Behavior change
187:
179:
178:
138:Health politics
93:
85:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6125:
6123:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5830:
5828:
5821:
5816:Organizations,
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5522:Biological and
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5488:
5483:
5481:Multimorbidity
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5418:Vector control
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:School hygiene
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5386:Sanitary sewer
5383:
5378:
5373:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5344:Patient safety
5341:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Harm reduction
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4882:
4881:External links
4879:
4876:
4875:
4866:
4837:
4786:
4765:(2): 176–195.
4742:
4723:
4698:
4678:
4649:
4629:
4609:
4589:
4576:
4529:
4511:
4479:
4449:
4424:
4408:
4373:
4366:
4348:
4337:
4301:
4284:
4265:
4253:Environmental
4245:
4232:
4219:
4186:
4156:
4127:
4045:
4036:|website=
4007:
3999:10.2867/509830
3976:
3949:
3897:
3884:
3868:978-1780409122
3867:
3837:
3830:
3807:
3792:
3770:
3750:
3702:
3685:
3636:
3619:on 2017-04-08.
3611:
3591:
3540:
3520:
3503:on 2017-04-08.
3495:
3475:
3450:
3447:on 2014-10-21.
3423:
3403:
3384:
3356:
3333:
3302:
3282:
3262:
3242:
3219:
3190:
3160:
3127:
3095:
3075:
3042:
3011:
2975:
2946:
2926:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Water security
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:United Kingdom
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
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2579:
2574:
2569:
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2534:
2529:
2524:
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2514:
2509:
2504:
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2474:
2469:
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2454:
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2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2195:
2192:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2132:
2116:Omni Processor
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2021:United Nations
2008:
2005:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1953:Main article:
1950:
1949:Climate change
1947:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1876:undernutrition
1864:
1856:
1851:Main article:
1795:
1794:Health aspects
1792:
1754:
1751:
1715:clean-in-place
1684:microorganisms
1676:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1642:air pollutants
1635:drinking water
1568:Main article:
1565:
1562:
1530:Main article:
1527:
1524:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1366:
1363:
1314:
1311:
1297:
1294:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1233:anal cleansing
1207:systems (e.g.
1199:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1151:treatment and
1136:
1133:
1100:bucket toilets
1062:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1032:organic matter
1014:
1006:
1004:
1001:
988:
987:Dry sanitation
985:
940:
932:
930:
927:
918:
915:
892:
884:
882:
879:
865:
862:
825:
822:
812:
809:
762:surface runoff
669:
666:
650:public toilets
586:vector control
493:
490:
447:safely managed
360:stunted growth
320:drinking water
307:
306:
304:
303:
296:
289:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
263:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
227:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
167:World health (
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
84:
83:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6124:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6082:
6081:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:Joseph Lister
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:Health Canada
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:Organizations
5825:
5822:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Vaccine trial
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5541:Relative risk
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5501:Health equity
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Health system
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Global health
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Biostatistics
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Right to food
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5111:Mental health
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Housing First
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Health system
5045:
5044:
5043:
5042:Health policy
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:Public health
4945:
4940:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4867:
4856:on 2020-04-09
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:BMGF (2015).
4613:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:BMGF (2012).
4593:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4480:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4450:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4322:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:Biotechnology
4249:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4029:
4014:
4010:
4008:9789286143199
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:(1): 89–104.
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3374:on 2017-08-25
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:PRIA (2019):
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3203:Health topics
3200:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:United States
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
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2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
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2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
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2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
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2473:
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2460:
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2428:
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2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
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2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:Cloaca Maxima
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
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1930:sewage sludge
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5300:Oral hygiene
5290:Hand washing
5268:Healthy diet
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5091:Labor rights
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4854:the original
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2914:the original
2909:
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2707:South Africa
2697:Sierra Leone
2687:Saudi Arabia
2372:Burkina Faso
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356:malnutrition
340:hand washing
311:
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113:Epidemiology
32:Sanitization
6080:WikiProject
5820:and history
5700:Engineering
5413:Vaccination
5285:Food safety
4418:WHO (2023)
4212:25 February
4179:25 February
3917:(1): 1–12.
3699:. EY, WSUP.
2712:South Sudan
2667:Philippines
2622:New Zealand
2617:Netherlands
2437:El Salvador
2302:Afghanistan
2253:River Tiber
2235:(3300–1300
2181:water table
1938:dry toilets
1824:handwashing
1773:Afghanistan
1769:handwashing
1678:Food safety
1660:Food safety
1650:sustainable
1637:supplies).
1631:groundwater
1615:daily cover
1591:solid waste
1532:Storm drain
1516:dry toilets
1241:solid waste
1147:treatment,
1124:handwashing
1024:agriculture
778:pit latrine
725:human right
686:groundwater
580:promotion,
492:Definitions
231:Terminology
6102:Sanitation
6096:Categories
5833:Caribbean
5710:Processing
5644:Quarantine
5566:Student's
5366:Sanitation
5000:History of
4893:Sanitation
4860:2016-03-10
4672:2021-06-09
4549:: 100194.
4523:2017-09-11
4473:2021-01-04
4443:2017-11-17
4402:2021-04-13
4019:2020-12-07
3943:2017-08-17
3378:2019-11-25
3327:2019-11-25
3213:2020-10-05
3121:2017-11-17
3069:2017-12-19
3005:2017-11-17
2969:2017-11-17
2920:2017-11-17
2892:References
2602:Mozambique
2402:Costa Rica
2332:Bangladesh
2327:Azerbaijan
2259:By country
2245:wastewater
2233:Bronze Age
2165:topography
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1816:safe water
1749:adhesion.
1743:micrometre
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1729:316L, (an
1723:turbulence
1670:restaurant
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1489:wastewater
1449:Wastewater
1427:wastewater
1145:wastewater
993:dry toilet
965:, such as
925:(DEWATS).
770:wastewater
596:settings.
594:healthcare
364:ascariasis
332:Preventing
314:refers to
312:Sanitation
224:categories
186:Prevention
163:Sanitation
52:Part of a
6013:John Snow
5940:Education
5930:Full list
5818:education
5742:ISO 22000
5695:Chemistry
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3605:. Paris.
3572:2334-2382
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4911:(1863),
4735:Archived
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4467:Archived
4437:Archived
4393:Archived
4391:. 2021.
4295:Handbook
4261:Malaysia
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4120:Archived
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3967:Archived
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3060:Archived
3029:Archived
2996:Archived
2963:Archived
2938:Archived
2838:See also
2807:Zimbabwe
2742:Thailand
2737:Tanzania
2672:Portugal
2657:Paraguay
2642:Pakistan
2582:Malaysia
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2442:Ethiopia
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1942:helminth
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1868:diarrhea
1847:in India
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1607:biofuels
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1320:latrines
1162:survival
1092:latrines
1072:refugees
784:for the
719:through
698:defecate
668:Purposes
388:trachoma
352:diarrhea
236:Journals
6107:Hygiene
6068:Commons
5981:History
5878:Canada
5853:Europe
5337:Nursing
5317:Hygiene
5280:Hygiene
5005:Liberal
4958:General
4804:Bibcode
4551:Bibcode
4330:1 March
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4097:9227720
4074:Bibcode
3736:6066338
3671:4461065
3183:6 March
2792:Vietnam
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2632:Nigeria
2607:Namibia
2597:Morocco
2572:Liberia
2567:Lesotho
2562:Lebanon
2532:Jamaica
2517:Ireland
2472:Grenada
2457:Germany
2452:Georgia
2427:Ecuador
2417:Denmark
2357:Bolivia
2337:Belgium
2307:Algeria
2194:History
2159:(VIP),
1820:hygiene
1812:toilets
1759:Hygiene
1719:liquids
1668:Modern
1464:plant,
1423:excreta
975:disgust
963:toilets
950:hygiene
799:or the
786:excreta
702:urinate
694:dignity
638:garbage
634:toilets
600:Hygiene
578:Hygiene
512:toilets
486:dignity
427:excreta
372:cholera
81:Outline
5868:India
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2467:Greece
2447:France
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2342:Belize
2312:Angola
2206:, and
2083:UNICEF
1583:Israel
1558:sewage
1336:sewage
1273:UNICEF
1158:health
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1086:, and
906:sewers
852:, Peru
846:urinal
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386:, and
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5737:HACCP
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5578:-test
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4567:S2CID
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2497:India
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2222:ocean
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1497:reuse
1221:sewer
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805:reuse
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380:polio
336:feces
220:Lists
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5669:WASH
5625:List
5613:List
5146:Soil
4820:ISSN
4777:ISSN
4507:ISBN
4457:UN.
4362:ISBN
4332:2008
4275:and
4214:2021
4181:2021
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4040:help
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