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Moore altered the names of the last two reindeer several times; in an early 1860s version of the poem, written as a gift to a friend, they are named "Donder" and "Blitzen" (with revised punctuation and underlined reindeer names).
138:
101:, the work that is largely responsible for the reindeer becoming popularly known. In the original poem, the names of the reindeer are given as Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem.
2871:
914:
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1984:
1979:
210:, on 23 December 1823. All eight reindeer were named, the first six being Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet and Cupid, and the final two "Dunder" and "Blixem" (meaning "
341:. Santa's principal reindeer are Flossie and Glossie, and he gathers others named Racer and Pacer, Reckless and Speckless, Fearless and Peerless, and Ready and Steady.
2968:
1935:
91:
characters, and the names given to them (if any) vary in different versions, but those frequently cited in the United States and Canada are the eight listed in
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154:", an 1821 illustrated children's poem published in New York. The names of the author and the illustrator are not known. The poem, with eight colored
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162:. The illustration to the first verse features a sleigh with a sign saying "REWARDS" being pulled by an unnamed single reindeer.
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The modern German spelling of "Donner" came into use only in the early 20th century, well after Moore's death.
1468:
834:"Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs (With holiday cheer in the air,
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Santa Claus, Last of the Wild Men: The
Origins and Evolution of Saint Nicholas, Spanning 50,000 Years
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915:"The Other 364 Days of the Year: The Real Lives of Wild Reindeer Categories: Biology and Ecosystems"
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Many other variations in reindeer names and number have appeared in fiction, music, film and TV.
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takes a closer look at some of the weird stories behind our favorite seasonal tunes)"
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illustrations, was published by
William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled
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The
Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve
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in 1939, and it was published as a book to be given to children in the store at
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The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in "
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496:, respectively. The German spellings "Donner" and "Blitzen" are now used.
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411:, a 1989 film which tells of a young girl who finds an injured reindeer.
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337:(1902) includes a list of ten reindeer, none of which match those in
277:, and also helps it to rhyme with "Vixen". The relevant part reads:
246:
The eight reindeer, as they appeared in a handwritten manuscript of
122:", resulted in Rudolph often being included as the ninth character.
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804:(6th ed.). Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company. p. 15.
296:
241:
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60:
A parade float with a model of Santa's reindeer and sleigh in the
55:
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The eight reindeer, as they appeared in the first publication of
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1051:
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962:
691:"A New-Year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve"
317:, he also used "Donder" and "Blitzen", italicising the names.
2872:
Rudolph the Red-Nosed
Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys
958:
265:
for "thunder", while
Blitzen is derived from Standard Dutch
745:
Christmas traditions : a celebration of
Christmas lore
821:. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill company. p. 160.
34:
284:
And he whistled, and shouted, and called them by name;
229:
And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:
716:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 4.
913:
Puckett, Catherine; Landis, Ben (15 December 2014).
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355:Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by
231:"Now! Dasher, now! Dancer, now! Prancer, and Vixen,
68:In traditional festive legend and popular culture,
624:
286:"Now, Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen!
631:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p.
235:"To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!
577:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. p. 85.
290:To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!
737:
735:
733:
279:
220:
701:. Broadway, New York: Gilley, William B. 1821.
602:. Sanger, CA: Quill Driver Books. p. 77.
282:More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
2765:
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288:On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donder and Blitzen!
233:"On! Comet, on! Cupid, on! Dunder and Blixem;
8:
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272:
460:" the flying goats that pull Thor's chariot
266:
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237:"Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"
18:
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292:Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"
2862:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
600:People & Places: A Special Collection
521:"An Account of A Visit from St. Nicholas"
665:. McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p.
385:(1947) features the eight reindeer from
218:") The relevant part of the poem reads:
51:Legendary sleigh-pulling flying reindeer
24:This is an accepted version of this page
848:"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (p. 3)
508:
477:
305:, 6th impression between 1900 and 1909.
20:
2969:Literary characters introduced in 1823
2852:Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July
818:The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
334:The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
2311:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
891:from the original on 21 December 2021
7:
271:, "lightning", influenced by German
202:The poem was first published in the
196:Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas
142:Illustration to the first verse of "
861:Christmas in the Charts (1920–2004)
627:The World Encyclopedia of Christmas
250:by Clement C. Moore from the 1860s.
863:. Wisconsin: Record Research Inc.
49:
434:featuring Santa and his reindeer.
2732:
2731:
2187:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2082:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
946:
801:An American anthology, 1787-1900
315:An American Anthology, 1787–1900
303:An American Anthology, 1787–1900
152:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
144:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
185:Twas the Night Before Christmas
2892:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2832:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2822:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2796:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2781:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2167:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2096:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1479:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1258:Legend of the Christmas Spider
420:, a 2009 Christmas special by
351:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
345:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
120:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
111:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
76:through the night sky to help
1:
2118:Christmas television specials
2017:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1104:Annunciation to the shepherds
885:"Let's Go Dancing with Santa"
832:Wook Kim (17 December 2012).
422:Walt Disney Animation Studios
80:deliver gifts to children on
2172:Christmas and holiday season
887:. YouTube. 15 October 2015.
573:Jeffers, Harry Paul (2001).
548:"Donner, Donder, or Dunder?"
488:derive from Dutch words for
414:Dasher and Dancer appear in
375:Appearances in popular media
324:L. Frank Baum's ten reindeer
323:
550:. ThoughtCo. Archived from
467:" Odin's eight-legged horse
458:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
428:Let's Go Dancing With Santa
223:More rapid than eagles his
2992:
2876:(2001 made-for-video film)
1084:Adoration of the Shepherds
598:Triefeldt, Laurie (2008).
432:KC & The Sunshine Band
387:A Visit from St. Nicholas.
348:
313:collected the poem in his
62:Toronto Santa Claus Parade
2727:
2328:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2089:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2010:The Oxford Book of Carols
1586:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1149:Massacre of the Innocents
998:
712:Siefker, Phyllis (1997).
339:A Visit from St. Nicholas
248:A Visit from St. Nicholas
177:A Visit from St. Nicholas
98:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2964:Fictional deer and moose
2842:Rudolph's Shiny New Year
2130:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
796:Stedman, Edmund Clarence
742:Goodwin, George (2019).
662:Santa Claus: a biography
118:'s 1949 Christmas song "
31:latest accepted revision
2292:Small Business Saturday
2162:Black Friday (shopping)
2157:Black Friday (partying)
1651:Nine Lessons and Carols
1581:Events and celebrations
859:Whitburn, Joel (2004).
815:Baum, L. Frank (1902).
311:Edmund Clarence Stedman
2949:Santa Claus's reindeer
2918:Santa Claus's reindeer
1936:Post-War United States
920:U.S. Geological Survey
659:Bowler, Gerry (2005).
623:Bowler, Gerry (2000).
575:Legends of Santa Claus
395:" (1958), recorded by
382:Miracle on 34th Street
306:
295:
273:
267:
257:
251:
240:
199:
147:
70:Santa Claus's reindeer
65:
1985:Hit singles in the US
1980:Hit singles in the UK
1541:Carols by Candlelight
1469:Santa Claus' daughter
1077:Adoration of the Magi
953:Santa Claus' reindeer
695:The Children's Friend
300:
245:
193:
141:
59:
2959:Christmas characters
2277:Santa's Candy Castle
1601:Google Santa Tracker
955:at Wikimedia Commons
93:Clement Clarke Moore
2812:Film and television
2282:Santa Claus Village
2197:Christmas Mountains
2103:Journey of the Magi
1109:Baptism of the Lord
927:on 26 November 2015
784:. 23 December 2014.
519:(2 December 1823).
451:Dominick the Donkey
445:Christmas Mountains
403:song about Rudolph.
129:Origins and history
72:are said to pull a
21:Page version status
2954:Christian folklore
2392:Twelve-dish supper
2242:Jews and Christmas
2192:Christmas Lectures
1921:American Civil War
1656:NORAD Tracks Santa
1032:Saint Nicholas Day
782:"Donner or Donder"
554:on 14 October 2017
417:Prep & Landing
307:
252:
200:
148:
104:The popularity of
66:
27:
2936:
2935:
2846:(1976 TV special)
2836:(1964 TV special)
2826:(1948 film short)
2747:
2746:
2723:
2722:
2387:Thirteen desserts
2307:Virginia O'Hanlon
2152:Advent Conspiracy
2066:Films (Christmas,
2058:A Christmas Carol
2003:Carols for Choirs
1546:Cavalcade of Magi
1526:Boar's Head Feast
1195:Star of Bethlehem
1166:Nativity of Jesus
1154:flight into Egypt
1039:St. Stephen's Day
951:Media related to
759:978-0-7123-5294-9
676:978-0-7710-1668-4
517:Moore, Clement C.
486:Dunder and Blixem
365:department stores
170:The 1823 poem by
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2570:Redcurrant sauce
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2322:Winter festivals
2072:Christmas horror
2039:
1950:
1781:
1636:Meals and feasts
1556:Christmas jumper
1503:
1474:Santa's reindeer
1426:
1372:Father Christmas
1336:
1293:Santa's workshop
1214:
1176:in later culture
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923:. Archived from
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172:Clement C. Moore
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2802:Run Rudolph Run
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2685:Pickled herring
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2565:Cranberry sauce
2548:
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2503:Red velvet cake
2488:Poppy seed roll
2406:
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2317:White Christmas
2207:Christmas truce
2202:Christmas seals
2182:Christmas creep
2144:
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2037:
2031:
1948:
1942:
1779:
1773:
1626:Lord of Misrule
1561:Christmas Peace
1511:Advent calendar
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1444:Knecht Ruprecht
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907:Further reading
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399:, is a popular
393:Run Rudolph Run
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361:Montgomery Ward
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180:(also known as
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134:Single reindeer
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108:1939 storybook
106:Robert L. May's
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2227:Giving Tuesday
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2177:Christmas club
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1425:Saint Nicholas
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1183:Nativity scene
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941:External links
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752:. p. 84.
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401:Christmas-rock
389:
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349:Main article:
346:
343:
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322:
301:As printed in
280:
263:Standard Dutch
221:
208:Troy, New York
167:
166:Eight reindeer
164:
135:
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127:
87:The number of
50:
48:
28:
22:
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2212:Controversies
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2048:
2047:In literature
2045:
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2026:
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2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
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1646:Moravian star
1644:
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1641:Midnight Mass
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1531:Candle arches
1529:
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1521:Advent wreath
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1516:Advent candle
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1335:Gift-bringers
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1200:Twelfth Night
1198:
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1185:
1184:
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1161:Nativity Fast
1159:
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1120:
1119:Christmastide
1117:
1115:
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1110:
1107:
1105:
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1097:
1095:
1094:Angel Gabriel
1092:
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1082:
1078:
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1073:
1072:Biblical Magi
1070:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1025:Christmas Eve
1022:
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870:0-89820-161-6
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723:0-7864-0246-6
719:
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686:
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678:
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664:
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642:0-7710-1531-3
638:
634:
629:
628:
619:
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611:
609:9781884956713
605:
601:
594:
591:
586:
584:9780822549833
580:
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569:
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553:
549:
542:
539:
526:
525:Troy Sentinel
522:
518:
512:
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503:
495:
491:
487:
481:
478:
471:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
433:
430:is a song by
429:
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384:
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358:
357:Robert L. May
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
335:
330:
329:L. Frank Baum
321:
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117:
113:
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107:
102:
100:
99:
95:'s 1823 poem
94:
90:
85:
83:
82:Christmas Eve
79:
75:
71:
63:
58:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
2917:
2870:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2675:Gefilte fish
2623:Ponche crema
2458:Melomakarono
2326:
2217:Cyber Monday
2122:
2087:
2056:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1998:Music books
1991:
1829:Nazi Germany
1721:
1717:Secret Santa
1704:
1591:Flying Santa
1473:
1298:Tió de Nadal
1248:Korvatunturi
1099:Annunciation
1065:Christianity
1046:Sol Invictus
929:. Retrieved
925:the original
918:
893:. Retrieved
879:
860:
854:
841:
835:
827:
817:
810:
800:
790:
776:
744:
713:
707:
698:
694:
685:
661:
626:
618:
599:
593:
574:
568:
556:. Retrieved
552:the original
541:
529:. Retrieved
524:
511:
480:
427:
415:
406:
386:
380:
354:
338:
332:
327:
319:
314:
308:
302:
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181:
175:
169:
159:
156:lithographic
149:
124:
109:
103:
96:
86:
69:
67:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
2928:Rankin/Bass
2866:(1998 film)
2814:adaptations
2690:Roast goose
2611:Mulled wine
2591:Champurrado
2586:Apple cider
2560:Bread sauce
2513:Szaloncukor
2493:Pumpkin pie
2443:Gingerbread
2397:Smörgåsbord
2038:Other media
1876:Philippines
1866:New Zealand
1749:Twelve Days
1706:Räuchermann
1661:Nutcrackers
1611:Las Posadas
1571:Decorations
1551:Christingle
1491:Zwarte Piet
1486:Snegurochka
1407:Sinterklaas
1357:Santa Claus
931:24 December
558:30 December
531:12 December
527:. p. 2
397:Chuck Berry
78:Santa Claus
39:16 May 2024
2943:Categories
2923:Video game
2885:Characters
2418:Candy cane
2367:Joulupöytä
2267:Pikkujoulu
1931:New Mexico
1780:By country
1754:Wassailing
1695:Poinsettia
1502:Traditions
1454:Mrs. Claus
1434:Belsnickel
1387:Julemanden
1382:Joulupukki
1313:Wenceslaus
1278:North Pole
1243:Jack Frost
1233:Christkind
1188:Neapolitan
1011:Boxing Day
895:14 January
768:1120057499
748:. London:
504:References
484:The names
227:they came,
116:Gene Autry
2908:Christmas
2705:Tourtière
2695:Romeritos
2632:Dumplings
2579:Beverages
2483:Pecan pie
2473:Panettone
2468:Pampushka
2463:Mince pie
2438:Fruitcake
2382:Réveillon
2262:NFL games
2257:NBA games
2252:In August
2222:Economics
1992:Billboard
1846:Indonesia
1789:Australia
1764:Yule goat
1739:Stockings
1673:Ornaments
1402:Père Noël
1397:Olentzero
1392:Noel Baba
1367:Ded Moroz
1323:Yule Lads
1263:Mari Lwyd
1114:Bethlehem
991:Christmas
494:lightning
369:Christmas
363:chain of
331:'s story
216:lightning
2738:Category
2709:meat pie
2700:Stuffing
2654:Varenyky
2523:Yule log
2498:Qurabiya
2372:Julebord
2345:Food and
2272:SantaCon
2237:El Gordo
2124:Yule Log
1896:Scotland
1809:Ethiopia
1794:Colombia
1769:Yule log
1723:Spanbaum
1700:Pyramids
1566:Crackers
1464:Sack Man
1350:folklore
1318:Yule cat
1223:Badalisc
1213:folklore
1124:Epiphany
889:Archived
465:Sleipnir
439:See also
359:for the
225:coursers
204:Sentinel
198:in 1823.
89:reindeer
35:reviewed
2901:Related
2644:Pierogi
2639:Hallaca
2544:Borscht
2508:Stollen
2478:Pavlova
2453:Makówki
2433:Cozonac
2402:Wigilia
2287:Scrooge
2247:In July
2145:society
2077:Poetry
1911:Ukraine
1886:Romania
1851:Ireland
1841:Iceland
1836:Hungary
1824:Germany
1814:Finland
1804:England
1799:Denmark
1759:Windows
1690:Piñatas
1678:Parades
1631:Markets
1616:Letters
1606:Hampers
1449:Krampus
1288:Perchta
1228:Caganer
798:(ed.).
490:thunder
408:Prancer
268:bliksem
214:" and "
212:thunder
146:", 1821
2715:Turkey
2649:Tamale
2606:Kissel
2596:Eggnog
2553:Sauces
2539:Menudo
2518:Turrón
2428:Cookie
2411:Sweets
2377:Kūčios
2358:Dinner
2232:Grinch
2143:modern
2110:Tomten
2069:Santa,
2052:novels
1970:Operas
1958:Carols
1926:Hawaii
1906:Sweden
1901:Serbia
1891:Russia
1881:Poland
1871:Norway
1861:Mexico
1819:France
1734:Stamps
1729:Szopka
1621:Lights
1576:Didukh
1412:Others
1362:Befana
1308:Vertep
1171:in art
1139:Joseph
1089:Advent
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2347:drink
1975:Songs
1949:Music
1856:Italy
1712:Seals
1666:dolls
1596:Gifts
1536:Cards
1439:Elves
1303:Turoń
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1134:Jesus
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2532:Soup
2423:Cake
2334:Xmas
1963:list
1744:Tree
1683:list
1144:Mary
1053:Yule
933:2014
897:2019
865:ISBN
842:Time
836:TIME
764:OCLC
754:ISBN
718:ISBN
671:ISBN
637:ISBN
604:ISBN
579:ISBN
560:2022
533:2008
492:and
2680:Ham
1210:In
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