Santal people - Knowledge (XXG)

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scrubland, land which the Santals specialized in farming. By the 1930s, their numbers in this region the Santals had become two lakh. Most were settled on wasteland where the rent was cheaper than the more fertile wet lands. However they faced heavy taxation from the zamindars, and were oppressed by moneylenders, upper castes, and the bureaucracy in general. In 1924, several Santal sardars, influenced by Gandhian ideology and led by Jitu Sardar, began to lead agitations against the oppressive double system of elite Bengalis and British government. Santals stopped paying rent to the zamindars, beat up revenue inspectors, and led agitations against the moneylenders. In 1928, the Santals stopped paying the chaukidari tax and led protests in Thakurgaon in 1929. In 1932, several Santals attempted to organise their own state with Jitu Sardar as head, initially based on Gandhi's Ram Rajya but quickly criticised Gandhi when he did not help them. In 1933, a British commissioner was appointed to look into the grievances of Santals of North Bengal.

1688:. These two had seven sons and seven daughters, but the couple soon had a quarrel and separated. Pilchu Haram and his sons became great hunters, and on a time came upon the daughters, who had become maidens and were unrecognisable. They became introduced and made love. Looking for his sons, Pilchu Haram discovered an old woman and asked for fire, and upon talking to her more, he discovered his wife and reconciled with her. Another version tells how Pilchu Budhi was in fact in tears at her daughters' disappearance, but Marang Buru reassured her that they were all safe and brought her to reconcile with her husband. When their sons found out they had married their sisters, they were very angry and would have killed their parents if Marang Buru had not hidden them in a cave, where they stayed for the rest of their days. The children of these seven couples became the progenitors of the Santal clans. 1716: 1242: 1400: 610:, who were against destruction of forest, were known raiders of the plains areas and had only recently been partially "pacified". Eventually, the Santals, with their better technology and ability to match the Paharia's guerrilla attacks, managed to drive them out. They clear the forest tracts and started cultivation in these areas. Their settlement took place between the 1830s and 1850s: in 1830, the area was home to only 3,000 Santals, but by the 1850s, 83,000 Santals had settled in the land and had turned it into paddy fields. This resulted in a 22 times increase in Company revenue from the area. 1164: 1195: 547: 6302: 896: 1099:), Chorey or Chonre (lizard), Pauria or Pawria (pigeon) and Bediya. Members of a senior clan do not marry members of a junior clan, and there are some forbidden marriages as well, such as between Marandi and Kisku. In addition, Besras are sometimes treated differently due to their perceived low status, but other than the context of marriage, they play no role in social life. The clans also avoid harming their clan totem, lest evil befall them. 1345:(rice-beer) to the guests. The negotiations for bride-price continue between the fathers exclusively until an amount is reached. Although this is nowadays in cash, livestock or other goods are not uncommon. The bride price is generally light and it is seen wrong to stop two young people from marrying because of a disagreement about bride price. After an agreement is reached, celebrations ensue and festive drinking continues into the night. 1840: 4189: 220: 101: 1179: 308: 1936: 299: 5865: 238: 113: 1807:. The inclusion in Schedule Tribe list have been opposed by respective states and tribal activists organization following Sixth Scheduled autonomy, such as the Coordination Committee of Tribal Organizations of Assam (CCTOA). The organisation feared up that granting Scheduled Tribe status to the Santal and other 40 migrated tribal communities will squeeze up the benefits of 128: 89: 50: 1724: 3589: 1701:) on the edge of the village where many spirits live and where a series of annual festivals take place. This grove is set aside in the founding of the village and left undisturbed except at times of festival. Inside is set a series of natural (uncut) stones which represent the bongas, but are not substitutes except during festival. The 700:, where the normal procedures of British India did not apply. Administration of the community was primarily made the responsibility of the village headman, or pradhan, who was also given the power to collect taxes. It was made illegal for Santals to transfer land to non-Santals, allowing them to have legal rights over their land. 570:. Therefore, when the Permanent Settlement was enacted in 1790, the Company looked for agriculturalists to clear the lands. British officials turned their attention to Santals, who were ready to clear the forest for the practice of settled agriculture. In 1832, a large number of area of the Raj Mahal hills demarcated as 276: 1555:), who handle different aspects of the world and who are placated with prayers and offerings. These benevolent spirits operate at the village, household, ancestor, and sub-clan level, along with evil spirits that cause disease and can inhabit village boundaries, mountains, water, tigers, and the forest. The 4199: 594:

migrated and started cultivating these lands as peasants sponsored by landowners and the British who were desperate for labour. Under British direction, Santals took loans from non-Santal moneylenders to buy iron tools, seed grain and oxen as individuals and families, rather than groups as was their

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or a generalised worship of spiritual energies connected with locations, activities, and social groups. Religious concepts are intricately entwined with ideas about nature and interaction with local ecological systems. As in Santal religion, religious specialists are drawn from the village or family

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to create the human bodies. When she had finally succeeded, she was told by Marang Buru to use the human spirits that were high on the rafters of his hut. She could not reach the human spirit, and took the bird spirit instead. When Marang Buru integrated the spirits with the bodies, they flew away

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A yearly round of rituals connected with the agricultural cycle, along with life-cycle rituals for birth, marriage and burial at death, involves petitions to the spirits and offerings that include the sacrifice of animals, usually birds. Religious leaders are male specialists in medical cures who

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In the late 19th century, many Santals migrated from the Santal Parganas to the districts of Bihar and North Bengal such as Purnia, Malda and Dinajpur. The Santals still faced retaliation after the Santal Hul and were invited by zamindars to cultivate many parts of north Bengal, which had become

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involve very little ritual: Santal society has clearly defined roles for marriage, and the choice of the couple is respected. Decisions by the families are done in a spirit of consensus rather than adversarially, and marriage is seen just as important for the entire village as for the couple.

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of earth covered with a thatched roof outside the headman's house, is where the Majhi's ancestors' spirits live. During the summer, a jug of water is placed there so the spirits can drink. Here the most important decisions of the village are made, including judgements.

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and finally Saont, where they settled for good. According to Dalton, where they were renamed to Santal from cluster name Kharwar. This legend, which has been cited by several scholars, has been used as evidence that the Santals once had a significant presence in

1362:'s family. Afterwards the couple arrive in the bride's natal village. The bride arriving first carrying a pot with white clay, the symbol of a woman returning to her natal village as a guest. The bride greets her mother first and neighbours are invited to share 787:, for which Jharkhand assembly passed a resolution in 2020. Many still face poverty and exploitation, and in Bangladesh, theft of their lands is common. Although spread out over a large area, they now consider the Santal Parganas as their cultural heartland. 1386:, the bride thanks the headman for all he has done and gives a symbolic gift. The headman then blesses the couple and wishes the bride strength, good luck and many strong sons. The couple then leaves for the groom's village to start their new life. 923:("junior"). This standing is evaluated by relation: for example, is someone is greeting their father's elder brother's son, they would be the junior irrespective of age. Similarly, when someone greets their elder brother's wife, the wife would be 621:. Unlike the Santals, the British valued individual competition instead of cooperation, and had a rigid system of laws very different from the relatively relaxed norms of the village council, the highest form of government most Santals knew. 1664:

in itself simply means a supernatural force in the world and has no specific connotation with good or evil. Moreover, these bongas do not refer to specific objects but to the invisible force that governs or is associated with those objects.

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and asked for a place to build a nest. Marang Buru could not get anyone else to bring land to the surface, and so the tortoise volunteered and pushed the Earth onto his back. The birds then gave birth to a boy and a girl called

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of the girl's village arrives at the house of the headman of the boy's village to discover the couple's intentions. The couple are summoned to the village headman and the bride is asked whether she wishes to set a date for

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formally took control over India in 1858, the Santals continued their system of government and traditions. Newly established Christian missions brought education, and many Santals moved to the tea plantations in

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The Santal creation story holds that originally the world was water, and Marang Buru and some lesser deities were the only inhabitants. When some spirits requested permission to make humans, Marang Buru asked

1017:. These 12 clans are divided into two ranks: 7 senior and 5 junior. The senior clans are believed to originate from the 7 sons and daughters of the first man and woman, and in order of seniority they are: 732:

in India. In East Pakistan, there were some regions in the west where Santals were still in significant numbers. There and in neighbouring West Bengal, the Santals provided significant support to the

4136: 2822: 716:, where they still remain today. However, most continued with their old life, but were still not prosperous. In addition, secular education did not become widespread until after Indian independence. 688:, the impact of the Santhal Rebellion lives on as a turning point in Santhal pride and identity. This was reaffirmed, over a century and a half later with the creation of the tribal province in the 3732: 823:("people of one house") in Singhbhum, cannot marry each other and propitiate the same deity, since the house refers to a common ancestor from which all the families are believed to descend. Only 1300:

stays in the village to give all the information he can to the bride's father: both in determining what would be a good bride price to demand and whether the marriage might end in a short time.

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The Santal community, like the others of the region, was split between West Bengal in India and East Bengal in Pakistan during Partition. After independence, the Santals were made one of the

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practice divination and witchcraft (the socio-historic meaning of the term, used here, refers to the ritual practice of magic and is not pejorative). Similar beliefs are common among other

7699: 1530:(987), Kharwar (385), Sant (356), Saran (352), Jain (348), Achinthar (273), Sarin (185), Marangboro (167), Saranath (157), Seran (125), Adi (84), and Alchichi (78). Additionally, 102 were 6191: 4011: 1269:. In this form of marriage, a boy and girl who wish to marry decide to go to the groom's house and stay there a while. When the girl's family are made aware of their situation, the 4467: 1160:, Sakrat, Mahmore, Rundo and Magsim are important festivals. They traditionally accompany many of their dances during these festivals with two drums: the Tamak‘ and the Tumdak’. 7566: 5900: 1658:

caused many early colonial scholars to present Santal religion as wholly focused on the appeasement of evil spirits or as representing bongas as exclusively harmful. However

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Due to the lack of significant archaeological records, the original homeland of the Santhals is not known with certainty. The folklore of the Santhals claims they came from

1315:, headman, village elders, and the bride's father and some relations, arrives at the bride's village. They are seated at the headman's house with respect and organized by 3907: 868:

of their locality, who are enmeshed in Santal society. Those with this relationship can marry, and attend major festivals as guests. People related by marriage, although

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Prasad, Onkar. Santal Music: A Study in Pattern and Process of Cultural Persistence, Tribal Studies of India Series; T 115. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1985.

3873: 2889: 696:. Following the rebellion, the British satisfied all Santhal demands, due to their importance as a tax-paying group. The British created a 5000 km area, called 4055: 7692: 7438: 1327:

status. Meanwhile, the groom's family gathers to discuss the bride price the groom's father should pay. The two parties then meet and the fathers negotiate the

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There are seven kinds of marriage recognized in the Santal community, each with its own degree of social acceptance. The most elaborate kind of marriage is the

1380:), while getting acquainted with the husband. When the couple leaves the bride's village, the bride pays her respects to the headman in his courtyard. At the 6184: 2978: 2979:"Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018" 911:

society, but still has some status differences. The most important marker of a person when interacting with others in Santal society is their standing as

2925: 7926: 4460: 3625:, p. 40"... it simply signifies invisible supernatural forces or powers and can very well be understood equivalent to the English word 'spirit'." 971:"receives" this respect. This greeting should not be done hastily, and correct practice of it is encouraged in children from a young age. However the 856:, or guests. Members of other communities, especially those not speaking Santali, are excluded from this grouping, except for communities such as the 781:

was made a separate division of the state. These Santals have also agitated for recognition of their traditions in the census as a separate religion,

3223: 7685: 7559: 3312: 1998: 4435: 1626:, who are held to be less powerful, are the spirits of important people of the village who have since been deified. There is also another class of 6177: 5893: 4382:

Orans, Martin. "The Santal; a Tribe in Search of a Great Tradition." Based on thesis, University of Chicago., Wayne State University Press, 1965.

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region, were some of the worst-hit areas and were significantly depopulated. This depopulation resulted in a significant loss of revenue for the

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visits. The greeting differs by gender, and whether the person is junior or senior to the one being greeted. The greeting rituals given by a

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In the latter half of the 18th century, the Santals entered the historical record in 1795 when they are recorded as "Soontars." During the

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of the girl's village, who would take the girl back to her father. If she assents, the boy's family is consulted for the best day for the

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in south Chota Nagpur. The term refers to descendants of a common ancestor, no more than a few generations back, that live nearby. The

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marriages are severely stigmatised. Another brotherhood is membership of a clan, which are exogamous. The last form of brotherhood is

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Smaller and more isolated tribes often demonstrate less articulated classification systems of the spiritual hierarchy described as

4081: 3820: 7951: 736:. After the Pakistani military crushed the uprising and burned many Santal homes, many fled across the border to Malda in India. 7941: 7936: 7708: 4894: 1764:

and serve a wide range of spiritual functions that focus on placating potentially dangerous spirits and co-ordinating rituals.

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brothers consider themselves as brothers, and they attend each other's main lifecycle events, such as weddings or funerals, as

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Roy Chaudhury, Indu. Folk Tales of the Santals. 1st ed. Folk Tales of India Series, 13. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1973.

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rather than Hinduism. Although there is overlap of ideology, belief, culture and practices in between Sarnasim and Hinduism.

3780: 1791:, such as Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, and Tripura. While the Santals, who migrated from Fifth Schedule areas to 1163: 2900: 1778: 1183: 1234:

The walls of traditional Santal homes are ornamented with carved designs of animals, hunting scenes, dancing scenes, and

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known also as Santal puppetry, is a folk show involving wooden puppets placed in a small cage which acts as the stage.

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BCE). The Austroasiatic speakers spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.

5491: 2210: 2118: 778: 697: 685: 603: 4430: 4425: 2934: 4860: 4718: 3932: 3825: 2778: 1925: 1194: 486: 478: 421: 365: 4164:"Purnima Hembram of Santhal tribe bags pentathlon gold for India at Asian indoor meet – Adivasi Resurgence" 3140: 684:

managed to suppress the rebellion. Although the rebellion's impact was largely overshadowed by that of the

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from Bihar began selling goods from elsewhere, and many Santals, seeing them as exotic, were tricked into

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The report of the advisory committee on the revision of the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

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tax collectors, deteriorated to the point where Santals grew discontented. In 1855, they revolted in the

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The Santals : anthropological-theological reflections on Santali & biblical creation traditions

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Troisi, J. The Santals: A Classified and Annotated Bibliography. New Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1976.

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is eroding due to the penetration of modern medical science. The lack of a separate name for malignant

680:) who had made their lives so miserable, as well as the British authorities. Eventually, around 10,000 7724: 3908:"'A Tribal Boy Got a Big Opportunity': GC Murmu's Mother Elated over His Appointment as J&K's L-G" 811:

societies of central and eastern India. Children of the same father (sometimes grandfather), known as

546: 6707: 5826: 5224: 4595: 2245: 2181: 2171: 2108: 2076: 1800: 1741: 1499: 514: 4406:"Locating and digitising early Santali periodicals published between 1890 and 1975 in Eastern India" 534:

claimed in Chai there was a fort formerly occupied by a Santal raja who was forced to flee when the

7729: 7447: 7250: 6364: 6331: 5963: 5570: 5515: 5510: 5505: 4948: 3564: 2839: 2082: 2002: 1728: 1542:, 1,123 followed other unclassified religions, and 16,974 did not state any religious affiliation. 531: 527: 510: 373: 4394:———. Tribal Religion: Religious Beliefs and Practices among the Santals. New Delhi: Manohar, 2000. 645:

peasants. The Baniya merchants and other outsiders also began to treat Santals as outcastes in a

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Making place through ritual : land, environment and region among the Santal of Central India

4141: 3480:"ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), West Bengal - 2011" 3350: 3269: 3119: 2206: 2163: 2064: 2052: 1235: 1198: 744: 607: 567: 439: 6301: 3733:"Droupadi Murmu's election rekindles hope among Santals in Assam seeking Scheduled Tribe status" 3224:"Forest, Land Use, and Water: A Study of the Santal Adivasi World of Colonial Maldah, 1900-1947" 895: 4376:

Chakrabarti, Dr. Byomkes, A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali, KP Bagchi, Calcutta, 1994

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to be paid. The groom is first asked whether he wishes the marriage to continue. As a symbolic

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Tamak (r.) and Tumdak (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in

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in Santali) of someone is given much importance and is done in the courtyard of a house when a

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live in their ancestral village, but some members may have migrated to neighbouring villages.

1047: 681: 661: 401: 3423:"ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011" 1585:(life giver), and is the "cause of all causes," making the Santal religion, in a deep sense, 7931: 7916: 7775: 7770: 7098: 6971: 6572: 6424: 6266: 5623: 5563: 5531: 4886: 4835: 4409: 4338:. Santal Folk Tales. Cambridge, Massachusetts: H. Aschehoug; Harvard University Press, 1925. 3512:"ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011" 3287: 3012: 2298: 2141: 2058: 1913: 1893: 1784: 1168: 1153: 733: 729: 413: 405: 258: 4420: 3464:"ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Bihar - 2011" 3439:"ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Tripura - 2011" 7616: 7355: 7270: 7220: 7150: 6782: 6717: 6644: 6568: 5698: 5555: 5499: 5442: 5422: 5302: 5289: 5267: 5263: 5093: 5088: 5043: 4984: 4492: 3553:

Heitzman, James (1996). "Tribal Religions". In Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (eds.).

3431:"ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011" 2266: 2150: 2098: 2094: 2070: 1792: 1788: 1220: 880:

when they visit. Those related by marriage can have one of two relationships. They can be

535: 417: 3407:"ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Bihar - 2011" 1126:, people who wear a thread on their chest in worship. In many cases, all the people of a 4379:

Culshaw, W. J. Tribal Heritage; a Study of the Santals. London: Lutterworth Press, 1949.

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Living on the Edge: The Predicament of a Rural Indigenous Santal Community in Bangladesh

2933:. The superintendent, government printing, West Bengal. 1966. p. 58. Archived from 2306:, meaning clans. It seems likely that the nearby Santals of Singhbhum borrowed the word. 1803:

in Assam, and the remaining population living in other states is considered part of the

7790: 7390: 7370: 7340: 7300: 7265: 7200: 7180: 7056: 7026: 6898: 6792: 6767: 6742: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6667: 6624: 6480: 6305: 6158: 5983: 5589: 5579: 5540: 5477: 5324: 5275: 5258: 5249: 5245: 5197: 5174: 5150: 5117: 5112: 5010: 4791: 4668: 4626: 3607: 2752: 2159: 2137: 1871: 748: 1839: 1294:. The bride and groom are not bound by any obligation to marry. During this time, the 7910: 7890: 7820: 7815: 7795: 7785: 7750: 7740: 7646: 7641: 7596: 7513: 7508: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7330: 7295: 7245: 7235: 7169: 7112: 7073: 7036: 7022: 6936: 6926: 6921: 6863: 6833: 6787: 6732: 6682: 6677: 6639: 6629: 6599: 6564: 6555: 6518: 6500: 6485: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6231: 6221: 6216: 6118: 6088: 6058: 6008: 5993: 5978: 5968: 5953: 5943: 5933: 5711: 5684: 5600: 5595: 5526: 5437: 5334: 5209: 5204: 5100: 5083: 5078: 5048: 5026: 4963: 4958: 4830: 4769: 4754: 4744: 4731: 4686: 4631: 4621: 4137:"32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies" 3593: 2191: 2124: 1883: 1804: 1745: 874:, have special roles in life-cycle events. Women perform special welcome rituals for 704: 626: 563: 522: 369: 348: 340: 336: 2805:"A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Tripura - 2011" 7885: 7855: 7825: 7810: 7805: 7666: 7651: 7636: 7626: 7611: 7523: 7503: 7483: 7365: 7345: 7320: 7310: 7305: 7290: 7260: 7240: 7230: 7164: 7078: 7030: 7018: 6981: 6946: 6878: 6853: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6727: 6692: 6672: 6662: 6619: 6609: 6594: 6588: 6532: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6475: 6434: 6394: 6341: 6276: 6241: 6103: 6068: 6063: 6048: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6003: 5973: 5869: 5811: 5786: 5605: 5584: 5536: 5520: 5467: 5372: 5349: 5192: 5136: 5055: 4875: 4764: 4749: 4696: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4544: 4529: 4497: 4110: 2272: 2197: 2177: 2018: 1875: 1753: 1749: 1692: 1637: 1586: 1457: 1209: 1178: 763: 713: 638: 474: 344: 332: 324: 302: 7677: 7350: 3250:"'Otiter Jed' or Times of Revolution: Ila Mitra, the Santals and Tebhaga Movement" 1573:(the invisible reality), the abode of a Creator. This creator is variously called 1420:

Religion among Santal people of Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Tripura

929:. However, for strangers or guests with no clear kin connections, the question of 6169: 7895: 7845: 7835: 7760: 7719: 7661: 7458: 7395: 7385: 7375: 7360: 7335: 7280: 7255: 7205: 7190: 7046: 6996: 6986: 6976: 6966: 6960: 6950: 6941: 6931: 6868: 6858: 6843: 6838: 6820: 6797: 6737: 6687: 6614: 6604: 6560: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6452: 6439: 6429: 6419: 6413: 6408: 6398: 6389: 6379: 6346: 6336: 6326: 6291: 6281: 6271: 6261: 6255: 6245: 6236: 6226: 6153: 6148: 6133: 6123: 6113: 6093: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6053: 6013: 5998: 5958: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5801: 5368: 5240: 5187: 5033: 4842: 4823: 4818: 4806: 4801: 4739: 4726: 4663: 4534: 3758: 2997: 2215: 1994: 1935: 1909: 1796: 1599: 1575: 1511: 1483: 1447: 1328: 1246: 1172: 904: 740: 646: 599: 571: 551: 432:

Santal is most likely derived from an exonym. The term refers to inhabitants of

381: 307: 288: 155: 2753:"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix" 7850: 7498: 7380: 7285: 7275: 7225: 7215: 6991: 6873: 6802: 6580: 6540: 6490: 6470: 6444: 6286: 6098: 6043: 5388: 5167: 5021: 4979: 4811: 4522: 4445: 4344:. Santal Riddles and Witchcraft among the Santals. Oslo: A. W. Brøggers, 1940. 4245: 2088: 1515: 1187: 1149: 1078: 759: 657: 606:), the British provided no protection for the Santals against the preexisting 591: 298: 225: 106: 56: 7544: 3885: 3265: 3150: 3115: 3058: 3024: 1282:. If she replies 'no', the boy's family will have to pay a small fine to the 7780: 7488: 7325: 7315: 6634: 6356: 6018: 5878: 5847: 5821: 5791: 5545: 5472: 5384: 5376: 5360: 5339: 5280: 5073: 4796: 4539: 4517: 4320: 4291: 3582: 2840:"National Population and Housing Census 2011: Social Characteristics Tables" 2229: 1487: 1473: 770: 752: 693: 618: 443: 377: 328: 141: 4262: 1102:

The Santals have another social organisation important for rituals, called

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Jha, Amar Nath (2009). "Locating the Ancient History of Santal Parganas".

1498:, where they account for a total population of 6,570,807 according to the 49: 7591: 6318: 5679: 5660: 5312: 5297: 4549: 4512: 4370: 4300: 4030:"Draupadi Murmu, to be the first president to be born after Independence" 2253: 1905: 1826: 1820: 1523: 1507: 1503: 1437: 1427: 1213: 1066: 857: 782: 756: 642: 641:

back, they became owners of the land and the Santals became dispossessed

634: 622: 579: 292: 279: 4362:. Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore (3 volumes), 1925–40 3273: 3249: 3123: 3042: 1723: 1632:

who are feared as bringers of evil. These spirits are not placated by a

7860: 7800: 7621: 7606: 7586: 7210: 6848: 6812: 6654: 6208: 6108: 5781: 5771: 5749: 5728: 5688: 5664: 5427: 5417: 5412: 5329: 4953: 4691: 4554: 4012:"जिस BJP को दिलाई थी करिश्माई जीत, बाबूलाल मरांडी का उसी से हुआ मोहभंग" 3142:

This is Our Homeland: A Collection of Essays on the Betrayal of Adivasi

3016: 1960: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1808: 1799:, are not considered Scheduled Tribes. Instead, they are classified as 1760: 1708: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1495: 1202: 1157: 1072: 1040: 835:, a ritual friendship with members of other ethnic groups. Children of 587: 583: 575: 397: 207: 17: 7416: 1545:

In the Santal religion, the majority of reverence falls on a court of

1120:

is identified by some distinguishing feature of the ancestor, such as

7875: 7830: 7755: 7745: 7735: 7631: 7601: 7528: 7493: 7014: 7006: 6883: 6825: 6128: 6038: 5988: 5948: 5806: 5675: 5317: 5214: 5179: 5162: 5157: 5120: 5005: 4774: 4759: 4616: 4413: 3554: 2864:"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Jharkhand" 1889: 1737: 1633: 1491: 1145: 1034: 1020: 861: 808: 562:, the drier western and southwestern parts of Bengal, especially the 518: 482: 385: 168: 4405: 4271: 4082:"40 Years In CPM And Now A BJP MP, This Man Embodies Left's Demise" 4056:"Draupadi Murmu: All you need to know about India's 15th President" 3441:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 3433:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 3425:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 3417:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 3409:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2811:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 1522:(13,014), Santal (4,771), Sumra Sandhi (2,059), Sarvdharm (1,625), 7870: 7765: 7478: 6913: 6903: 6888: 6495: 6138: 5912: 5832: 5816: 5796: 5776: 5705: 5694: 5447: 5380: 5364: 5307: 5144: 4968: 4568: 4507: 3514:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 3498:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 3482:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 3466:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2785:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2759:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 1722: 1714: 1479: 1398: 1359: 1355: 1336: 1240: 1193: 1177: 1162: 1096: 1054: 1028: 1008: 1005: 908: 894: 865: 774: 709: 689: 545: 409: 393: 389: 311: 243: 194: 181: 133: 118: 94: 4350:. A Santal Dictionary (5 volumes), 1933–36 Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1929. 3592:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1309:

ceremony, a group of men from the bride's village, including the

5452: 3043:"The Santals of Mayurbhanj — a Study on Their Original Homeland" 2828:(in Bengali). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2021. p. 34. 2022: 1901: 1897: 1348:

A short time afterwards, a relative of the groom along with the

630: 400:. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's 7681: 7548: 7420: 6173: 5882: 4890: 4449: 1929: 1834: 1478:

The Santal are granted Scheduled Tribe status in five states:

3874:"Being Sarna: a fight to define tribal identity in Jharkhand" 3808:(Report). Department of Social Security, GOI. pp. 18–19. 1518:. Other minor religious affiliations include Bidin (27,602), 3987:"Santhali actress Birbaha Hansda to fight West Bengal polls" 3848:"Sarna Dharam Code: Of Adivasi identity and eco-nationalism" 2194:, Indian socio-political activist, former MP from Mayurbhanj 1148:

is the principal festival of Santal community. Besides that

795:

The base of Santal society is a division between "sibling" (

613:

However, as they became more agricultural, the Santals were

275: 1263:, or ancestor's marriage, but the most widely practiced is 384:

in terms of population and are also found in the states of

4369:. Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London: D. Nutt, 1909. 4191:রাফায়েল টুডু : গোলকিপার থেকে বিসিএলের শীর্ষ গোলদাতা! 1795:, specifically to Assam as tea garden laborers during the 1089:(owl). The junior clans are Baskey or Baske (stale rice), 3779:

Sarmah, Jayanta Krishna; Hazarika, Joyjit (5 June 2015).

3383:"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community" 886:, a relationship exemplified by the couple's parents, or 4194:[Rafael Tudu: BCL top scorer from goalkeeper!]. 903:

Santal society has much less stratification and is more

4135:

Seetharaman, G.; Balasubramanyam, K. R. (25 May 2014).

1851: 637:

on their land. When the Santals were unable to pay the

4441:

Santal culture on Daricha Foundation website (Kolkata)

4255:

The dynamics of Santal traditions in a peasant society

3654:

The Dynamics of Santal Traditions in a Peasant Society

2218:, former chief minister of Jharkhand and president of 1783:

The Santhal people are constitutionally designated as

3638:

Chota nagpur : a little-known province of Empire

2927:

Census 1961, west bengal-district handbook, Midnapore

850:

Those who do not have brotherhood are referred to as

2858: 2856: 1598:: the most important are associated intimately with 7189: 7045: 7005: 6912: 6811: 6653: 6461: 6355: 6317: 6207: 5761: 5742: 5721: 5649: 5642: 5616: 5553: 5486: 5403: 5348: 5288: 5232: 5223: 5064: 4993: 4939: 4928: 4853: 4717: 4677: 4604: 4483: 3677:Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1904). 1579:(Supreme Deity or literally The Great Mountain) or 1238:. Santal bridal palanquins are also finely carved. 318: 264: 252: 234: 216: 203: 190: 177: 164: 151: 124: 80: 64: 40: 3005:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1691:A characteristic feature of a Santal village is a 2250:Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute 1602:and are worshipped by all Santals. These include 1339:'s father gives a small amount of cash and gives 3135: 3133: 3075:Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Hazaribagh 2646: 2644: 2642: 1896:to honor their gods and accept flesh, including 1646:. In the present-day, belief in these malignant 995:, who instead greet each other as if greeting a 513:. From there, they claim, they were pushed onto 4356:. Materials for a Santali Grammar I, Dumka 1922 4273:The Santals, crises of identity and integration 2996:Rau, Felix; Sidwell, Paul (12 September 2019). 2698: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2544: 2532: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2325: 4105: 4103: 3345:Winston, Robert; Wilson, Don E., eds. (2004). 3340: 3338: 2953:Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand 2823:"Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex" 674:, attacked the zamindars and other outsiders ( 7693: 7560: 7432: 6185: 5894: 4902: 4461: 3781:"Politics of Scheduled Tribe Status in Assam" 3759:"Central List of OBCs for the State of Assam" 2899:. Nayang Technical University. Archived from 2301: 1908:. Thus they consider themselves believers of 1904:, practices that are generally prohibited in 1811:, the "original tribal people" of the state. 1702: 1696: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1593: 1580: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1502:. Of this population, 63.15% are reported as 1403: 1390: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1349: 1340: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1225: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1090: 1082: 1070: 1060: 1052: 1038: 1026: 1018: 1012: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 966: 960: 954: 948: 942: 936: 930: 924: 918: 912: 887: 881: 875: 869: 851: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 812: 802: 796: 675: 665: 509:, which scholars have identified as Ahuri in 504: 455: 433: 8: 3821:"Brave show of support for arrested Santhal" 3169: 3167: 2956:. Gyan Publishing House. 2010. p. 213. 1888:, in contrast to Hindu places of worship in 1358:'s village hand over the bride price to the 847:. They also give help in times of hardship. 35: 3292:Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) 2140:, Santali-language actress and politician, 27:Ethnic group of India, Nepal and Bangladesh 7700: 7686: 7678: 7567: 7553: 7545: 7439: 7425: 7417: 6192: 6178: 6170: 5901: 5887: 5879: 5646: 5229: 4936: 4909: 4895: 4887: 4468: 4454: 4446: 3606:Debnath, Mrinal Kanti (28 February 2011). 3104:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3047:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 2372: 2370: 205: 192: 179: 166: 153: 139: 48: 34: 3455: 3453: 3451: 1976:Learn how and when to remove this message 1245:Santal house at 2020 Odisha Tribal fair, 656:, combined with British tax policies and 446:region in West Bengal. The Sanskrit word 54:Santals in traditional dress celebrating 6300: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3231:Vidyasagar University Journal of History 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 941:is decided by age. The ritual greeting ( 4305:(1 ed.). Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. 3641:(2nd ed.). Smith, Elder, & Co. 3622: 3097: 3095: 3093: 2737: 2722: 2710: 2686: 2674: 2318: 2290: 376:. Santals are the largest tribe in the 7017:(including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa, 5701:, Tharu, Danuwar and Dhimal) (Lowland) 3681:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 417. 3635:Bradley-Birt, Francis Bradley (1910). 3210: 2662: 2650: 2633: 2621: 2604: 2556: 2520: 2448: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2337: 2186:Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency) 892:, between cross-siblings of a couple. 481:speakers probably arrived on coast of 41: 5359:Over 25 distinct castes, major being 3656:. Abhinav Publications. p. 147. 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3206: 3204: 3036: 3034: 2888:Cavallaro, Francesco; Rahman, Tania. 751:. The impoverishment has led to the 408:. They have a sizeable population in 7: 1958:adding citations to reliable sources 1727:People performing rituals in Jaher, 454:means plain land. Their ethnonym is 81:Regions with significant populations 3961:An Advanced History of Modern India 3652:Somers, George E. (December 1985). 2436: 2388: 2376: 2361: 2349: 2007:Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) 1874:, and their place of worship is in 1514:(all in West Bengal), and 5.46% as 4202:from the original on 12 April 2024 3872:Lakshman, Abhinay (22 July 2022). 3696:. Mittal Publications. p. 87. 3559:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: 2779:"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue" 2248:, chief scientist and director of 743:, tribal peasants participated in 25: 7408:List of Scheduled Tribes in India 3906:Das, Anand ST (1 November 2019). 3288:"Legendary Leader Jangal Santhal" 747:led by a Santal communist leader 7927:Indigenous peoples of South Asia 5863: 3985:Das, Madhuparna (2 April 2016). 3587: 2849:– via Government of Nepal. 1934: 1838: 807:), a divide found in many other 306: 297: 274: 236: 218: 126: 111: 99: 87: 7709:Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal 3819:Bisoee, Animesh (28 May 2019). 3041:Karua, Subhash Chandra (2006). 2998:"The Munda Maritime Hypothesis" 1945:needs additional citations for 1719:Jaher, the holy place of Santal 1219:Local affairs are handled by a 762:in what is often termed as the 6201:Hill tribes of Northeast India 4371:Full text at Project Gutenberg 3145:. Banglaore: Equations. 2007. 1870:The Santhal people believe in 983:distinction does not apply to 1: 4226:Schulte-Droesch, Lea (2018). 4198:(in Bengali). 11 April 2024. 3785:Economic and Political Weekly 3612:(Doctor of Education thesis). 3254:Economic and Political Weekly 2232:, Politician, former MP from 1779:Tea-garden community of Assam 1167:A traditional Dasai dance in 595:custom for working the land. 490: 489:about 4,000–3,500 years ago ( 70: 7957:Social groups of West Bengal 3708:"ST demand by Santhal union" 3222:Sarkar, Ashim Kumar (2016). 1526:(1,121), Adi Bassi (1,100), 633:to buy them, usually with a 7922:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh 4503:Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis 4477:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh 4421:Saontal Voice in Bangladesh 4299:Hembrom, Timotheas (1996). 3958:Sailendra Nath Sen (2010). 2890:"The Santals of Bangladesh" 2202:Chief Minister of Jharkhand 2180:an Indian politician and a 2155:chief minister of Jharkhand 1592:There are several ranks of 1561:are intermediaries between 530:. Colonial scholar Colonel 7983: 7967:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha 7962:Schools of Indian painting 7947:Social groups of Jharkhand 7576:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha 6298: 4436:Boro Baski: Santal worries 4253:Somers, George E. (1979). 3964:. Macmillan. p. 120. 3694:Sonthalia and the Sonthals 3177:Saraswati History of India 1923: 1824: 1818: 1776: 1471: 652:Eventually, these acts of 7715: 7582: 7454: 7404: 5919: 5860: 5270:(standard Nepali dialect) 4365:Bompas, Cecil Henry, and 4168:www.adivasiresurgence.com 3561:Federal Research Division 2146:Government of West Bengal 2111:, Santali Poet, known as 1831:Tribal religions in India 670:. 30,000 Santals, led by 416:, the most widely spoken 323: 269: 257: 85: 69: 47: 4270:Sen, Suchibrata (1997). 4190: 3248:Panjabi, Kavita (2010). 2297:The term comes from the 2211:Chief Minister of Odisha 2119:Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar 1989:Administrative officials 1589:as well as pantheistic. 1536:, 331 were believers of 686:Indian Rebellion of 1857 7952:Social groups of Odisha 7109:Khawathlang, Khothalong 4115:Encyclopædia Britannica 3692:Man, Edward G. (1989). 3180:. New Saraswati House. 1926:Category:Santali people 1703: 1697: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1594: 1581: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1404: 1391: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1350: 1341: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1226: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1091: 1083: 1071: 1061: 1053: 1039: 1027: 1019: 1013: 997: 991: 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 959:involve an "offering" ( 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 925: 919: 913: 888: 882: 876: 870: 852: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 813: 803: 797: 676: 666: 538:invaded the territory. 505: 479:Austro-Asiatic language 456: 74: 7.5 million 7942:Social groups of Bihar 7937:Ethnic groups in Nepal 6311: 4918:Ethnic groups in Nepal 3852:www.downtoearth.org.in 3556:India: a country study 3319:. 2015. Archived from 2977:Sidwell, Paul (2018). 2302: 2240:Science and technology 2222:. He is also known as 2220:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 2101:. He is also known as 1732: 1720: 1409: 1249: 1206: 1191: 1175: 1004:The Santals also have 965:) of respect, while a 900: 664:, better known as the 555: 473:According to linguist 434: 422:Austroasiatic language 6951:Khasi Synteng or Pnar 6399:Khasi Synteng or Pnar 6304: 5670:Hill people (Eastern 5379:, Khadgi, Manandhar, 5373:Rajopadhyaya Brahmins 4564:Bishnupriya Manipuris 4257:. Schenkman Pub. Co. 3174:Malik, Malti (2016). 2256:, West-Bengal, India. 2168:governor of Jharkhand 2085:, writer from Purulia 2036:Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu 1773:Schedule Tribe status 1726: 1718: 1472:Further information: 1402: 1244: 1197: 1181: 1166: 898: 672:Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu 598:When they arrived in 560:Bengal Famine of 1770 549: 319:Related ethnic groups 7099:Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol 6977:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 6738:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 6430:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 6272:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 5601:Jangad/Dhangad/Uraun 4596:Urdu-speaking people 3933:"Baul international" 3567:. pp. 168–169. 2940:on 2 September 2021. 2699:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2593:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2581:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2569:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2545:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2533:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2509:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2497:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2485:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2473:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2461:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2326:Schulte-Droesch 2018 2246:Naresh Chandra Murmu 2182:Member of Parliament 2172:Government of Odisha 2109:Sadhu Ramchand Murmu 2077:Arjun Charan Hembram 1954:improve this article 1892:. They also perform 1801:Other Backward Class 1793:Sixth Schedule areas 1789:Fifth Schedule areas 1567:(visible world) and 1500:2011 Census of India 515:Chota Nagpur Plateau 460:("child of human"). 412:. The Santals speak 372:ethnic group of the 7448:Tribes of Jharkhand 5910:Scheduled tribes of 5546:Kushbadiya (Guhari) 5473:Kushbadiya (Guhari) 4276:. Ratna Prakashan. 4170:. 20 September 2017 3565:Library of Congress 3393:on 14 November 2019 3072:Lister, E. (1917). 2170:, former minister, 2083:Sarada Prasad Kisku 2003:Lieutenant governor 1729:Mayurbhanj district 1466: Other (1.12%) 1408:musical instruments 511:Hazaribagh district 374:Indian subcontinent 37: 6972:Man (Tai speaking) 6425:Man (Tai speaking) 6312: 6267:Man (Tai speaking) 5106:Lama clan (Tamang) 4142:The Economic Times 3991:The Economic Times 3939:. 18 November 2007 3351:Dorling Kindersley 2906:on 9 November 2016 2809:censusindia.gov.in 2783:censusindia.gov.in 2757:censusindia.gov.in 2583:, pp. 110–111 2207:Mohan Charan Majhi 2164:president of India 2065:Shyam Sundar Besra 2053:Turia Chand Baskey 1850:. You can help by 1805:general population 1733: 1721: 1410: 1389:Marriages done by 1303:On the day of the 1250: 1236:geometric patterns 1207: 1199:Lungi Panchi Dance 1192: 1176: 901: 773:was carved out of 745:Naxalbari uprising 568:East India Company 556: 347: • 343: • 339: • 335: • 331: • 327: • 241: 116: 109: • 97: • 7904: 7903: 7675: 7674: 7542: 7541: 7414: 7413: 6947:Khasi and Jaintia 6463:Arunachal Pradesh 6395:Khasi and Jaintia 6242:Khasi and Jaintia 6167: 6166: 5876: 5875: 5856: 5855: 5733:Madheshi Janajati 5659:Mountain people ( 5596:Khadiya/Bankariya 5573: 5527:Khadiya/Bankariya 5494: 5463: 5462: 5129: 5128: 4933:(Trans-Himalayan) 4884: 4883: 4237:978-3-11-053973-8 4196:OffsideBangladesh 3663:978-0-8364-1516-2 3187:978-81-7335-498-4 2487:, pp. 99–100 2275:, football player 2040:Santhal rebellion 1999:14th CAG of India 1986: 1985: 1978: 1894:animal sacrifices 1868: 1867: 1744:Plateau like the 1605:Marang Buru bonga 1333:marriage contract 1184:Dinajpur district 1048:Ischaemum rugosum 724:Post-independence 690:Republic of India 402:Rajshahi Division 354: 353: 16:(Redirected from 7974: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7679: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7546: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7418: 6927:Dimasa (Kachari) 6698:Koirao (Thangal) 6556:Singpho (Jingpo) 6375:Dimasa (Kachari) 6222:Dimasa (Kachari) 6194: 6187: 6180: 6171: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5870:Nepal portal 5868: 5867: 5866: 5647: 5594:Dudh and Dhelki 5568: 5489: 5230: 5056:Limbu (Yakthung) 4980:Central Tibetans 4949:Darchula Bhotiya 4937: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4888: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4447: 4426:Santal Rebellion 4417: 4414:10.15130/EAP1300 4324: 4295: 4266: 4249: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3679:Sessional Papers 3674: 3668: 3667: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3550: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3457: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3426: 3418: 3410: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3389:. Archived from 3376: 3365: 3364: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3219: 3213: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3099: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2981:. Archived from 2974: 2968: 2967: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2307: 2305: 2295: 2067:, Santali writer 2061:, Santali writer 2059:Damayanti Beshra 2055:, Santali writer 1981: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1938: 1930: 1863: 1860: 1842: 1835: 1785:Scheduled Tribes 1706: 1700: 1687: 1681: 1674: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1597: 1584: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1465: 1455: 1445: 1435: 1425: 1407: 1394: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1353: 1344: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1229: 1169:Purulia district 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1094: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1058: 1044: 1032: 1024: 1016: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 952: 946: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 891: 885: 879: 873: 855: 846: 840: 834: 828: 822: 816: 806: 800: 734:Tebhaga movement 730:Scheduled Tribes 679: 669: 662:Santal rebellion 625:from Bengal and 508: 499: 495: 492: 459: 437: 406:Rangpur Division 310: 301: 287:Folk religions ( 278: 242: 240: 239: 224: 222: 221: 206: 193: 180: 167: 154: 140: 132: 130: 129: 117: 115: 114: 105: 103: 102: 93: 91: 90: 75: 72: 65:Total population 52: 38: 21: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7711: 7706: 7676: 7671: 7578: 7573: 7543: 7538: 7450: 7445: 7415: 7410: 7400: 7193: 7185: 7049: 7041: 7001: 6953:, War, Bhoi or 6908: 6807: 6649: 6457: 6401:, War, Bhoi or 6351: 6313: 6307: 6296: 6248:, War, Bhoi or 6246:Synteng or Pnar 6203: 6198: 6168: 6163: 5915: 5907: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5862: 5852: 5757: 5738: 5717: 5704:Western Nepal ( 5638: 5612: 5567: 5554:Other peoples ( 5549: 5492:distinct origin 5488: 5482: 5459: 5405:Indian Madheshi 5399: 5344: 5303:Maithil Brahmin 5284: 5219: 5125: 5060: 4989: 4975:Central Tibetic 4932: 4924: 4922:language family 4915: 4885: 4880: 4849: 4713: 4673: 4600: 4479: 4474: 4404: 4401: 4332: 4330:Further reading 4327: 4313: 4298: 4284: 4269: 4252: 4238: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4018:. 1 April 2019. 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3588: 3575: 3552: 3551: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3413: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3361: 3353:. p. 440. 3344: 3343: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3101: 3100: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2985:on 22 May 2018. 2976: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2267:Purnima Hembram 2263: 2242: 2151:Babulal Marandi 2142:Forest Minister 2134: 2099:Ol Chiki script 2095:Raghunath Murmu 2071:Rupchand Hansda 2049: 2032: 2030:Freedom Fighter 2015: 1991: 1982: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1951: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1848:needs expansion 1833: 1823: 1817: 1815:Religion status 1781: 1775: 1770: 1611:Jaher Era bonga 1539:Tribal religion 1476: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1433: 1431: 1423: 1415: 1255: 1221:village council 1143: 1138: 801:) and "guest" ( 793: 779:Santal Parganas 726: 698:Santal Parganas 544: 536:Delhi Sultanate 497: 493: 471: 466: 430: 418:Munda languages 305: 296: 286: 282: 273: 237: 235: 219: 217: 204: 191: 178: 165: 152: 146: 138: 137: 127: 125: 112: 110: 100: 98: 88: 86: 73: 60: 43: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7980: 7978: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7909: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7881:Sauria Paharia 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7534:Sauria Paharia 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7195: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7086:Haokip, Haupit 7084: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7011: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6997:Synteng (Pnar) 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6630:Mishing (Miri) 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6577: 6576: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6526: 6508: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6486:Dafla (Nyishi) 6483: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6453:Synteng (Pnar) 6450: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6406: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6292:Synteng (Pnar) 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5874: 5873: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5692: 5687:(East, mostly 5682: 5668: 5656: 5654: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5443:other Madheshi 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5413:Indian Maithil 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5363:, Chathariya, 5354: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5252: 5238: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5008: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4707:Sauria Paharia 4704: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:Jalia Kaibarta 4624: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4606:Austro-Asiatic 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4400: 4399:External links 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4311: 4296: 4282: 4267: 4250: 4236: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4181: 4155: 4127: 4099: 4086:HuffPost India 4073: 4062:. 22 July 2022 4047: 4036:. 21 July 2022 4021: 4016:aajtak.intoday 4003: 3977: 3970: 3950: 3924: 3898: 3864: 3839: 3811: 3794: 3771: 3750: 3739:. 21 July 2022 3724: 3699: 3684: 3669: 3662: 3644: 3627: 3615: 3598: 3573: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3508: 3492: 3476: 3459: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3427: 3419: 3411: 3403: 3378: 3366: 3359: 3334: 3313:"Chadar Badar" 3304: 3279: 3240: 3214: 3200: 3186: 3163: 3129: 3089: 3064: 3030: 2988: 2969: 2962: 2943: 2917: 2880: 2852: 2831: 2814: 2796: 2770: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2638: 2626: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2463:, pp. 6–7 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2270: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2227: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2189: 2188:, West Bengal. 2175: 2160:Droupadi Murmu 2157: 2148: 2138:Birbaha Hansda 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2106: 2097:, Inventor of 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1921: 1920:Notable people 1918: 1914:Sarna religion 1872:nature worship 1866: 1865: 1845: 1843: 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1695:(known as the 1462: 1452: 1442: 1432: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1377:pera hor handi 1260:hapramko bapla 1254: 1251: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1059:(kingfisher), 917:("senior") or 907:than adjacent 792: 789: 749:Jangal Santhal 725: 722: 682:British troops 604:Santal Pargana 574:. Santal from 543: 540: 470: 467: 465: 462: 429: 426: 352: 351: 321: 320: 316: 315: 267: 266: 262: 261: 255: 254: 250: 249: 246: 232: 231: 230:129,049 (2021) 228: 214: 213: 210: 201: 200: 197: 188: 187: 184: 175: 174: 171: 162: 161: 158: 149: 148: 144: 122: 121: 83: 82: 78: 77: 67: 66: 62: 61: 53: 45: 44: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7979: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7668: 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7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:Mikir (Karbi) 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967:Lakher (Mara) 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Lushai (Mizo) 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Suhte (Paite) 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:Mikir (Karbi) 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6496:Khowa (Bugun) 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6435:Mikir (Karbi) 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Lakher (Mara) 6418: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Mikir (Karbi) 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:Mikir (Karbi) 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5871: 5859: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5712:Nepali Muslim 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Western Majhi 5509: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Eastern Majhi 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210:Lepcha (Rong) 5208: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4719:Tibeto-Burman 4716: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4367:Bodding, P. O 4364: 4361: 4360:Bodding, P. O 4358: 4355: 4354:Bodding, P. O 4352: 4349: 4348:Bodding, P. O 4346: 4343: 4342:Bodding, P. O 4340: 4337: 4336:Bodding, P. O 4334: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4312:81-86791-00-0 4308: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4283:81-85709-51-3 4279: 4275: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4182: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4116: 4112: 4111:"Shibu Soren" 4106: 4104: 4100: 4088:. 4 June 2019 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4035: 4034:The Statesman 4031: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3971:9780230328853 3967: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3951: 3938: 3937:The Telegraph 3934: 3928: 3925: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3828: 3827: 3826:The Telegraph 3822: 3815: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3737:Deccan Herald 3734: 3728: 3725: 3713: 3712:The Telegraph 3709: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3594:public domain 3584: 3580: 3576: 3574:0-8444-0833-6 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3392: 3388: 3387:census.gov.in 3384: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360:0-7566-0520-2 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3323:on 6 May 2011 3322: 3318: 3317:The Telegraph 3314: 3308: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260:(33): 53–59. 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2963:9788178351216 2959: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2869: 2868:census.gov.in 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2701:, p. 187 2700: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595:, p. 117 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2571:, p. 109 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2547:, p. 104 2546: 2541: 2538: 2535:, p. 103 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2511:, p. 102 2510: 2505: 2502: 2499:, p. 100 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192:Salkhan Murmu 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2125:Kherwal Soren 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013:Entertainment 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1977: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1943:This section 1941: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1876:sacred groves 1873: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1846:This section 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1730: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1459: 1449: 1439: 1429: 1421: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1368:reserved for 1366: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1205:, West Bengal 1204: 1201:of Santal in 1200: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1002: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 951: 945: 939: 933: 927: 921: 915: 910: 906: 897: 893: 890: 884: 878: 872: 867: 863: 859: 854: 848: 845: 839: 833: 827: 821: 815: 810: 805: 799: 790: 788: 786: 785: 780: 777:in 2000, the 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 723: 721: 717: 715: 711: 706: 705:British Crown 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 602:(present day 601: 596: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564:Jungle Mahals 561: 553: 552:British India 548: 541: 539: 537: 533: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 501: 488: 484: 480: 476: 468: 463: 461: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438:in erstwhile 436: 427: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:Austroasiatic 363: 359: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 304: 300: 294: 290: 285: 281: 277: 272: 268: 263: 260: 256: 251: 247: 245: 233: 229: 227: 215: 211: 209: 202: 198: 196: 189: 185: 183: 176: 172: 170: 163: 159: 157: 150: 145: 143: 135: 123: 120: 108: 96: 84: 79: 68: 63: 59: 58: 51: 46: 39: 30: 19: 7841:Mal Pahariya 7656: 7251:Khiamniungan 6893: 6365:Bodo-Kachari 6332:Bodo-Kachari 6244:(inc. Khasi 6143: 5964:Bodo-Kachari 5831:Unspecified 5787:Rajopadhyaya 5396:Newar Muslim 5141:Newar Muslim 5040:Eastern Rai 5018:Central Rai 5002:Western Rai 4930:Sino-Tibetan 4687:Kurukh/Oraon 4664:Pnar/Jaintia 4545:Shershabadia 4431:Santal Dance 4301: 4272: 4254: 4227: 4219:Bibliography 4204:. Retrieved 4195: 4184: 4172:. Retrieved 4167: 4158: 4146:. Retrieved 4140: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4114: 4090:. Retrieved 4085: 4076: 4064:. Retrieved 4059: 4050: 4038:. Retrieved 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990: 3980: 3960: 3953: 3941:. Retrieved 3936: 3927: 3915:. Retrieved 3911: 3901: 3889:. Retrieved 3877: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3851: 3842: 3830:. Retrieved 3824: 3814: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3765: 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3736: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3711: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3630: 3623:Hembrom 1996 3618: 3608: 3601: 3555: 3516:. Retrieved 3500:. Retrieved 3484:. Retrieved 3468:. Retrieved 3395:. Retrieved 3391:the original 3386: 3346: 3325:. Retrieved 3321:the original 3316: 3307: 3295:. Retrieved 3291: 3282: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3217: 3191:. Retrieved 3176: 3154:. Retrieved 3141: 3107: 3103: 3080:. Retrieved 3078:. p. 54 3074: 3067: 3050: 3046: 3011:(2): 35–57. 3008: 3004: 2991: 2983:the original 2972: 2952: 2946: 2935:the original 2926: 2920: 2908:. Retrieved 2901:the original 2896: 2883: 2871:. Retrieved 2867: 2847:Nepal Census 2846: 2834: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2782: 2773: 2761:. Retrieved 2756: 2725:, p. 42 2723:Hembrom 1996 2718: 2713:, p. 41 2711:Hembrom 1996 2706: 2694: 2689:, p. 38 2687:Hembrom 1996 2682: 2677:, p. 36 2675:Hembrom 1996 2670: 2665:, p. 26 2658: 2653:, p. 25 2636:, p. 28 2629: 2624:, p. 29 2607:, p. 23 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2559:, p. 58 2552: 2540: 2528: 2523:, p. 59 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2475:, p. 99 2468: 2456: 2451:, p. 53 2444: 2439:, p. 21 2432: 2427:, p. 46 2420: 2415:, p. 31 2408: 2403:, p. 43 2396: 2391:, p. 20 2384: 2379:, p. 19 2364:, p. 15 2357: 2352:, p. 14 2345: 2333: 2321: 2293: 2273:Rafayel Tudu 2223: 2198:Hemant Soren 2178:Khagen Murmu 2112: 2102: 2038:, leader of 2019:Rathin Kisku 1972: 1963: 1952:Please help 1947:verification 1944: 1884: 1879: 1869: 1856: 1852:adding to it 1847: 1782: 1758: 1742:Chota Nagpur 1734: 1693:sacred grove 1690: 1685:Pilchu Budhi 1679:Pilchu Haram 1667: 1638:medicine-man 1591: 1587:monotheistic 1574: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1477: 1458:Christianity 1419: 1405:Dhodro banam 1388: 1347: 1302: 1256: 1233: 1224: 1218: 1212:, a form of 1210:Chadar Badar 1208: 1144: 1101: 1046: 1003: 962:dobok' johar 902: 899:Santal women 849: 826:mit orak hor 820:mit orak hor 794: 784:sarna dharam 783: 768: 764:Red Corridor 739:In northern 738: 727: 718: 714:North Bengal 702: 654:exploitation 651: 639:moneylenders 612: 608:Mal Paharias 597: 557: 550:Santhals in 502: 475:Paul Sidwell 472: 451: 447: 431: 361: 357: 355: 303:Christianity 293:Sarna Dharam 283: 270: 55: 32:Ethnic group 29: 7761:Chik Baraik 7519:Mal Paharia 7191:Naga tribes 7047:Kuki tribes 7029:, Tromopa, 6987:Naga tribes 6963:(see below) 6961:Kuki Tribes 6879:Munda, Kaur 6561:Tai peoples 6529:Naga tribes 6505:Miju Mishmi 6476:Aka (Hruso) 6471:Abor (Galo) 6440:Naga tribes 6416:(see below) 6414:Kuki Tribes 6282:Naga tribes 6258:(see below) 6256:Kuki Tribes 5817:Damai/Dholi 5802:Vajracharya 5754:Simantakrit 5643:Other basis 5571:Indus-Ganga 5541:Oraon Sadri 5369:Vajracharya 5184:Raji–Raute 4702:Mal Paharia 4485:Indo-Aryans 3917:19 February 3766:ncbc.nic.in 3297:10 November 3211:Somers 1979 3110:: 185–196. 3053:: 592–599. 3017:10524/52454 2910:17 November 2763:18 November 2663:Somers 1979 2651:Somers 1979 2634:Somers 1979 2622:Somers 1979 2605:Somers 1979 2557:Somers 1979 2521:Somers 1979 2449:Somers 1979 2425:Somers 1979 2413:Somers 1979 2401:Somers 1979 2340:, p. 5 2338:Somers 1979 2328:, p. 3 2216:Shibu Soren 1995:G. C. 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