370:"SE polyomavirus." Gross was infuriated, traditionally, the first scientist that finds a new discovery gets to name it. So, since Gross believed that he discovered the polyoma virus first during his initial experiments with the leukemia virus, he thought that he should've had the chance to name the virus. However, Stewart was also insistent that she discovered the virus first, during the summer of 1952 before she met Gross, and that her virus was produced under different conditions and different mouse strains than Gross's virus. Most organizations and researchers credited Stewart and Eddy for the finding, though Gross did not let his frustrations go unheard, leading him to write a number of letter to publishers. However, Eddy later admitted that Gross found the virus first, but she knew Stewart would never admit it.
347:, a virologist, received a letter from Stewart as she had questions regarding Gross' research on the etiological agent of leukemia in mice. Stewart and Gross were both studying and researching on cancer-causing viruses concurrently and separately. They each seemed to be unaware of the other until December 1952 when Gross was contacted by Stewart. Stewart wrote to Gross as she was attempting to confirm Gross' work on the leukemia virus as her findings were different, she requested for Gross to send her some mice he was working on . Instead, Gross invited Stewart to his lab in New York in early 1953 to learn more about his research and pick up the mice she previously requested for.
301:
and sent it to the director of the
National Cancer Institute. Stewart instead was assigned to gynecology, as was many of the female doctors at the time. In addition, the two fields of cancer research and viruses were thought to be completely separate. This led to the common belief that virologists were not qualified to take part in cancer research, whereas microbiologists were thought to be overqualified. Despite these obstacles, Stewart continued to pursue her passion for cancer research and viruses, ultimately earning numerous achievements in her field.
31:
260:
335:
tumors. The virus was named the
Stewart-Eddy or SE polyoma virus, after their respective surnames. The results of their collaboration earned them recognition by Time magazine in 1959, featuring a cover story on newly discovered viral agents that cause cancer. This experiment and its results, amongst other similar experiments, led many researchers to becoming interested in the field of viral oncology.
366:, but that was an unsuccess as well. Unaware that Gross had already observed parotid tumors, Stewart deemed her discovery as uniquely her own. She thought that Gross had heard about the research through her when she visited his laboratory in New York. The conflict arose when Stewart and Gross admonished each other for failing to appropriately credit the other's paper.
334:
Eddy and
Stewart demonstrated that the virus causes cell necrosis and proliferation in cell culture, that it is highly antigenic, and that it leads to formation of specific antibodies in infected animals whether or not tumors develop. At Eddy's suggestion, the virus was dubbed "polyoma," meaning many
300:
Stewart's status as a woman in the medical field in the 1940s and 1950s came with additional challenges. When requesting to work on cancer research at the NIH, she was told she was not qualified to do so. After completing her medical degree, Stewart wrote a protocol for work on cancer-causing viruses
424:
In 1965, Stewart was awarded the
Federal Women's Award by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a US Public Health Service Commissioned Officer and for her scientific contributions to the study of viral etiologies of cancer. The purpose of the Federal Women's Award is to recognize women who are doing great
326:
to be transmitted from animal to animal. Although it has been demonstrated that SE polyoma virus produces tumors in rodents under laboratory conditions, it is known that the parotid gland tumors and others of the spectrum produced in mice rarely are found under natural conditions, even though it has
313:
in 1953. In 1956, Stewart approached
Bernice Eddy for assistance growing the agent causing parotid tumors in mice. Eddy readily agreed and the two women rapidly worked out the characteristics of the agent that was not referred to as a virus in their publications until 1959. Building on earlier work
429:
in Rome and the
Daughters of Penelope Salute to Women Award in 1972. The Daughters of Penelope Salute Award is to honor women who promote Hellenism, education, philanthropy, civic responsibility and family and individual excellence, which Stewart did with her research. She was also awarded the John
369:
The rivalry came to a peak in 1958, when Jacob Furth attributed the discovery of the parotid tumor virus to both
Stewart and Gross. The discovery of the parotid tumor virus was initially credited to both Gross and Stewart, and eventually the virus was named after Stewart and Eddy, now known as the
382:
and what are known as C-type viruses. C-type viruses are not as strong as A and B and typically effect people more mildly than others. However, it has occasionally been linked to the development of
Leukemia. It became known that there were some viruses that could lead to or be a cause for certain
330:
Stewart and Eddy continued to test the theory that viral components are able to induce tumors. They tested tumor extracts from both monkey and mouse embryos, and found that the mouse embryos contained a higher quantity of cancer causing viral agents. This lead them to reason that viruses can be
399:
Stewart herself was diagnosed with the disease she spent her life researching, cancer. Beginning with ovarian cancer and then obtaining lung cancer which ultimately costing her life. Long time colleague and friend
Bernice Eddy said that Stewart continued to do work and more research until she
441:(GUSOM) honors Dr. Sarah Stewart's pioneering achievements and research accomplishment by selecting incoming GUSOM students who demonstrate great potential for academic and research contributions, as well as the dedication to the ongoing study of the humane practice of medicine.
276:(NIH) as a bacteriologist from 1935 to 1944 while completing her PhD at the University of Chicago. She managed to publish 7 papers pertaining to anaerobic bacteria while she was completing her PhD. During her time at the NIH, she also took part in developing a vaccine for
318:, Stewart and Bernice E. Eddy were the first to describe a polyomavirus. They did so by injecting the mice with ground organs of other mice that were known to contain leukemia, and observing cancerous tumor growth that was unrelated to leukemia. They satisfied
251:, which allowed her to take medical courses for free until women were allowed to formally enroll in the medical school in 1947. In 1949 at the age of 43, she became the first woman to be awarded an MD Degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine.
331:
causative agents of cancer. They also concluded that the polyomavirus was able to cause 20 different types of mouse tumors. Some of the tumors observed were angiomatous sarcomas in Syrian hamsters, sarcomas in rats, and mesenchymal nodules in rabbits.
430:
Carroll Award in 1975. This award is given to
Georgetown Alumni who, like Stewart, have achieved things that exemplify what Georgetown set their ideals and traditions to be. Besides all the honorary awards, Stewart and
215:, she and her family were asked to leave the country in 1911, forcing them to migrate to the United States. Stewart would continue to speak Spanish fluently throughout her lifetime. Stewart and her family lived in
453:
Stewart SE. Neoplasms in mice inoculated with cell-free extracts or filtrates of leukemic mouse tissue. I. Neoplasms of the parotid and adrenal glands. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1955;15:1391–415.
1378:
1448:
1438:
1403:
351:
450:
Stewart SE. Leukemia in mice produced by a filterable agent present in AKR leukemic tissues with notes on a sarcoma produced by the same agent . Anat Rec. 1953;117:532.
309:
In 1951, Stewart was reassigned to the Marine Hospital in Baltimore where she finally was able to work in the field of cancer. Stewart is credited with discovering the
1418:
1433:
1423:
1388:
456:
Eddy BE, Stewart SE, Stanton MF, Marcotte JM. Induction of tumors in rats by tissue-culture preparations of SE polyoma virus. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1959;22:161–71.
1393:
1383:
408:
on the 23rd of May, 1977. Her memorial service was held at the Presbyterian Church in Bethesda, Maryland. Today, a collection of her papers is held at the
178:
researcher who pioneered the field of viral oncology research, and the first to show that cancer-causing viruses can spread from animal to animal. She and
409:
1413:
1106:
805:
601:
416:
and are viewed by researchers, students, professors, health professionals and even the public to continue to learn more about her research and work.
438:
248:
123:
1443:
1398:
1281:"Neoplasms in mice inoculated with cell-free extracts or filtrates of leukemic mouse tissues. I. Neoplasms of the parotid and adrenal glands"
648:
The virus and the vaccine: the true story of a cancer-causing monkey virus, contaminated polio vaccine, and the millions of Americans exposed
1373:
1255:
1428:
285:
232:
159:
116:
859:
655:
426:
284:. She later left her position in the NIH in order to pursue her goals in the research field as a commissioned officer of the
694:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
1408:
363:
273:
630:
383:
cancers. Stewart developed an interest in researching these viral links to cancer in light of the pioneering research of
1159:
228:
112:
379:
1081:
401:
359:
289:
80:
425:
works in the Federal Service and to express gratitude for their service. She also won the Lenghi Award of the
358:. Her unsuccess spurred new ideas which led her to propose a collaborative study with several people from the
350:
Stewart's first observation of the parotid tumor was in July 1952. She later presented her results at the
1040:"Ludwik Gross, Sarah Stewart, and the 1950s discoveries of Gross murine leukemia virus and polyoma virus"
690:"Ludwik Gross, Sarah Stewart, and the 1950s discoveries of Gross murine leukemia virus and polyoma virus"
244:
216:
119:
566:
30:
1368:
1363:
355:
319:
236:
405:
92:
689:
413:
212:
1339:
1331:
1300:
1292:
1063:
1055:
1015:
1007:
986:
Eddy, Bernice E.; Borman, Gerald S.; Kirschstein, Ruth L.; Touchette, Robert H. (1960-11-01).
968:
916:
855:
828:
Stanley, Autumn. Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Page 165. 1993, Rutgers University Press.
783:
709:
651:
532:
514:
292:
in 1951. Here Stewart aimed to prove that there was a connection between cancers and viruses.
175:
1183:
1047:
999:
958:
950:
906:
898:
847:
773:
765:
701:
522:
506:
634:
938:
886:
939:"Photo Quiz - Volume 20, Number 5—May 2014 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC"
887:"Photo Quiz - Volume 20, Number 5—May 2014 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC"
259:
963:
911:
778:
753:
527:
494:
851:
1357:
200:
183:
54:
839:
431:
344:
315:
310:
281:
268:
National Institutes of Health (NIH) and United States Public Health Service (USPHS)
240:
179:
134:
627:
227:
In 1927, she graduated with a Bachelors of Science and a degree in economics from
1160:"Remarks at the Federal Woman's Award Ceremony | The American Presidency Project"
354:
meeting in December 1953 but was invalidated as her findings did not satisfy the
1320:"Induction of tumors in rats by tissue-culture preparations of SE polyoma virus"
1231:
1051:
705:
211:, to a Native Mexican mother and an American mining engineer father. Due to the
1003:
384:
1335:
1318:
Eddy, B. E.; Stewart, S. E.; Stanton, M. F.; Marcotte, J. M. (January 1959).
1296:
1059:
1011:
518:
1319:
1280:
1039:
769:
1343:
1304:
1256:"Sarah Stewart Scholarship at the Georgetown University School of Medicine"
1067:
1019:
987:
972:
954:
920:
902:
787:
713:
536:
510:
378:
Stewart helped to identify other viruses in her lifetime, such as herpes,
327:
been found that many mouse colonies have the virus as a latent infection.
1130:
Smith, J. Y. (1976-12-08). "Dr. Sarah Stewart, Cancer Researcher, Dies".
277:
1145:
1044:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
400:
unfortunately became too sick to work in 1974. She died in her home in
204:
58:
846:, Advances in Virus Research, vol. 7, Elsevier, pp. 61–90,
727:
323:
208:
62:
1107:"The Woman Who Revealed the Missing Link Between Viruses and Cancer"
806:"The Woman Who Revealed the Missing Link Between Viruses and Cancer"
602:"The Woman Who Revealed the Missing Link Between Viruses and Cancer"
388:
258:
1208:"John Carroll Weekend 2022: Nashville - Georgetown University"
1207:
186:, and SE (Stewart-Eddy) polyoma virus is named after them.
247:
in 1939. Stewart worked as a professor of bacteriology at
988:"Neoplasms in Guinea Pigs Infected with SE Polyoma Virus"
199:
Sarah Elizabeth Stewart was born on August 16, 1905, in
1082:"Leukemia Virus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
387:in developing a vaccine for the virus which caused
155:
147:
129:
108:
100:
88:
69:
40:
21:
404:on November 27, 1976. Stewart was interred at the
231:. She went on to earn a master's degree from the
1379:Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni
1232:"Biography of Sarah Elizabeth Stewart, MD, PhD"
434:were also nominated twice for the Nobel Prize.
1449:Hispanic and Latino American women scientists
1439:Hispanic and Latino American women physicians
8:
437:Today, the Sarah Stewart Scholarship at the
174:(August 16, 1905 – November 27, 1976) was a
322:to demonstrate that polyomavirus can cause
219:, where she completed her lower education.
1404:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
29:
18:
962:
910:
777:
754:"Characteristics of the SE Polyoma Virus"
526:
1324:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1285:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
439:Georgetown University School of Medicine
280:, which helped many soldiers during the
249:Georgetown University School of Medicine
124:Georgetown University School of Medicine
1419:Hispanic and Latino American scientists
937:Fulghieri, Carl; Bloom, Sharon (2014).
885:Fulghieri, Carl; Bloom, Sharon (2014).
493:Fulghieri, Carl; Bloom, Sharon (2014).
466:
1434:20th-century American women physicians
1424:20th-century American women scientists
1389:Mexican emigrants to the United States
799:
797:
732:Alliance for Human Research Protection
623:
621:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
1033:
1031:
1029:
932:
930:
880:
878:
876:
752:Eddy BE, Stewart SE (November 1959).
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
7:
688:Morgan, Gregory J. (December 2014).
1146:"Sarah E. Stewart Papers 1927-1977"
844:Advances in Virus Research Volume 7
567:"Obituary: Sarah Elizabeth Stewart"
286:United States Public Health Service
233:University of Massachusetts Amherst
160:United States Public Health Service
117:University of Massachusetts Amherst
16:Mexican American cancer researcher.
1394:New Mexico State University alumni
1384:Mexican people of American descent
992:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
14:
758:Am J Public Health Nations Health
1414:20th-century American physicians
263:Sarah Elizabeth Stewart, ca 1950
1148:. National Library of Medicine.
728:"Bernice Eddy, PhD (1903–1989)"
1444:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
565:Utz, John P. (December 1977).
427:Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei
1:
1279:Stewart, S. E. (April 1955).
852:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60006-8
840:"The Polyoma Virus Section A"
274:National Institutes of Health
1399:University of Chicago alumni
1184:"Daughters of Penelope #229"
943:Emerging Infectious Diseases
891:Emerging Infectious Diseases
499:Emerging Infectious Diseases
410:National Library of Medicine
1374:American cancer researchers
1052:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.013
1038:Morgan, Gregory J. (2014).
706:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.013
229:New Mexico State University
190:Personal life and education
113:New Mexico State University
1465:
1429:Physicians from New Mexico
1188:St. George, Piscataway, NJ
838:Stewart, Sarah E. (1961),
650:. Macmillan. p. 59.
646:Bookchin, Debbie (2004).
495:"Sarah Elizabeth Stewart"
402:New Smyrna Beach, Florida
290:National Cancer Institute
165:
140:
81:New Smyrna Beach, Florida
28:
1004:10.1093/infdis/107.3.361
182:co-discovered the first
1164:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
770:10.2105/ajph.49.11.1486
628:Biography from gwis.org
172:Sarah Elizabeth Stewart
955:10.3201/eid2005.131876
903:10.3201/eid2005.131876
511:10.3201/eid2005.131876
305:Polyoma virus research
264:
96:Washington, D.C., U.S.
1086:www.sciencedirect.com
262:
245:University of Chicago
217:Cottage Grove, Oregon
133:first describing the
120:University of Chicago
1409:American virologists
1212:John Carroll Weekend
1111:Smithsonian Magazine
1046:. 48 Pt B: 200–209.
810:Smithsonian Magazine
339:Ludwik Gross rivalry
296:Professional hurdles
1132:The Washington Post
432:Dr. Bernice E. Eddy
406:Rock Creek Cemetery
395:Death and afterward
272:Stewart joined the
93:Rock Creek Cemetery
1260:School of Medicine
1236:School of Medicine
633:2008-07-04 at the
414:Bethesda, Maryland
343:In December 1952,
265:
213:Mexican Revolution
764:(11): 1486–1492.
445:Published studies
420:Awards and honors
320:Koch's postulates
169:
168:
142:Scientific career
73:November 27, 1976
1456:
1348:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1291:(5): 1391–1415.
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1105:McNeill, Leila.
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1035:
1024:
1023:
983:
977:
976:
966:
934:
925:
924:
914:
882:
871:
870:
869:
868:
835:
829:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
804:McNeill, Leila.
801:
792:
791:
781:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
724:
718:
717:
685:
662:
661:
643:
637:
625:
616:
615:
613:
612:
600:McNeill, Leila.
597:
582:
581:
580:(12): 4674–4675.
571:
562:
541:
540:
530:
490:
356:Koch's postulate
282:second world war
176:Mexican-American
76:
50:
48:
33:
19:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1037:
1036:
1027:
985:
984:
980:
936:
935:
928:
884:
883:
874:
866:
864:
862:
837:
836:
832:
827:
823:
814:
812:
803:
802:
795:
751:
750:
746:
737:
735:
726:
725:
721:
687:
686:
665:
658:
645:
644:
640:
635:Wayback Machine
626:
619:
610:
608:
599:
598:
585:
574:Cancer Research
569:
564:
563:
544:
492:
491:
468:
463:
447:
422:
397:
376:
341:
307:
298:
270:
257:
225:
197:
192:
109:Alma mater
95:
84:
78:
74:
65:
52:
51:August 16, 1905
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1330:(1): 161–171.
1310:
1271:
1247:
1223:
1199:
1175:
1151:
1137:
1134:. p. C15.
1122:
1097:
1073:
1025:
998:(3): 361–368.
978:
949:(5): 893–895.
926:
897:(5): 893–895.
872:
860:
830:
821:
793:
744:
719:
663:
656:
638:
617:
583:
542:
505:(5): 893–895.
465:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
451:
446:
443:
421:
418:
396:
393:
375:
374:Other research
372:
340:
337:
306:
303:
297:
294:
269:
266:
256:
253:
235:in 1930 and a
224:
221:
196:
193:
191:
188:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
151:Viral Oncology
149:
145:
144:
138:
137:
131:
130:Known for
127:
126:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
90:
86:
85:
79:
77:(aged 71)
71:
67:
66:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
927:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
879:
877:
873:
863:
861:9780120398072
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
831:
825:
822:
811:
807:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
733:
729:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
664:
659:
653:
649:
642:
639:
636:
632:
629:
624:
622:
618:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
543:
538:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
467:
460:
455:
452:
449:
448:
444:
442:
440:
435:
433:
428:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
394:
392:
390:
386:
381:
373:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
338:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
312:
304:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
261:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
189:
187:
185:
184:polyoma virus
181:
177:
173:
164:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
89:Resting place
87:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
35:Sarah Stewart
32:
27:
23:Sarah Stewart
20:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1043:
995:
991:
981:
946:
942:
894:
890:
865:, retrieved
843:
833:
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:
761:
757:
747:
736:. Retrieved
734:. 2014-09-27
731:
722:
697:
693:
647:
641:
609:. Retrieved
605:
577:
573:
502:
498:
436:
423:
398:
377:
368:
349:
345:Ludwik Gross
342:
333:
329:
316:Ludwig Gross
311:polyomavirus
308:
299:
271:
241:microbiology
226:
198:
180:Bernice Eddy
171:
170:
156:Institutions
141:
135:Polyomavirus
115:
75:(1976-11-27)
1369:1976 deaths
1364:1905 births
700:: 200–209.
606:Smithsonian
101:Citizenship
1358:Categories
1265:2021-12-03
1241:2021-11-30
1217:2021-12-01
1193:2021-12-01
1169:2021-12-01
1116:2021-12-03
1091:2021-12-03
867:2021-12-04
815:2021-03-04
738:2021-03-04
657:0312278721
611:2019-10-07
461:References
385:Jonas Salk
201:Tecalitlán
195:Early life
55:Tecalitlán
47:1905-08-16
1336:0027-8874
1297:0027-8874
1060:1879-2499
1012:0022-1899
519:1080-6040
380:Burkitt's
243:from the
223:Education
1344:13621203
1305:14368279
1068:25223721
1020:13725645
973:24751102
921:24751102
788:13819251
714:25223721
631:Archived
537:24751102
278:gangrene
964:4012821
912:4012821
779:1373056
528:4012821
288:at the
205:Jalisco
59:Jalisco
1342:
1334:
1303:
1295:
1066:
1058:
1018:
1010:
971:
961:
919:
909:
858:
786:
776:
712:
654:
535:
525:
517:
324:cancer
255:Career
209:Mexico
148:Fields
83:, U.S.
63:Mexico
570:(PDF)
389:polio
1340:PMID
1332:ISSN
1301:PMID
1293:ISSN
1064:PMID
1056:ISSN
1016:PMID
1008:ISSN
969:PMID
917:PMID
856:ISBN
784:PMID
710:PMID
652:ISBN
533:PMID
515:ISSN
362:and
352:AAAS
237:Ph.D
70:Died
41:Born
1048:doi
1000:doi
996:107
959:PMC
951:doi
907:PMC
899:doi
848:doi
774:PMC
766:doi
702:doi
523:PMC
507:doi
412:in
364:NIH
360:NCI
314:by
239:in
104:USA
1360::
1338:.
1328:22
1326:.
1322:.
1299:.
1289:15
1287:.
1283:.
1258:.
1234:.
1210:.
1186:.
1162:.
1109:.
1084:.
1062:.
1054:.
1042:.
1028:^
1014:.
1006:.
994:.
990:.
967:.
957:.
947:20
945:.
941:.
929:^
915:.
905:.
895:20
893:.
889:.
875:^
854:,
842:,
808:.
796:^
782:.
772:.
762:49
760:.
756:.
730:.
708:.
698:48
696:.
692:.
666:^
620:^
604:.
586:^
578:37
576:.
572:.
545:^
531:.
521:.
513:.
503:20
501:.
497:.
469:^
391:.
207:,
203:,
61:,
57:,
1346:.
1307:.
1268:.
1244:.
1220:.
1196:.
1172:.
1119:.
1094:.
1070:.
1050::
1022:.
1002::
975:.
953::
923:.
901::
850::
818:.
790:.
768::
741:.
716:.
704::
660:.
614:.
539:.
509::
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
