639:
dormant, these cysts can withstand conditions as harsh and diverse as droughts, frosts, hypersalinity, complete desiccation, exposure to UV radiation and the vacuum of space. It is also the only way for the fairy shrimps to colonize new habitats—facilitated by a variety of conditions including wind, predators, currents—as the soft-bodied adults are unable to leave the freshwater system. Once in diapause, these cysts can remain viable for centuries, and the mixing of system sediment results in the hatching of different aged cysts in each generation. This inbreeding slows the rate of selection by resisting gene flow and minimizing phenotypic variation, in turn promoting the stability of the existing, successful phenotype.
2652:
811:
399:
437:
135:
681:
2495:
2481:
2510:
113:
802:, while the remaining genera are found only throughout former Laurasia. This suggests that much of the potential habitat in this supercontinent, now occupied by Anostraca, to have been unoccupied by ecologically similar species, or to have been inhabited by species with less adaptive ability. Studies have found Anostraca capable of rapid colonization and speciation.
2522:
740:
Fairy shrimp are believed to have diverged from the main line of
Branchiopoda during the Ordovician period, around the same time it is thought they colonized freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. This transition is believed to have been the result of selection pressure to escape predation in the Early
638:
Another important aspect of the fairy shrimp’s life cycle is their universal ability to enter diapause, a state of biological dormancy where growth and metabolism are arrested, as an egg (or cyst). This trait assists in both species' dispersal and in overcoming adverse environmental conditions. Once
779:
The radiation hypothesis championing rapid spread and colonization during the
Gondwana fragmentation closely echoes the current distribution of the order. Presently, Anostraca are found on all seven continents. Most of the extant genera have restricted geographical distributions. Only three genera
2335:
Regier, Jerome C.; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Zwick, Andreas; Hussey, April; Ball, Bernard; Wetzer, Regina; Martin, Joel W.; Cunningham, Clifford W. (2010-02-10). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences".
571:
to lakes that are almost devoid of dissolved substances; they are "the most archetypal crustaceans" in ephemeral waters. The relatively large size of fairy shrimp, together with their slow means of locomotion, makes them an easy target for
355:
or "giant fairy shrimp", which is itself a predator of other species of anostracans. They are an important food for many birds and fish, and some are cultured and harvested for use as fish food. There are 300 species spread across 8
773:, from Orsten marine deposits. Despite its seeming resemblance to modern fairy shrimp, this fossil is still considered by most to be an outlying member of the ancestral marine Branchiopoda rather than a true fairy shrimp.
424:. The first pair of antennae are small, usually unsegmented, and uniramous. The second pair are long and cylindrical in females, but in males they are enlarged and specialised for holding the female during
712:. Their drought-resistant eggs are collected from lakeshores and are stored and transported dry. They hatch readily when submerged in salt water. This is a multimillion-dollar industry, centred on the
635:
indiscriminately from the water as they swim, but also scrape algae and other organic materials from solid surfaces, for which they turn to have their ventral side against the food surface.
2181:
Brendonck, L. (1996). "Diapause, quiescence, hatching requirements: what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods (Crustacea
Branciopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca)".
332:
ice. They are usually 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) long (exceptionally up to 170 mm or 6.7 in). Most species have 20 body segments, bearing 11 pairs of leaf-like
2023:
Gueriau, Pierre; Rabet, Nicolas; Clément, Gaël; Lagebro, Linda; Vannier, Jean; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Olive, Sébastien; Béthoux, Olivier (February 2016).
1652:"Phylogenetic relationships and remarkable radiation in Parartemia (Crustacea: Anostraca), the endemic brine shrimp of Australia: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences"
776:
The monophyly of this order is well supported, and the scientific community has reached consensus that
Anostraca was the first group to branch off from the Branchiopoda.
3061:
3100:
536:
is thought to take place through the entire body surface, but especially that of the phyllopodia and their associated gills, which may also be responsible for
3205:
913:
368:
The body of a fairy shrimp is elongated and divided into segments. The whole animal is typically 6–25 millimetres (0.24–0.98 in) long, but one species,
1281:
n. sp. (Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Branchinectidae) from a volcanic crater in northern Chile (Antofagasta
Province): a new altitude record for crustaceans"
518:, which runs through most of the animal's length. A series of slits allow haemocoel into the heart, which is then pumped out of the anterior opening by
2428:
Kappas, Ilias; Mura, Graziella; Synefiaridou, Dimitra; Marrone, Federico; Alfonso, Giuseppe; Alonso, Miguel; Abatzopoulos, Theodore J. (2017-10-01).
3035:
2225:
2430:"Molecular and morphological data suggest weak phylogeographic structure in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus torvicornis (Branchiopoda, Anostraca)"
3074:
2297:
Weekers, P (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences".
2554:
1358:
Hairston, Nelson G.; Cáceres, Carla E. (1996-03-01). "Distribution of crustacean diapause: micro- and macroevolutionary pattern and process".
2412:
1995:
1859:
1826:
1790:
1757:
1339:
1214:
1176:
1143:
1109:
1055:
1021:
950:
836:
Anostraca is the most diverse of the four orders of
Branchiopoda. It comprises around 313 species, grouped into 26 genera in eight families:
2217:
470:). The last two segments are fused together, and their appendages are specialised for reproduction. Most anostracans have separate sexes (
1701:"Cyst Deposition Behaviour and the Functional Morphology of the Brood Pouch in Streptocephalus Torvicornis (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)"
1464:
Alekseev, Victor R.; Starobogatov, Yaroslav I. (1996-03-01). "Types of diapause in
Crustacea: definitions, distribution, evolution".
1782:
1206:
3162:
3200:
767:
Some studies point to fossils resembling fairy shrimp in the Upper
Cambrian, specifically the oldest known branchiopod fossil,
1013:
943:"Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences"
1543:
Parnov, V.; Krylov, P.; Riccardi, N. (2004). "Role of diapause in dispersal and invasion success by aquatic invertebrates".
3079:
3087:
1749:
1285:
1509:"Cyst morphology of large branchiopod crustaceans (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata) in western Poland"
684:
642:
Anostracans are an important food source for many birds and fish. For example, they provide much of the food for female
1928:"Molecular evidence suggests an ancient radiation for the fairy shrimp genus Streptocephalus (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)"
904:
2944:
2931:
2025:"A 365-Million-Year-Old Freshwater Community Reveals Morphological and Ecological Stasis in Branchiopod Crustaceans"
1882:"Monophyly and Phylogeny of Branchiopoda, with Focus on Morphology and Homologies of Branchiopod Phyllopodous Limbs"
3195:
3014:
2547:
1168:
631:. When swimming, the animal's ventral side is normally uppermost (often described as swimming "upside-down"). They
134:
3105:
3027:
2126:"Phylogeny of Branchiopoda (Crustacea) based on a combined analysis of morphological data and six molecular loci"
2429:
2840:
1331:
404:
2871:
651:
442:
3136:
2540:
1851:
816:
2651:
2526:
3154:
2949:
1199:"The crustacean zooplankton (Copepoda, Branchiopoda), atyid Decapoda, and Syncarida of the Nile Basin"
398:
3167:
3115:
2983:
2918:
2345:
2085:
2036:
1663:
1241:
583:. This has led to their distribution being restricted to environments with fewer predators, such as
456:
378:
until it reaches 50 mm (2.0 in) long, and can grow to 170 mm (6.7 in) long. The
2404:
1101:
603:
598:
466:). All but the last two are very similar, with a pair of biramous phyllopods (flattened, leaf-like
436:
3190:
2486:
2457:
2377:
2242:
2198:
2163:
2101:
2073:
2001:
1489:
1439:
1383:
1304:
1257:
941:
Peter H. H. Weekers; Gopal
Murugan; Jacques R. Vanfleteren; Denton Belk; Henri J. Dumont (2002).
756:
628:
593:
462:
370:
350:
129:
3141:
810:
3123:
2970:
2500:
2449:
2408:
2369:
2361:
2314:
2283:
2155:
2147:
2054:
1991:
1975:
1949:
1903:
1855:
1843:
1822:
1810:
1786:
1774:
1753:
1722:
1681:
1629:
1481:
1431:
1375:
1335:
1323:
1232:
1210:
1198:
1172:
1160:
1139:
1131:
1105:
1093:
1051:
1043:
1017:
1005:
967:
825:
721:
548:
421:
205:
2396:
3128:
3066:
2641:
2441:
2353:
2306:
2275:
2234:
2190:
2137:
2093:
2044:
1983:
1939:
1893:
1741:
1712:
1671:
1619:
1586:
1520:
1473:
1421:
1367:
1294:
1249:
959:
882:
643:
568:
522:. The nervous system consists of two nerve cords which run the length of the body, with two
357:
321:
284:
214:
2072:
Luo, Cihang; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Fang, Yan; Wang, Bo; Xiao, Chuantao (February 2020).
1974:
Luc
Brendonck; D. Christopher Rogers; Jorgen Olesen; Stephen Weeks; Walter R. Hoch (2008).
2748:
2725:
2631:
2621:
2611:
870:
858:
821:
713:
616:
475:
447:
409:
387:
375:
301:
264:
248:
2909:
2514:
627:
Anostracans swim gracefully by movements of their phyllopodia (thoracic appendages) in a
2349:
2089:
2040:
1667:
1245:
3022:
3009:
2830:
2813:
2636:
2616:
2238:
2074:"First Anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China"
1818:
1624:
1607:
876:
852:
754:
is likely a close relative of Anostraca. The oldest known modern-looking ansotracan is
680:
537:
272:
240:
121:
2310:
1010:
The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon
963:
3184:
2808:
2776:
2740:
2276:
2142:
2125:
2105:
2009:
1944:
1927:
659:
632:
341:
70:
2461:
2202:
2167:
2005:
1443:
1387:
1308:
1261:
591:
and lakes at high altitudes or latitudes. The southernmost recorded fairy shrimp is
2771:
2712:
2694:
2606:
2564:
2494:
2381:
846:
840:
798:
792:
769:
751:
697:
689:
655:
533:
417:
309:
232:
224:
176:
2923:
2480:
1493:
1230:
T.C. Hawes (October 2009). "Origins and dispersal of the Antarctic fairy shrimp".
559:, which probably diffuses into the environment through the phyllopodia and gills.
2936:
2532:
2097:
412:), showing the first antenna (A1), second antenna (A2) and frontal appendage (Ap)
3092:
3048:
2975:
2903:
2730:
1978:. In Estelle V. Balian; Christian Lévêque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens (eds.).
1976:"Global diversity of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in freshwater"
743:
709:
584:
519:
471:
379:
317:
45:
2509:
1775:"Saline wetland reserve management: a case study from the United Arab Emirates"
1608:"Wind-borne short-range egg dispersal in anostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda)"
112:
2825:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2668:
2660:
2626:
2588:
2476:
2445:
2049:
2024:
1987:
1591:
1574:
1253:
864:
725:
580:
527:
329:
305:
256:
90:
55:
2894:
2453:
2365:
2151:
1953:
1907:
1726:
1685:
1633:
1525:
1508:
1485:
1435:
1379:
1098:
Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea
2996:
2852:
2847:
2835:
2788:
2766:
2758:
2720:
2702:
2681:
2582:
917:
761:
729:
588:
545:
511:
495:
467:
166:
146:
95:
2373:
2318:
2159:
2058:
1699:
Kraus, Holger; Eder, Erich; Sten Møller, Ole; Werding, Bernd (2004-07-01).
1676:
1651:
971:
942:
17:
2521:
2957:
2888:
2818:
1048:
Australian Freshwater Life: the Invertebrates of Australian Inland Waters
748:
705:
669:
573:
523:
383:
337:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2962:
2357:
2781:
2194:
1477:
1426:
1409:
1371:
786:
781:
664:
662:, especially in years when temporary wetlands are abundant. Similarly,
647:
556:
491:
100:
75:
3053:
1926:
Daniels, Savel R.; Hamer, Michelle; Rogers, Christopher (2004-07-01).
1299:
1276:
2674:
2576:
1898:
1881:
1410:"Diapause, a potent force in the evolution of freshwater crustaceans"
621:
555:. Most of the animal's nitrogenous waste is, however, in the form of
507:
499:
479:
425:
325:
156:
2865:
3040:
3001:
1717:
1700:
416:
The head is morphologically distinct from the thorax. It bears two
3149:
2263:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 104–105.
1165:
The Masterpiece of Nature: the Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality
809:
679:
611:
608:
541:
515:
435:
397:
345:
2124:
Richter, Stefan; Olesen, Jørgen; Wheeler, Ward C. (2007-08-01).
1050:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan Australia. pp. 118–184.
780:
are widespread across the remnants of the former supercontinent
717:
701:
576:
552:
503:
2869:
2536:
1094:"Phyllopodous Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, and clam shrimps)"
428:. In some groups, males have an additional frontal appendage.
478:. The abdomen comprises 6 segments without appendages, and a
2988:
490:
The head contains two digestive glands and the small lobate
1650:
Remigio, E. A.; Hebert, P. D. N.; Savage, A. (2001-09-01).
764:) Strud locality of Belgium, around 365 million years old.
1203:
The Nile: Origins, Environments, Limnology and Human Use
482:, which bears two flattened caudal rami or "cercopods".
450:): the female is holding eggs on her genital appendages.
1982:. Developments in Hydrobiology 198. pp. 167–176.
1848:
Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta: an Illustrated Guide
607:, which lives at 5,930 metres (19,460 ft) in the
454:
The thorax of most anostracans has 13 segments (19 in
2216:
Joel W. Martin; Michael S. Laverack (December 1992).
386:. The body can be divided into three distinct parts (
2218:"On the distribution of the crustacean dorsal organ"
2878:
2757:
2739:
2711:
2693:
2659:
2597:
1275:Thomas A. Hegna; Eric A. Lazo-Wasem (1 July 2010).
687:: the orange colour is produced by the presence of
494:into which they empty. This is connected to a long
324:across the world, and they have even been found in
906:An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea
1606:Brendonck, Luc; Riddoch, Bruce J. (1999-05-01).
1575:"A conceptual model for Anostracan biogeography"
1138:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 316–394.
344:organic particles from the water or by scraping
1008:. In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.).
567:Anostracans inhabit inland waters ranging from
2278:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
382:is thin and flexible, and lacks any sign of a
2548:
8:
2282:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1804:
1802:
1746:Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl
914:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
514:of anostracans is pumped by a long, tubular
1740:Gary L. Krapu; Kenneth J. Reinecke (1992).
1507:Czyż, M.; Woliński, P.; Gołdyn, B. (2016).
1037:
1035:
1033:
2866:
2555:
2541:
2533:
2078:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1324:"Biodiversity and biogeography of deserts"
111:
31:
2141:
2048:
1943:
1932:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1897:
1777:. In Hans-Jörg Barth; Benno Böer (eds.).
1716:
1675:
1656:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1623:
1612:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1590:
1524:
1425:
1298:
1087:
544:at the bases of the maxillae are used to
1205:. Volume 89 of Monographiae Biologicae.
1192:
1190:
1188:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
903:Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis (2001).
895:
668:forms an important part of the diet of
601:, while the altitude record is held by
1980:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
1773:Simon Aspinall; Peter Hellyer (2002).
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
420:on prominent stalks, and two pairs of
336:(swimming legs), and the body lacks a
2330:
2328:
2299:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2119:
2117:
2115:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1645:
1643:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1538:
1536:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1353:
1351:
951:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
348:from surfaces, with the exception of
7:
3155:FB7FA973-590A-FFA6-56C1-FC903FF9B025
3116:dc8c2b7d-f70c-4c3a-b720-c1693869ad25
3028:9d6383fe-e954-46c4-952f-f898835a3957
1161:"Arthropoda: Crustacea Branchiopoda"
3206:Extant Ordovician first appearances
2239:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1992.tb01108.x
1625:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01931.x
328:, ice-covered mountain lakes, and
25:
312:; its members are referred to as
2650:
2520:
2508:
2493:
2479:
2143:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00148.x
1945:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00359.x
1813:. In Sven Erik Jørgensen (ed.).
1781:. Tasks for Vegetation science.
1742:"Foraging ecology and nutrition"
1096:. In Douglas Grant Smith (ed.).
916:. pp. 1–132. Archived from
133:
2401:The Ecology of Temporary Waters
2259:Fortey, R.; Thomas, H. (2012).
1042:William David Williams (1980).
440:Male (top) and female (bottom)
1408:Fryer, Geoffrey (1996-03-01).
1014:University of California Press
530:in most of the body segments.
498:, which terminates in a short
390:) – head, thorax and abdomen.
340:. They swim "upside-down" and
1:
2311:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00289-0
1886:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1880:Olesen, Jørgen (2007-04-01).
1750:University of Minnesota Press
1744:. In Bruce D. J. Batt (ed.).
1705:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1579:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1286:Journal of Crustacean Biology
964:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00289-0
2098:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.11.004
1201:. In Henri J. Dumont (ed.).
1132:"Segmentation in arthropods"
1092:Douglas Grant Smith (2001).
728:; adults are collected from
685:San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds
2395:D. Dudley Williams (1987).
1779:Sabkha Ecosystems, Volume 2
1044:"Arachnids and Crustaceans"
770:Rehbachiella kinnekullensis
736:Fossil record and evolution
551:, typically in the form of
3222:
1169:Cambridge University Press
672:wherever it can be found.
474:), but a few reproduce by
2648:
2571:
2446:10.1007/s10750-017-3203-6
2050:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.039
1988:10.1007/s10750-007-9119-9
1842:Hugh F. Clifford (1991).
1592:10.1163/1937240x-00002369
1254:10.1017/S095410200900203X
221:
213:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
34:
1526:10.1515/biolet-2017-0006
1197:Henri J. Dumont (2009).
760:from the late Devonian (
732:and transported frozen.
614:. Other genera, such as
2261:Arthropod Relationships
1811:"Saline and soda lakes"
1332:Oxford University Press
814:Anatomical drawings of
704:and other organisms in
405:Chirocephalus diaphanus
402:Drawing of the head of
3201:Freshwater crustaceans
1677:10.1006/bijl.2001.0567
1328:The Biology of Deserts
885:– 6 genera, 62 species
861:– 9 genera, 81 species
855:– 5 genera, 35 species
833:
694:
652:Prairie Pothole Region
624:throughout the world.
451:
413:
3137:Paleobiology Database
1852:University of Alberta
1809:J. M. Melack (2009).
1136:Biology of Arthropoda
1130:D. R. Khanna (2004).
879:– 2 genera, 8 species
873:– 1 genus, 56 species
867:– 1 genus, 18 species
849:– 1 genus, 45 species
817:Branchinecta paludosa
813:
700:are used as food for
683:
563:Ecology and behaviour
439:
401:
3023:Fauna Europaea (new)
2529:at Wikimedia Commons
2405:Taylor & Francis
2274:Minelli, A. (2009).
1854:. pp. 140–143.
1821:. pp. 380–384.
1785:. pp. 335–340.
1545:Journal of Limnology
1334:. pp. 192–216.
1209:. pp. 521–546.
1171:. pp. 239–248.
1159:Graham Bell (1982).
1104:. pp. 427–452.
1016:. pp. 414–417.
1004:Denton Belk (2007).
843:– 1 genus, 8 species
27:Order of crustaceans
2358:10.1038/nature08742
2350:2010Natur.463.1079R
2344:(7284): 1079–1083.
2090:2020PrGA..131...67L
2041:2016CBio...26..383G
1668:2001BJLS...74...59R
1573:Rogers, C. (2015).
1322:David Ward (2009).
1279:Branchinecta brushi
1246:2009AntSc..21..477H
1102:John Wiley and Sons
599:Antarctic Peninsula
526:and two transverse
443:Eubranchipus grubii
300:is one of the four
2563:Families of class
2487:Crustaceans portal
2407:. pp. 21–67.
2195:10.1007/bf00016809
1513:Biological Letters
1478:10.1007/bf00016801
1427:10.1007/bf00016800
1372:10.1007/bf00016802
834:
695:
629:metachronal rhythm
594:Branchinecta gaini
538:osmotic regulation
452:
432:Thorax and abdomen
414:
371:Branchinecta gigas
351:Branchinecta gigas
3196:Crustacean orders
3178:
3177:
3124:Open Tree of Life
2872:Taxon identifiers
2863:
2862:
2632:Streptocephalidae
2525:Media related to
2501:Arthropods portal
2414:978-0-7099-5211-4
2008:. Reprinted from
1997:978-1-4020-8258-0
1861:978-0-88864-234-9
1828:978-0-444-53466-8
1815:Ecosystem Ecology
1792:978-1-4020-0504-6
1759:978-0-8166-2001-2
1752:. pp. 1–29.
1341:978-0-19-921147-0
1300:10.1651/09-3236.1
1233:Antarctic Science
1216:978-1-4020-9725-6
1178:978-0-85664-753-6
1145:978-81-7141-897-8
1111:978-0-471-35837-4
1057:978-0-333-29894-7
1023:978-0-520-23939-5
871:Streptocephalidae
826:Georg Ossian Sars
722:San Francisco Bay
569:hypersaline lakes
549:nitrogenous waste
342:feed by filtering
322:hypersaline lakes
295:
294:
289:
281:
269:
265:Streptocephalidae
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
209:
192:
16:(Redirected from
3213:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3093:NHMSYS0021049525
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2867:
2654:
2642:Thamnocephalidae
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2513:Data related to
2512:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2241:. Archived from
2222:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2145:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1899:10.1651/s-2727.1
1877:
1866:
1865:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1570:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1100:(4th ed.).
1089:
1062:
1061:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1012:(4th ed.).
1001:
976:
975:
947:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
922:
911:
900:
883:Thamnocephalidae
741:Paleozoic seas.
486:Internal anatomy
287:
285:Thamnocephalidae
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
228:Grochowski, 1896
227:
204:
190:
138:
137:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2777:Pseudopenilidae
2753:
2749:Cyclestheriidae
2735:
2726:Leptestheriidae
2707:
2689:
2655:
2646:
2622:Chirocephalidae
2612:Branchinectidae
2593:
2567:
2561:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2029:Current Biology
2022:
2021:
2017:
1998:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1091:
1090:
1065:
1058:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1003:
1002:
979:
945:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
920:
909:
902:
901:
897:
892:
859:Chirocephalidae
847:Branchinectidae
830:Fauna Norvegiae
822:Branchinectidae
808:
747:from the early
738:
714:Great Salt Lake
678:
617:Streptocephalus
565:
506:located on the
488:
476:parthenogenesis
448:Chirocephalidae
434:
410:Chirocephalidae
396:
376:sexual maturity
374:does not reach
366:
316:. They live in
249:Chirocephalidae
233:Branchinectidae
203:
189:
132:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
41:Devonian–Recent
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3010:Fauna Europaea
3006:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2915:
2900:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Cercopagididae
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:Macrotrichidae
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:Tanymastigidae
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Branchipodidae
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2517:at Wikispecies
2505:
2504:
2490:
2474:
2473:External links
2471:
2468:
2467:
2420:
2413:
2387:
2324:
2305:(3): 535–544.
2289:
2266:
2251:
2248:on 2011-07-19.
2233:(5): 357–368.
2226:Acta Zoologica
2208:
2189:(1–3): 85–97.
2173:
2136:(4): 301–336.
2111:
2064:
2035:(3): 383–390.
2015:
1996:
1959:
1938:(3): 313–327.
1913:
1892:(2): 165–183.
1867:
1860:
1834:
1827:
1819:Academic Press
1798:
1791:
1765:
1758:
1732:
1718:10.1651/c-2470
1711:(3): 393–397.
1691:
1639:
1598:
1585:(5): 686–699.
1554:
1532:
1499:
1472:(1–3): 15–26.
1449:
1393:
1366:(1–3): 27–44.
1347:
1340:
1314:
1293:(3): 445–464.
1267:
1240:(5): 477–482.
1222:
1215:
1184:
1177:
1151:
1144:
1117:
1110:
1063:
1056:
1029:
1022:
1006:"Branchiopoda"
977:
958:(3): 535–544.
933:
894:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
880:
877:Tanymastigidae
874:
868:
862:
856:
853:Branchipodidae
850:
844:
807:
804:
737:
734:
677:
674:
564:
561:
487:
484:
457:Polyartemiella
433:
430:
395:
392:
365:
362:
293:
292:
291:
290:
282:
273:Tanymastigidae
270:
262:
254:
246:
241:Branchipodidae
238:
230:
219:
218:
211:
210:
198:
194:
193:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
122:Artemia salina
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3218:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Ilyocryptidae
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2741:Cyclestherida
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Parartemiidae
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:Hydrobiologia
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Hydrobiologia
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2012:, Volume 595.
2011:
2010:Hydrobiologia
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Hydrobiologia
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:(1–3): 1–14.
1419:
1415:
1414:Hydrobiologia
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Hydrobiologia
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
944:
937:
934:
923:on 2013-05-12
919:
915:
908:
907:
899:
896:
889:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:Parartemiidae
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
812:
805:
803:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
777:
774:
772:
771:
765:
763:
759:
758:
753:
750:
746:
745:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
691:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:North America
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
636:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
618:
613:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:. Two coiled
539:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
458:
449:
445:
444:
438:
431:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:compound eyes
411:
407:
406:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
363:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:in the class
307:
303:
299:
286:
283:
279:
274:
271:
266:
263:
258:
257:Parartemiidae
255:
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97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
2879:
2853:Leptodoridae
2841:Polyphemidae
2772:Holopediidae
2713:Spinicaudata
2695:Laevicaudata
2680:
2673:
2598:
2565:Branchiopoda
2440:(1): 21–32.
2437:
2433:
2423:
2400:
2390:
2341:
2337:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2243:the original
2230:
2224:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2133:
2129:
2084:(1): 67–72.
2081:
2077:
2067:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1979:
1935:
1931:
1889:
1885:
1847:
1837:
1814:
1778:
1768:
1745:
1735:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1662:(1): 59–71.
1659:
1655:
1618:(1): 87–95.
1615:
1611:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1548:
1544:
1519:(2): 79–88.
1516:
1512:
1502:
1469:
1465:
1417:
1413:
1363:
1359:
1327:
1317:
1290:
1284:
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1231:
1225:
1202:
1164:
1154:
1135:
1097:
1047:
1009:
955:
949:
936:
925:. Retrieved
918:the original
905:
898:
835:
829:
815:
799:Branchinecta
797:
793:Branchinella
791:
785:
778:
775:
768:
766:
755:
752:Rhynie chert
742:
739:
698:Brine shrimp
696:
688:
663:
656:Great Plains
641:
637:
626:
615:
602:
592:
585:vernal pools
566:
534:Gas exchange
532:
489:
461:
455:
453:
441:
415:
403:
369:
367:
349:
333:
318:vernal pools
314:fairy shrimp
313:
310:Branchiopoda
297:
296:
277:
200:
186:
177:Branchiopoda
120:
29:
3049:iNaturalist
2904:Wikispecies
2731:Limnadiidae
2397:"The Biota"
1844:"Anostraca"
757:Haltinnaias
744:Lepidocaris
710:aquaculture
633:filter food
620:, occur in
528:commissures
520:peristalsis
502:, with the
472:gonochorism
463:Polyartemia
380:exoskeleton
364:Description
334:phyllopodia
306:crustaceans
288:Simon, 1886
268:Daday, 1910
260:Daday, 1910
252:Daday, 1910
244:Simon, 1886
236:Daday, 1910
191:Tasch, 1969
187:Sarsostraca
18:Sarsostraca
3185:Categories
2826:Onychopoda
2804:Daphniidae
2799:Chydoridae
2794:Bosminidae
2669:Triopsidae
2661:Notostraca
2607:Artemiidae
2587:Subphylum
2583:Arthropoda
2130:Cladistics
927:2011-03-03
890:References
841:Artemiidae
726:California
589:salt lakes
468:appendages
460:and 21 in
225:Artemiidae
206:G. O. Sars
183:Subclass:
167:Arthropoda
3191:Anostraca
2937:Anostraca
2924:Anostraca
2910:Anostraca
2880:Anostraca
2848:Haplopoda
2836:Podonidae
2789:Anomopoda
2767:Ctenopoda
2759:Cladocera
2721:Cyzicidae
2703:Lynceidae
2682:Lepidurus
2599:Anostraca
2589:Crustacea
2527:Anostraca
2515:Anostraca
2454:0018-8158
2366:1476-4687
2152:1096-0031
2106:214226902
1954:0024-4066
1908:0278-0372
1727:0278-0372
1686:0024-4066
1634:0024-4066
1486:0018-8158
1436:0018-8158
1380:0018-8158
806:Diversity
762:Famennian
730:Mono Lake
670:flamingos
604:B. brushi
597:from the
581:waterfowl
574:predatory
512:haemocoel
496:intestine
330:Antarctic
298:Anostraca
201:Anostraca
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
35:Anostraca
2958:BugGuide
2889:Wikidata
2819:Moinidae
2577:Animalia
2575:Kingdom
2462:25271723
2374:20147900
2319:12450757
2203:26327230
2168:55997584
2160:34905837
2059:26776738
2006:46608816
1783:Springer
1551:: 59–69.
1444:24128518
1388:44914111
1309:85961054
1262:84382536
1207:Springer
972:12450757
749:Devonian
648:mallards
644:pintails
422:antennae
384:carapace
358:families
338:carapace
276:Weekers
215:Families
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
2895:Q853383
2782:Sididae
2581:Phylum
2382:4427443
2346:Bibcode
2086:Bibcode
2037:Bibcode
1664:Bibcode
1242:Bibcode
824:) from
787:Artemia
782:Pangaea
706:aquaria
690:Artemia
665:Artemia
654:of the
650:in the
622:deserts
609:Chilean
557:ammonia
546:excrete
524:ganglia
492:stomach
388:tagmata
326:deserts
217:
197:Order:
173:Class:
3168:148390
3142:133208
3129:632173
3113:NZOR:
3054:119123
3002:1ANOSO
2963:350346
2675:Triops
2460:
2452:
2411:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2338:Nature
2317:
2201:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2104:
2057:
2004:
1994:
1952:
1906:
1858:
1825:
1789:
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1684:
1632:
1494:253609
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1386:
1378:
1338:
1307:
1260:
1213:
1175:
1142:
1108:
1054:
1020:
970:
832:(1896)
542:glands
510:. The
508:telson
500:rectum
480:telson
426:mating
302:orders
280:, 2002
278:et al.
208:, 1867
3163:WoRMS
3150:Plazi
3080:83688
3067:12397
3062:IRMNG
3015:13254
2458:S2CID
2378:S2CID
2286:–100.
2246:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2164:S2CID
2102:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1384:S2CID
1305:S2CID
1258:S2CID
946:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
612:Andes
516:heart
346:algae
3106:6659
3101:NCBI
3075:ITIS
3036:GBIF
2997:EPPO
2945:BOLD
2450:ISSN
2409:ISBN
2370:PMID
2362:ISSN
2315:PMID
2156:PMID
2148:ISSN
2055:PMID
1992:ISBN
1950:ISSN
1904:ISSN
1856:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1723:ISSN
1682:ISSN
1630:ISSN
1482:ISSN
1432:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1336:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1018:ISBN
968:PMID
796:and
720:and
718:Utah
708:and
702:fish
676:Uses
646:and
579:and
577:fish
553:urea
504:anus
394:Head
320:and
46:PreꞒ
3088:NBN
3041:544
2989:269
2984:EoL
2971:CoL
2950:314
2932:AFD
2919:ADW
2442:doi
2438:801
2354:doi
2342:463
2307:doi
2235:doi
2191:doi
2187:320
2138:doi
2094:doi
2082:131
2045:doi
1984:doi
1940:doi
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1713:doi
1672:doi
1620:doi
1587:doi
1521:doi
1474:doi
1470:320
1422:doi
1418:320
1368:doi
1364:320
1295:doi
1250:doi
960:doi
724:in
716:in
658:in
304:of
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