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Missing in the constitution was a paragraph on funding of schools. In 1857 a law was introduced which made it more expensive to go to a school for children, caused by arrangements on salary of teachers, class size etc. Due to this, Jewish schools disappeared, but special
Christian schools kept their
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respectively, wanted their religious schools to receive financing equal to that received by public schools, while maintaining their freedom in, for example, curriculum policy and teacher appointments, that came with their religious tradition. Liberals and socialists tried to protect the privileged
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The protest of the ordinary people was not heard sufficiently, because they had no suffrage. By voting within electoral associations on a candidate they could, however, influence the voting by the elite. These electoral associations became the precursors of the current political parties. The first
111:, which increased the cost of education even more. The non-public schools had to fund these additional costs themselves. As a consequence, the poorest Protestants and Catholics could not send their children to their preferred school. The revolts of the people resulted in a petition to
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had most power over education for centuries. The French did not forbid
Christian schools, but they needed permission of the government, which was not given in all cases. Funding of Christian schools was out of the question. Religion was not completely banned from education, however.
115:, in which they asked him not to sign the new law. The petition was signed by more than 300,000 persons of Protestant origin. An alternative petition of the Roman Catholics received 100,000 signatures. The king, however, signed the law on 17 August of the same year.
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which included male suffrage. Suffrage for females came two years later. The Dutch solution was the separation of school and state by funding all schools equally, both public and private, which is enshrined in
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financial position of public schools and were much against public funding of religious schools. These parties had another political standpoint, which they thought more important than education:
176:. After this, many special schools appeared in the country, not only religious, but on the basis of other ideas on education. The result of the school struggle has enhanced the so-called
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was included. Thorbecke himself was in favor of public education, but he thought that anybody should be allowed to establish a school, if the teachers were of good quality.
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for all male citizens. They could not succeed to change the constitution in this manner, without support of a substantial part of the religious parties.
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party was the ARP. It was established on 3 April 1879, partly by the same people that had established some months earlier a "school with the Bible."
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130:, suffrage (in the car) versus School Struggle (the line across the road). The name Bram of the person at the tree stands for Abraham Kuyper
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Following the
Protestants, the Roman Catholics also came into the struggle. In 1840 they handed a list of complaints to
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Freedom of
Education: The Dutch Political Battle for State Funding of all Schools both Public and Private (1801-1920)
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The struggle began during the French occupation of the Low countries. In 1795 the French introduced the
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wanted more religion in education and wanted special schools apart from the public schools.
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65:. Many Protestants thought this basis not sufficient. Especially the later
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Part of the solution came from the constitution of liberal politician
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between 1848 and 1917 over the equalization of public financing for
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The conflict lasted from 1801 to 1920, when it was resolved in the
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61:) of 1806 it was stated that public schools should educate for
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of the Dutch society, with even separate public, Protestant (
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107:In 1878 again a new law was introduced by
152:General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses
243:"The School struggle in The Netherlands"
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326:Political history of the Netherlands
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174:article 23 of the Dutch constitution
241:Anders, Folkert (4 February 2011).
217:(in Dutch). VPRO. 10 September 2002
24:) is a historical conflict in the
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186:Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
63:all Christian and civil virtues
71:Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer
42:separation of church and state
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184:) and Catholic universities (
321:Education in the Netherlands
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148:Christian Historical Union
144:Anti-Revolutionary Party
109:Kappeyne van de Coppello
89:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
57:In the law on schools (
53:19th century up to 1848
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289:Hooker, Mark (2009).
268:"The School Struggle"
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46:Dutch Reformed Church
169:Pacification of 1917
93:freedom of education
182:Vrije Universiteit
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91:in 1848, in which
67:Anti-Revolutionary
215:"School struggle"
30:religious schools
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163:End of conflict
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272:. Retrieved
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99:1848 to 1919
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69:politicians
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128:Albert Hahn
126:Cartoon by
26:Netherlands
315:Categories
300:1440493421
270:(in Dutch)
245:(in Dutch)
192:References
136:Protestant
104:position.
59:schoolwet
274:29 April
249:29 April
221:29 April
157:suffrage
150:and the
140:Catholic
20:(Dutch:
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295:ISBN
276:2015
251:2015
223:2015
146:and
138:and
134:The
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16:The
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