Science and technology studies

701:. To expound on this interplay, humans fulfill and define tasks, then humans in companies use IT and IT supports people, and finally, IT processes tasks and new IT generates new tasks. This IT redefines work practices. This is what we call the sociotechnical systems. In socio-technical systems, there are two principles to internalize, that is joint optimization and complementarity. Joint optimization puts an emphasis on developing both systems in parallel and it is only in the interaction of both systems that the success of an organization arises. The principle of complementarity means that both systems have to be optimized. If you focus on one system and have bias over the other it will likely lead to the failure of the organization or jeopardize the success of a system. Although the above socio-technical system theory is focused on an organization, it is undoubtedly imperative to correlate this theory and its principles to society today and in science and technology studies. 801:. Their phone was only intended for use in cars. Second-generation mobile phone capabilities continued to improve because of the switch to digital. Phones were faster which enhanced the communication capabilities of customers. They were also sleeker and weighed less than bulky first-generation technology. Technological advances boosted customer satisfaction and broadened cell phone companies' customer base. Third-generation technology changed the way people interact with others. Now customers had access to Wi-Fi, texting and other applications. Mobile phones are now entering into the fourth generation. Cellular and mobile phones revolutionized the way people socialize and communicate in order to establish a modern social structure. People have affected the development of this technology by demanding features such as larger screens, touch capabilities, and internet accessibility. 1096:. As a result, a self-established role in politics has been cemented where the public does not exercise the power ensured to them by the Constitution to the fullest extent. This can become a barrier to political progress as corporations who have the capital to spend have the potential to wield great influence over policy. Legacy thinking, however, keeps the population from acting to change this, despite polls from Harris Interactive that report over 80% of Americans to feel that big business holds too much power in government. Therefore, Americans are beginning to try to steer away from this line of thought, rejecting legacy thinking, and demanding less corporate, and more public, participation in political decision-making. 747:"Technological action is a social process." Social factors and technology are intertwined so that they are dependent upon each other. This includes the aspect that social, political, and economic factors are inherent in technology and that social structure influences what technologies are pursued. In other words, "technoscientific phenomena combined inextricably with social/political/economic/psychological phenomena, so 'technology' includes a spectrum of artifacts, techniques, organizations, and systems." Winner expands on this idea by saying "in the late twentieth-century technology and society, technology and culture, technology and politics are by no means separate." 1107:, the internet has always been viewed as a private luxury good. Internet today is a vital part of modern-day society members. They use it in and out of life every day. Corporations are able to mislabel and greatly overcharge for their internet resources. Since the American public is so dependent upon the internet there is little for them to do. Legacy thinking has kept this pattern on track despite growing movements arguing that the internet should be considered a utility. Legacy thinking prevents progress because it was widely accepted by others before us through advertising that the internet is a luxury and not a utility. Due to pressure from grassroots movements the 622:. The velocipede was widely used in the latter half of the 19th century. In the latter half of the 19th century, a social need was first recognized for a more efficient and rapid means of transportation. Consequently, the velocipede was first developed, which was able to reach higher translational velocities than the smaller non-geared bicycles of the day, by replacing the front wheel with a larger radius wheel. One notable trade-off was a certain decreased stability leading to a greater risk of falling. This trade-off resulted in many riders getting into accidents by losing balance while riding the bicycle or being thrown over the handlebars. 224: 1440:) and annual meetings that were mainly attended by science studies scholars. The society has since grown into the most important professional association of science and technology studies scholars worldwide. The Society for Social Studies of Science members also include government and industry officials concerned with research and development as well as science and technology policy; scientists and engineers who wish to better understand the social embeddedness of their professional practice; and citizens concerned about the impact of science and technology in their lives. 630:" to fit within society's newer "social construction," the newer standards of higher vehicle safety. Thus the popularity of the modern geared bicycle design came as a response to the first social construction, the original need for greater speed, which had caused the high-wheel bicycle to be designed in the first place. The popularity of the modern geared bicycle design ultimately ended the widespread use of the velocipede itself, as eventually it was found to best accomplish the social needs/social constructions of both greater speed and of greater safety. 95: 1092:

as impossible or impractical. Legacy thinking tends to advantage the wealthy, who have the means to project their ideas on the public. It may be used by the wealthy as a vehicle to drive technology in their favor rather than for the greater good. Examining the role of citizen participation and representation in politics provides an excellent example of legacy thinking in society. The belief that one can spend money freely to gain influence has been popularized, leading to public acceptance of corporate

772:. Ford Motor Company conducted a cost-benefit analysis to determine if altering the Ford Pinto model was feasible. An analysis conducted by Ford employees argued against a new design because of increased cost. Employees were also under tight control by the CEO who rushed the Pinto through production lines to increase profits. Ford finally changed after public scrutiny. Safety organizations later influenced this technology by requiring stricter safety standards for motor vehicles. 956:

modernity is incapable of modeling alternative directions for further growth within our society. Also, this concept is ineffective at analyzing similar but unique modern societies such as those found in the diverse cultures of the developing world. Problems can be summarized into two elements: inward failure to analyze the growth potentials of a given society, and outward failure to model different cultures and social structures and predict their growth potentials.

649:'s boundary work on user configuration, feminist critiques shifted the focus away from users of technology and science towards whether technology and science represent a fixed, unified reality. According to this approach, identity could no longer be treated as causal in human interactions with technology as it cannot exist prior to that interaction, feminist STS researchers proposing a "double-constructivist" approach to account for this contradiction. 968:

would like to move towards. Alternatively, modernity can be used to analyze the differences in interactions between cultures and individuals. From this perspective, alternative modernities exist simultaneously, based on differing cultural and societal expectations of how a society (or an individual within society) should function. Because of different types of interactions across different cultures, each culture will have a different modernity.

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contributed to developments and the creation of the modern-day computer or laptop. The internet has become a normal part of life and business, to such a degree that the United Nations views it as a basic human right. The internet is becoming larger, one way is that more things are being moved into the digital world due to demand, for example, online banking. It has drastically changed the way most people go about daily habits.

1126:". Legacy thinking causes people to be particularly ignorant about the implications behind the "you get what you pay for" mentality applied to a life necessity. By utilizing the "veil of ignorance", one can overcome the barrier of legacy thinking as it requires a person to imagine that they are unaware of their own circumstances, allowing them to free themselves from externally imposed thoughts or widely accepted ideas. 6510: 5836: 5811: 997: 6535: 1868: 293: 54: 157: 6522: 943:. The privatization of these beaches took away from the protection offered by the natural landscape. Tidal lands that offer natural protection were drained and developed. This attempt to combat the tragedy of the commons by privatization was counter-productive. Privatization actually destroyed the public good of natural protection from the landscape. 492:

Virginia's STS program united scholars drawn from a variety of fields (with particular strength in the history of technology); however, the program's teaching responsibilities—it is located within an engineering school and teaches ethics to undergraduate engineering students—means that all of its faculty share a strong interest in

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humanize those who would make tomorrow's science and technology, but this discipline took a different approach: It would train students with the professional skills needed to become players in science and technology policy. Some programs came to emphasize quantitative methodologies, and most of these were eventually absorbed into

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as an issue. This is partial because access to water has become such a given fact of the matter to them. For a person living in such circumstances, it may be widely accepted to not concern themselves with drinking water because they have not needed to be concerned with it in the past. Additionally, a

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popularised the phrase "tragedy of the commons." It is an economic theory where rational people act against the best interest of the group by consuming a common resource. Since then, the tragedy of the commons has been used to symbolize the degradation of the environment whenever many individuals use

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Autopilots/computer-aided tasks (CATs) – From a security point of view the effects of making a task more computer-driven is in the favor of technological advance because there is less reaction time required and computational error than a human pilot. Due to reduced error and reaction times flights on

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over the second half of the 20th century. Jasanoff and Kim analyzed the discourse of government representatives, national policies, and civil society organizations, looked at the technological and infrastructural developments, and social protests, and conducted interviews with experts. They concluded

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Sociotechnical imaginaries are what certain communities, societies, and nations envision as achievable through the combination of scientific innovation and social changes. These visions can be based on what is possible to achieve for a certain society, and can also show what a certain state or nation

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emerged in the 1970s from the same concerns that motivated the founders of the science, technology, and society movement: A sense that science and technology were developing in ways that were increasingly at odds with the public's best interests. The science, technology, and society movement tried to

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Legacy thinking can impair the ability to drive technology for the betterment of society by blinding people to innovations that do not fit into their accepted model of how society works. By accepting ideas without questioning them, people often see all solutions that contradict these accepted ideas

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states that groups and social interests likely to be affected by a particular kind of technological change ought to be represented at an early stage in defining exactly what that technology will be. It is the idea that relevant parties have a say in technological developments and are not left in the

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Technoscience is a subset of Science, Technology, and Society studies that focuses on the inseparable connection between science and technology. It states that fields are linked and grow together, and scientific knowledge requires an infrastructure of technology in order to remain stationary or move

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Social constructions are human-created ideas, objects, or events created by a series of choices and interactions. These interactions have consequences that change the perception that different groups of people have on these constructs. Some examples of social construction include class, race, money,

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The "turn to technology" helped to cement an already growing awareness of underlying unity among the various emerging STS programs. More recently, there has been an associated turn to ecology, nature, and materiality in general, whereby the socio-technical and natural/material co-produce each other.

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Recently, there has been a movement towards greater transparency in the fields of policy and technology. Jasanoff comes to the conclusion that there is no longer a question of if there needs to be increased public participation in making decisions about science and technology, but now there need to

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Deliberative democracy can lead to more legitimate, credible, and trustworthy outcomes. Deliberative democracy allows for "a wider range of public knowledge", and it has been argued that this can lead to "more socially intelligent and robust" science. One major shortcoming of deliberative democracy

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Cell phones – Cell phone technology emerged in the early 1920s after advancements were made in radio technology. Engineers at Bell Laboratories, the research, and development division of AT&T discovered that cell towers can transmit and receive signals to and from many directions. The discovery

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fields of study, STS emerged from the confluence of a variety of disciplines and disciplinary subfields, all of which had developed an interest—typically, during the 1960s or 1970s—in viewing science and technology as socially embedded enterprises. The key disciplinary components of STS took shape

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Previously, modernity carried a connotation of the current state of being modern, and its evolution through European colonialism. The process of becoming "modern" is believed to occur in a linear, pre-determined way, and is seen by Philip Brey as a way to interpret and evaluate social and cultural

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In a contemporary setting, the Internet acts as an example of the tragedy of the commons through the exploitation of digital resources and private information. Data and internet passwords can be stolen much more easily than physical documents. Virtual spying is almost free compared to the costs of

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The concept has been applied to several objects of study including biomedical research, nanotechnology development and energy systems and climate change. Within energy systems, research has focused on nuclear energy, fossil fuels, renewables as well as broader topics of energy transitions, and the

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In the past, there have been viewpoints that were widely regarded as fact until being called to question due to the introduction of new knowledge. Such viewpoints include the past concept of a correlation between intelligence and the nature of a human's ethnicity or race (X may not be at all as it

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The following also alludes to the notion that not everything is set, a circumstance or result could potentially be one way or the other. According to the article "What is Social Construction?" by Laura Flores, "Social construction work is critical of the status quo. Social constructionists about X

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For instance, in 2015, the UK-based Association for Studies in Innovation, Science and Technology (AsSIST-UK) was established, chaired by Andrew Webster (York) and Robin Williams (Edinburgh) principally to foster stronger integration between the innovation studies and STS fields. In 2021 it had a

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Within the field of science and technology, there are two main lenses with which to view modernity. The first is as a way for society to quantify what it wants to move towards. In effect, we can discuss the notion of "alternative modernity" (as described by Andrew Feenberg) and which of these we

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left an imprint on the industry by claiming the linkage of DDT to many serious illnesses such as cancer. Carson's book drew criticism from chemical companies who felt their reputation and business threatened by such claims. DDT was eventually banned by the United States Environmental Protection

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With methodology from ANT, feminist STS theorists built upon SCOT's theory of co-construction to explore the relationship between gender and technology, proposing one cannot exist separately from the other. This approach suggests the material and social are not separate, reality being produced

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is a conceptual tool conventionally used to represent the state of present western society. Modernity represents the political and social structures of society, the sum of interpersonal discourse, and ultimately a snapshot of society's direction at a point in time. Unfortunately, conventional

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Internet – The internet arose because of extensive research on ARPANET between various universities, corporations, and ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency), an agency of the Department of Defense. Scientists theorized a network of computers connected to each other. Computing capabilities

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In Italy, STS Italia – The Italian Society for Social Studies of Science and Technology was founded in 2005. Its mission is "to build up an Italian network of researchers oriented to study Science and Technology starting from the social dynamics which characterize and interweave science and

1111:(FCC) has redefined the requirements for broadband and internet in general as a utility. Now AT&T and other major internet providers are lobbying against this action and are in large able to delay the onset of this movement due to legacy thinking's grip on American culture and politics. 491:

and policy-oriented scholars with historians and philosophers of science and technology. Each of these programs developed unique identities due to variations in the components that were drawn together, as well as their location within the various universities. For example, the University of

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An ideal deliberative democracy balances the voice and influence of all participants. While the main aim is to reach consensus, deliberative democracy should encourage the voices of those with opposing viewpoints, concerns due to uncertainties, and questions about assumptions made by other

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participants. It should take its time and ensure that those participating understand the topics on which they debate. Independent managers of debates should also have a substantial grasp of the concepts discussed, but must " independent and impartial as to the outcomes of the process."

535:, 1985). Social science research continued to interrogate STS research from this point onward as researchers moved from post-modern to post-structural frameworks of thought, Bijker and Pinch contributing to SCOT knowledge and Wajcman providing boundary work through a feminist lens. 982:

The pace of innovation is the speed at which technological innovation or advancement is occurring, with the most apparent instances being too slow or too rapid. Both these rates of innovation are extreme and therefore have effects on the people that get to use this technology.

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showed how the sociology of technology could proceed along the theoretical and methodological lines established by the sociology of scientific knowledge. This was the intellectual foundation of the field they called the social construction of technology. Donald MacKenzie and

439:) that were seen to address relevant topics that the traditional curriculum ignored. One such development was the rise of "science, technology, and society" programs, which are also—confusingly—known by the STS acronym. Drawn from a variety of disciplines, including 739:

forward. Both technological development and scientific discovery drive one another towards more advancement. Technoscience excels at shaping human thoughts and behavior by opening up new possibilities that gradually or quickly come to be perceived as necessities.

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can be seen as an example of tragedy of the commons in an STS context. The movement for net neutrality argues that the Internet should not be a resource that is dominated by one particular group, specifically those with more money to spend on Internet access.

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The first "social construction" or progress of the velocipede caused the need for a newer "social construction" to be recognized and developed into a safer bicycle design. Consequently, the velocipede was then developed into what is now commonly known as the

1271:(EASST) was founded in 1981 to "improve scholarly communication and exchange in the field", "increase the visibility of the subject to policy-makers and to the general public", and "stimulate and support teaching on the subject at all levels". Similarly, the 2179: 3844:"Toward a Critical Technical Practice: Lessons Learned in Trying to Reform AI", Philip E. Agre, in Bridging the Great Divide: Social Science, Technical Systems, and Cooperative Work, Geoff Bowker, Les Gasser, Leigh Star, and Bill Turner, eds, Erlbaum, 1997 793:

average, using autopilot, have been shown to be safer. Thus technology has a direct impact on people by increasing their safety, and society affects technology because people want to be safer so they are constantly trying to improve the autopilot systems.

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According to Barley and Bailey, there is a tendency for AI designers and scholars of design studies to privilege the technical over the social, focusing more on taking "humans out of the loop" paradigm than the "augmented intelligence" paradigm.

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sold and produced the Pinto during the 1970s. A flaw in the automobile design of the rear gas tank caused a fiery explosion upon impact. The exploding fuel tank killed and injured hundreds of people. Internal documents of test results proved Ford CEO

3733:, Corso, Regina, SVP. "PACs, Big Companies, Lobbyists, and Banks and Financial Institutions Seen by Strong Majorities as Having Too Much Power and Influence in DC." Harris Interactive: Harris Polls. Harris Interactive, 29 May 2012. Web. 21 Apr. 2015 663:

desires. STIs are often bound with ideologies and ambitions of those who create and circulate them. Sociotechnical imaginaries can be created by states and policymakers, smaller groups within society, or can be a result of the interaction of both.

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by Bell Labs revolutionized the capabilities and outcomes of cellular technology. Technology only improved once mobile phone users could communicate outside of a designated area. First-generation mobile phones were first created and sold by

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STS is taught in several countries. According to the STS wiki, STS programs can be found in twenty countries, including 45 programs in the United States, three programs in India, and eleven programs in the UK. STS programs can be found in

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Technological neutrality – "maintains that a given technology has no systematic effects on society: individuals are perceived as ultimately responsible, for better or worse, because technologies are merely tools people use for their own

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Apprenticeship teaches citizens to deliberate well. We might do well to imagine education as a form of apprenticeship learning, in which individuals learn to deliberate by doing it in concert with others more skilled in the

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credits feminist STS scholars for contributing material-semiotic approaches to the broader discipline of STS, stating that research not only attempts to describe reality, but enacts it through the research process.

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Critical Technical Practice – the practice of technological creation while simultaneously critiquing and maintaining awareness of the inherent biases and value systems which become embedded in those technologies.

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Agency (EPA) after a long and arduous process of research on the chemical substance. The main cause for the removal of DDT was the public deciding that any benefits were outweighed by the potential health risk.

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that in South Korea nuclear energy was imagined mostly as the means of national development, while in the US the dominant sociotechnical imaginary framed nuclear energy as risky and in need of containment.

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Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (ESOCITE) is the biggest association of Science and Technology studies. The study of STS (CyT in Spanish, CTS in Portuguese) here was shaped by authors like

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A counterexample to the tragedy of the commons is offered by Andrew Kahrl. Privatization can be a way to deal with the tragedy of the commons. However, Kahrl suggests that the privatization of beaches on

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democracies which mandates discussion and debate of popular topics which affect society. Deliberative democracy is a tool for making decisions. Deliberative democracy can be traced back all the way to

3724:, Allison, Bill, and Sarah Harkins. "Fixed Fortunes: Biggest Corporate Political Interests Spend Billions, Get Trillions." Sunlight Foundation Blog. Sunlight Foundation, 17 Nov. 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. 1447:

initially attracted members from the history profession who had interests in the contextual history of technology. After the "turn to technology" in the mid-1980s, the society's well-regarded journal (

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This ideal does not require the public to become experts on the topics of science and engineering, it only asks that the opinions and ideas be heard before making drastic decisions, as talked about by

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and engineers were aware of the flaw. The company decided to ignore improving its technology because of profit-driven motives, strict internal control, and competition from foreign competitors such as

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Hochschild, J., Crabill, A., & Sen, M. (2012, December 1). Technology Optimism or Pessimism: How Trust in Science Shapes Policy Attitudes toward Genomic Science. Retrieved March 20, 2015, from

891:, though implementation of these reforms is unlikely in a large government such as that of the United States. However, things similar to this have been implemented in small, local governments like 887:

offered an example of a reform in their paper "Deliberation Day." The deliberation is to enhance public understanding of popular, complex and controversial issues through devices such as Fishkin's

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In European nation states and language communities, a range of STS associations exist, including in the UK, Spain, Germany, Austria, Turkey. In some states, several formal associations exist.

397:, a doctrine that can induce public passivity to technologic and scientific "natural" development. At the same time, some historians began to develop similarly contextual approaches to the 1144:

Technological utopianism – A positive outlook on the effect technology has on social welfare. Includes the perception that technology will one day enable society to reach a utopian state.

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person living within an area that does not need to worry about their water supply or the sanitation of their water supply is less likely to be concerned with the privatization of water.

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Hackett, Edward J.; Clarke, Adele E.; Amsterdamska, Olga; Lynch, Michael E.; Wajcman, Judy; Sismondo, Sergio; Bijker, Wiebe E.; Turner, Stephen; Thorpe, Charles; Latour, Bruno (2007).

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Legacy thinking is defined as an inherited method of thinking imposed from an external source without objection by the individual because it is already widely accepted by society.

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A decisive moment in the development of STS was the mid-1980s addition of technology studies to the range of interests reflected in science. During that decade, two works appeared

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During the 1970s and 1980s, universities in the US, UK, and Europe began drawing these various components together in new, interdisciplinary programs. For example, in the 1970s,

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The Asia Pacific Science Technology & Society Network (APSTSN) primarily had members from Australasia, Southeast and East Asia and Oceania. APSTSN is not currently active.

435:. In the mid-to-late-1960s, student and faculty social movements in the U.S., UK, and European universities helped to launch a range of new interdisciplinary fields (such as 614:

An example of the evolution and interaction of various social constructions within science and technology can be found in the development of both the high-wheel bicycle, or

479:. Others emphasized sociological and qualitative approaches, and found that their closest kin could be found among scholars in science, technology, and society departments. 3835:"Design by Society: Science and Technology Studies and the Social Shaping of Design", Edward Woodhouse and Jason W. Patton, Design Issues, Volume 20, Number 3 Summer 2004. 3715:

Goldman, Steven L. "No Innovation Without Representation: Technological Action in a Democratic Society." New Worlds, New Technologies, New Issues (1992): 148-60. Print.

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Stories anchor reality by organizing experience and instilling a normative commitment to civic identities and values, and function as a medium for framing discussions.

1058:"No innovation without representation" is a democratic ideal of ensuring that everyone involved gets a chance to be represented fairly in technological developments. 855:

Leadership provides important cues to individuals in deliberative settings and can keep groups on a deliberative track when their members slip into routine and habit.

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a common resource. Although Garrett Hardin was not an STS scholar, the concept of the tragedy of the commons still applies to science, technology, and society.

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Kreimer, P. (2007). Estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología en América Latina: ¿para qué?, ¿ para quién? Redes, 13(26), 55–64. Retrieved from

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X need not have existed, or need not be at all as it is. X, or X as it is at present, is not determined by the nature of things; it is not inevitable

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Technosociety dictionary definition | technosociety defined. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2015, from __http://www.yourdictionary.com/technosociety__

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can therefore be analyzed in the language and framework of sociotechnical systems, leading also to a new perspective for their legal regulation.

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field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.

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Additionally, within the US there are significant STS-oriented special interest groups within major disciplinary associations, including the

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In Sweden, the Swedish Network for Science and Technology Studies was founded in 2006, at the first national Swedish Conference for STS,

5532: 5246: 3393: 73: 167: 5796: 4777: 4697: 3477: 2369: 939:, in an attempt to combat the overuse of Long Island beaches, made the residents of Long Island more susceptible to flood damage from 422: 336: 1006: 5241: 5234: 5217: 5096: 5086: 5068: 4826: 4751: 4719: 4667: 3678: 3164: 2572: 2233: 2078: 2016: 1972: 1482: 1459: 1108: 1039: 581: 505: 404: 376: 210: 192: 138: 81: 43: 39: 4245: 5468: 4194: 1952: 343: 6462: 5577: 1982: 1528: 1521: 6607: 6073: 5914: 2274: 314: 2094:

Gorman, Michael; Hertz, Michael; Louis, Garrick; Magpili, Luna; Mauss, Mark; Mehalik, Matthew; Tuttle, J.B. (October 2000).

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According to Ryfe, there are five mechanisms that stand out as critical to the successful design of deliberative democracy:

3633: 1163:– The opinion that technology has positive effects on society and should be used in order to improve the welfare of people. 325: 6597: 6026: 5882: 1569: 6587: 6367: 6277: 5764: 5594: 5522: 5222: 5151: 2364:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: President and Fellows of Harvard University. p. 6. 1967: 1932: 3871:

Kleinman, D. (2005). Science is Political/Technology is Social: Concerns, Concepts, and Questions. Maryland: Blackwell.

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Bucchi, Massimiano. "No Innovation without Representation (A Parliament of Things for the New Technical Democracies)."

1451:) and its annual meetings began to attract considerable interest from non-historians with technology studies interests. 6602: 5919: 3550: 1937: 1514: 531:

primed the pump by publishing a collection of articles attesting to the influence of society on technological design (

109: 103: 223: 6526: 5572: 4729: 3425:"Deliberating Competence, Theoretical and Practitioners Perspectives on Effective Participatory Appraisal Practice" 2743:"The Politics of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research in South Korea: Contesting National Sociotechnical Imaginaries" 1887: 1702: 1455: 835: 393:, that examines technology in its social and historical context. Starting in the 1960s, some historians questioned 1275:(ESST) researches and studies science and technology in society, in both historical and contemporary perspectives. 303: 6181: 5909: 5822: 5779: 5774: 5749: 5664: 5654: 5649: 2184: 1842: 1500: 1219: 1176: 394: 6550: 5209: 2096:"Integrating Ethics & Engineering: A Graduate Option in Systems Engineering, Ethics, and Technology Studies" 1882: 1010: 849:

Rules of equality, civility, and inclusivity may prompt deliberation even when our first impulse is to avoid it.

279:(MIT), which served as a model. By 2011, 111 STS research centers and academic programs were counted worldwide. 263:

independently, beginning in the 1960s, and developed in isolation from each other well into the 1980s, although

120: 6592: 6582: 6577: 6545: 6514: 6362: 6352: 6149: 5875: 5659: 5562: 5156: 4803: 3768: 2993:"Whose and what futures? Navigating the contested coproduction of Thailand's energy sociotechnical imaginaries" 818: 3794:"Net Neutrality: A Free and Open Internet." The White House. The White House, 26 Feb. 2015. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. 3881: 2814: 1246:) offers an MA degree in STS through study programs and student exchanges with over a dozen specializations. 6324: 6212: 6107: 5679: 5507: 5458: 4958: 4407: 3269:

Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa (8 October 2019). "On social machines for algorithmic regulation".

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Social technical systems are an interplay between technologies and humans, this is clearly expressed in the

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The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology

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The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology

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The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology

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Technosocial systems – people and technologies that combine to work as heterogeneous but functional wholes.

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from science and engineering, focusing instead on critiquing gendered power dynamics in prior STS research.

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Winner, Langdon. "Artifact/Ideas and Political Culture." Technology and the Future (1993): 283-92. Print.

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Technological progressivism – technology is a means to an end itself and an inherently positive pursuit.

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be ways to make a more meaningful conversation between the public and those developing the technology.

455:, scholars in these programs created undergraduate curricula devoted to exploring the issues raised by 1017: 6304: 6144: 6117: 6112: 6009: 5701: 5644: 5547: 5527: 5485: 5401: 5396: 5371: 5296: 5063: 3288: 3156:

The evolution of socio-technical systems : a conceptual framework and an action research program

3095:"The everyday lives of energy transitions: Contested sociotechnical imaginaries in the American West" 3054: 3043:"What 'climate positive future'? Emerging sociotechnical imaginaries of negative emissions in Sweden" 3004: 2952: 2880: 1376: 1361: 1282:

membership of 380. It holds annual conferences and has built strong links to policy practitioners in

1227: 961: 888: 858:

Individuals are more likely to sustain deliberative reasoning when they have a stake in the outcomes.

827: 3376: 6484: 6478: 6404: 6319: 6264: 6139: 6004: 5950: 5694: 5684: 5542: 5512: 5436: 5421: 5381: 5376: 5301: 5186: 4583: 3934: 3367:

Winner, L. (1993). Artifacts/Ideas and Political Culture (pp. 283-292). Troy, New York: Rensselaer.

3338:

Goldman, S. (1992). No Innovation Without Representation (pp. 148-160). Troy, New York: Rensselaer.

2789: 1907: 1902: 1391: 1235: 1215: 1115: 476: 398: 5810: 4923: 2742: 1334:. AusSTS now has several nodes in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand and holds an annual workshop. 670:

and Sang-Hyun Kim who compared and contrasted sociotechnical imaginaries of nuclear energy in the

463:. Feminist scholars in this and other emerging STS areas addressed themselves to the exclusion of 6429: 5994: 5739: 5609: 5411: 5311: 5306: 5091: 3531: 3514:

Jasanoff, Sheila (2003). "Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science".

3496: 3446: 3312: 3278: 3251: 3209: 3189: 3130: 3072: 3020: 2992: 2970: 2918: 2846: 2827: 2770: 2723: 2665: 2533: 2486: 2439: 2327: 2209: 2201: 2160: 2152: 2115: 1223: 1169:– The opinion that technology has negative effects on society and should be discouraged from use. 977: 760: 721: 717: 493: 484: 4930: 3986: 3812:

Woodhouse, Edward. Science Technology and Society. Spring 2015 ed. N.p.: U Readers, 2014. Print.

436: 17: 782:

became worried about widespread use on public health and the environment. Rachel Carson's book

6399: 6394: 6382: 6377: 6249: 6239: 6159: 6102: 6046: 5827: 5791: 5426: 5361: 5331: 4840: 4822: 4773: 4747: 4715: 4693: 4663: 4010: 3962: 3674: 3304: 3170: 3160: 3122: 3114: 2910: 2819: 2762: 2715: 2657: 2611: 2568: 2525: 2478: 2431: 2390: 2365: 2319: 2280: 2270: 2239: 2229: 2074: 2012: 1917: 1873: 1777: 1707: 1672: 1403: 1331: 1330:

The Australasian Science and Technology Studies Network (AusSTS) was founded in 2017 based at

1308:

network, labelled "Doing Science and Technology Studies in and through Germany", founded 2020.

1123: 1076: 1070: 560: 448: 417:(1962), which attributed changes in scientific theories to changes in underlying intellectual 272: 259: 247: 4951: 4837:

Raccontare la tecnoscienza. Storia di macchine, strumenti e idee per fare funzionare il mondo

1345:

was formed in December 2023. The Inaugural workshop was held on December 14 and 15, 2023, at

6414: 6259: 6234: 6041: 6031: 6021: 5744: 5719: 5619: 5480: 5475: 5256: 4815: 4734:

Philosophy, Rhetoric, and the End of Knowledge: The Coming of Science and Technology Studies

4681: 3523: 3491: 3486: 3472: 3438: 3402: 3296: 3243: 3201: 3106: 3062: 3012: 2960: 2900: 2892: 2858: 2809: 2801: 2754: 2707: 2649: 2603: 2560: 2517: 2470: 2423: 2311: 2193: 2144: 2107: 2066: 1822: 1732: 1366: 1305: 884: 822: 564: 464: 4122:"Center for the Sociology of Innovation (CSI) / Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation (CSI)" 3358:

Woodhouse, E. (2013). In The Future of Technological Civilization (Revised ed., pp. 1-258).

3094: 2790:"State-Supported Science and Imaginary Lock-in: The Case of Regenerative Medicine in Japan" 1114:

For example, those who cannot overcome the barrier of legacy thinking may not consider the

6424: 6191: 6186: 5999: 5759: 5604: 5582: 5351: 5266: 5251: 4909: 4761: 4274: 2095: 1942: 1782: 1737: 1687: 1652: 1242:. In Europe the European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology ( 1239: 1231: 940: 667: 552: 488: 35: 645:

through interactions and studied through representations of those realities. Building on

606:

We would be much better off if X were done away with, or at least radically transformed."

4863:

Instituto de Estudios sobre la Ciencia y la Tecnología - Universidad Nacional de Quilmes

3292: 3058: 3008: 2956: 2941:"Down the black hole: Sustaining national socio-technical imaginaries of coal in Poland" 2505: 6539: 6387: 6299: 6294: 6051: 5972: 5967: 5898: 5817: 5769: 5724: 5517: 5453: 5366: 5326: 5166: 5126: 4993: 2521: 2259: 2111: 1962: 1847: 1812: 1787: 1727: 1712: 1381: 1100: 1062: 927: 918: 880: 713: 556: 471: 2637: 2458: 2411: 2299: 2133:

Woolgar, Steve (January 1991). "The turn to technology in social studies of science".

1327:, the Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies (JSSTS) was founded in 2001. 1138:– The perception that science and technology are intertwined and depend on each other. 6566: 6490: 6446: 6409: 6339: 6314: 6224: 6122: 6068: 6063: 5629: 5599: 5537: 5338: 5286: 5281: 5191: 3450: 3316: 3255: 3213: 3205: 3076: 3024: 2974: 2774: 2727: 2695: 2669: 2653: 2537: 2490: 2474: 2443: 2427: 2331: 2315: 2164: 2119: 1852: 1772: 1722: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1135: 784: 779: 733: 671: 646: 544: 515: 4553: 3535: 3500: 2922: 2881:"With license to build: Chinese offshore wind firms rejecting European certificates" 2831: 2213: 6289: 6229: 5977: 5935: 5589: 5448: 5386: 5121: 4799: 4765: 4685: 4677: 4455: 4429: 3134: 1897: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1797: 1752: 1697: 1657: 1415: 1372: 1254:

The field has professional associations in regions and countries around the world.

1021: 548: 528: 523: 519: 440: 264: 4979: 2896: 2862: 2847:"The governance of nanotechnology in the Brazilian context: Entangling approaches" 5016: 4965: 4631: 4607: 3743: 3576: 2805: 2758: 1141:

Technosociety – An industrially developed society with a reliance on technology.

6441: 6329: 6254: 6171: 6090: 6083: 5940: 5624: 5321: 5291: 5276: 5141: 5136: 4986: 4787: 4707: 1922: 1817: 1802: 1747: 1717: 1692: 1662: 1647: 1283: 936: 892: 765: 675: 408: 292: 4902: 4515: 3671:

Alternative Modernity : The Technical Turn in Philosophy and Social Theory

3300: 3247: 3159:. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Labour, Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre. 3067: 3042: 3016: 2965: 2940: 2197: 2148: 1454:

Less identified with STS, but also of importance to many STS scholars, are the

964:, the thought that societies progress from "pre-modern" to "modern" societies. 6534: 6495: 6334: 6176: 6134: 6078: 5557: 5552: 5497: 5161: 5131: 5113: 4479: 3527: 3442: 2711: 2595: 2552: 1867: 1863: 1742: 769: 756: 615: 460: 4972: 3308: 3118: 3110: 2914: 2823: 2766: 2719: 2661: 2607: 2564: 2529: 2482: 2435: 2323: 2243: 2070: 834:, where he uses the idea in opposition to the elitist interpretations of the 6269: 6166: 6095: 5989: 5962: 5734: 5201: 5176: 5055: 3406: 2284: 2225: 2036: 1436:

initially provided scholarly communication facilities, including a journal (

1419: 1387: 1182: 952: 452: 3227:

Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa; Ladyman, James (4 October 2021).

3190:"Beyond design and use: How scholars should study intelligent technologies" 3174: 3126: 720:, as agents whose behavior can be purposeful and adaptive. The behavior of 539:

This is especially evident in work in STS analyses of biomedicine (such as

4491: 4345:"About | Doing Science and Technology Studies in and through Germany" 4805:

Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society

4246:"SATSU – The Science and Technology Studies Unit: 30 years in the making" 2905: 1807: 1767: 1207: 1166: 1093: 895:

towns and villages. New England town hall meetings are a good example of

830:. More recently, the term was coined by Joseph Bessette in his 1980 work 798: 540: 418: 4916: 4569: 4539: 4147:"STS@BIU – Science, Technology and Society, Bar-Ilan University, Israel" 4121: 3154: 2220:

Bijker, Wiebe E.; Hughes, Thomas Parke; Pinch, Trevor J., eds. (2012) .

1273:

European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology

6016: 5078: 4944: 4738:(2nd edition, with James H. Collier, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004) 1411: 1104: 832:

Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government

627: 619: 456: 444: 317: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4710:; Fouché, Rayvon; Miller, Clark A.; Smith-Doerr, Laruel, eds. (2017). 4151:

STS@BIU – Science, Technology and Society, Bar-Ilan University, Israel

3858:

http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/msen/files/hochschild_crabill_sen.pdf

3377:

Dowie, M. (1977, October 1). Pinto Madness. Retrieved February 4, 2015

2205: 2156: 5711: 4868:

Science and Technology Studies Department - University College London

4454:

Gupta, Anushree; Chakramakkil, Thomson; Suresh, Yogita (2024-01-17).

3703: 3391:

Bohman, James (1998). "The Coming of Age of Deliberative Democracy".

2389:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 28–45. 1927: 1595: 1399: 1395: 1264: 1211: 1203: 1199: 5010:

DEMESCI: International Journal of Deliberative Mechanisms in Science

1622:

DEMESCI: International Journal of Deliberative Mechanisms in Science

3908: 3283: 1616:

Intersect: the Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society

5867: 5009: 1338: 1324: 1103:

functions as a separate example of legacy thinking. Starting with

166:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s

4973:

Tecnoscienza. Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies

4632:"Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society Homepage" 4295: 4256:(2). European Association for the Study of Science and Technology 4219: 4170: 518:

was to call the "turn to technology". In a seminal 1984 article,

5000: 4388: 1407: 1243: 842:

is that many models insufficiently ensure critical interaction.

227:

A communications artifact (Rugby Aerial Tuning Inductor) at the

5871: 5020: 4584:"Technology and Society Magazine - IEEE Technology and Society" 4320: 1627:

The Science In Society Review: A Production of the Triple Helix

1122:

This notion can be examined through the thought experiment of "

6058: 4895: 4862: 4097: 4073: 990: 775: 286: 150: 88: 47: 4867: 4658:

Bauchspies, Wenda; Croissant, Jennifer; Restivo, Sal (2005).

4049: 3329:

Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View (London: Macmillan, 1974)

1633:

Synthesis: An Undergraduate Journal of the History of Science

4035:"Stanford | The Program in Science, Technology, and Society" 4034: 2031:

Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., Pinch, T. and Douglas, D. G.,

1269:

European Association for the Study of Science and Technology

4344: 4146: 2349:(1st ed.). San Diego: University Readers. p. 255. 683:

development of new technologies to address climate change.

5001:

Intersect: the Journal of Science, Technology, and Society

4937: 3654:

Eisenstadt, Shmuel (Winter 2000). "Multiple Modernities".

1214:. Some examples of institutions offering STS programs are 4888: 4881: 4660:

Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Approach

3424: 2061:

Wajcman, Judy (1995). "Feminist Theories of Technology".

1300:

In Germany several STS associations exist, including the

1185:– The belief in the total separation of facts and values. 4608:"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE-TTS)" 4074:"Program on Science, Technology and Society at Harvard" 2845:

Fonseca, Paulo F.C.; Pereira, Tiago Santos (May 2014).

174: 4858:

Argentinean Network for Science and Technology Studies

3909:"Graduate Program in Science & Technology Studies" 3790: 3788: 3041:

Christiansen, Kirstine Lund; Carton, Wim (June 2021).

1596:

Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society

1577:

IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE-TTS)

4857: 4808:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4389:"Australasian Science and Technology Studies Network" 4371:"Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies" 4098:"Home | Institute for Science Innovation and Society" 3586:. American Association for the Advancement of Science 1343:

Science and Technology Studies-India Network (STS-IN)

1342: 4370: 2506:"Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials" 1302:

Gesellschaft für Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung

6471: 6455: 6202: 5928: 5710: 5496: 5265: 5200: 5112: 5077: 5054: 4612:

Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT)

4588:

Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT)

3852: 3850: 3769:"Good internet service is still a luxury in the US" 3093:Smith, Jessica M; Tidwell, Abraham SD (June 2016). 2257:MacKenzie, Donald A.; Wajcman, Judy, eds. (1999) . 271:anticipated many of STS's key themes. In the 1970s 4931:Minerva: A Journal of Science, Learning and Policy 4814: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 2602:, Routledge, pp. 419–433, 11 September 2013, 2258: 2178:Pinch, Trevor J.; Bijker, Wiebe E. (August 1984). 1544:Minerva: A Journal of Science, Learning and Policy 4817:Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia 3867: 3865: 3549:Ackerman, Bruce; Fishkin, James S. (2004-03-10). 2879:Korsnes, Marius; Ryghaug, Marianne (2017-08-09). 2815:20.500.11820/2e5035a2-4194-4275-b945-67ed9802ec23 4987:Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies 1494:Notable peer-reviewed journals in STS include: 1464:American Association for the History of Medicine 712:considers large sociotechnical systems, such as 3882:"Worldwide directory of STS programs – stswiki" 2939:Kuchler, Magdalena; Bridge, Gavin (July 2018). 2387:The Social Construction of Technological System 4712:The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies 2885:Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 2009:The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies 429:and philosophers together in unified programs. 177:to make improvements to the overall structure. 5883: 5032: 4736:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 4456:"Pathways of STS In India: A Workshop Report" 4430:"Inaugural Workshop of the STS India Network" 4408:"On Generation: A Review-Recap of AusSTS2022" 3188:Bailey, Diane E.; Barley, Stephen R. (2020). 8: 4572:. Société d'anthropologie des connaissances. 3229:"The social turn of artificial intelligence" 2559:, SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 189–204, 269:Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact 4480:http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/907/90702603.pdf 3903: 3901: 3744:"Is the Internet Becoming a Luxury? | SSTI" 3418: 3416: 599:Very often they go further, and urge that: 82:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5890: 5876: 5868: 5039: 5025: 5017: 4770:Handbook of Science and Technology Studies 4714:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2557:Handbook of Science and Technology Studies 2063:Handbook of Science and Technology Studies 1020:. Please do not remove this message until 4896:Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 4744:Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction 4570:"Revue d'anthropologie des connaissances" 3490: 3386: 3384: 3282: 3066: 2964: 2904: 2813: 2694:Jasanoff, Sheila; Kim, Sang-Hyun (2009). 1529:Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 1522:Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 1040:Learn how and when to remove this message 377:Learn how and when to remove this message 211:Learn how and when to remove this message 193:Learn how and when to remove this message 139:Learn how and when to remove this message 4994:Paakat: Revista de Tecnología y Sociedad 1347:Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad 1016:Relevant discussion may be found on the 547:) and ecological interventions (such as 222: 102:This article includes a list of general 4924:Revue d'Anthropologie des Connaissances 4889:Science, Technology, & Human Values 4794:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4792:The structure of scientific revolutions 3803:Flow. Oscilloscope Pictures, 2008. DVD. 3492:10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.032904.154633 3430:Science, Technology, & Human Values 2224:(Anniversary ed.). Cambridge, MA: 2136:Science, Technology, & Human Values 2011:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 1. 1999: 1958:Science and technology studies in India 1564:Revue d'Anthropologie des Connaissances 1508:Science, Technology, & Human Values 640:Feminist science and technology studies 414:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 2596:"Queering Feminist Technology Studies" 1475:American Political Science Association 960:formations. This thought ties in with 4821:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3607:"The Tragedy of the Internet Commons" 3148: 3146: 3144: 3088: 3086: 3036: 3034: 2986: 2984: 2934: 2932: 2874: 2872: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 1603:International Journal of Technoethics 1445:Society for the History of Technology 1438:Science, Technology, and Human Values 1434:Society for Social Studies of Science 1116:privatization of clean drinking water 500:The "turn to technology" (and beyond) 277:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7: 6521: 4980:IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 3047:Energy Research & Social Science 2997:Energy Research & Social Science 2991:Delina, Laurence L. (January 2018). 2945:Energy Research & Social Science 1570:IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 1479:National Women's Studies Association 1471:American Anthropological Association 1054:No innovation without representation 987:No innovation without representation 838:with emphasis on public discussion. 487:developed a new program that united 315:adding citations to reliable sources 5533:Digital media use and mental health 5247:Sociology of the history of science 4764:; Markle, Gerald; Petersen, James; 4520:sciencetechnologystudies.journal.fi 3634:"Environmental and Urban Economics" 3473:"Does Deliberative Democracy Work?" 3394:The Journal of Political Philosophy 4516:"Science & Technology Studies" 3987:"STS programs: Malaysia - stswiki" 3706:. 20 Dec. 2003. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. 3704:http://www.fondazionebassetti.org/ 3673:. University of California Press. 3478:Annual Review of Political Science 2522:10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x 2112:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2000.tb00552.x 2065:. SAGE Publications Inc: 189–204. 1610:Student journals in STS include: 423:University of California, Berkeley 407:(1960s). After the publication of 108:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 5242:Sociology of scientific ignorance 5087:History and philosophy of science 5069:Economics of scientific knowledge 4540:"Science, Technology and Society" 4050:"UCL – University College London" 2553:"Feminist theories of technology" 1973:Sociology of scientific knowledge 1483:American Sociological Association 1460:Philosophy of Science Association 1109:Federal Communications Commission 658:Sociotechnical imaginaries (STIs) 582:Social construction of technology 506:Social construction of technology 470:Science, engineering, and public 405:History and philosophy of science 63:This article has multiple issues. 44:Social construction of technology 40:Sociology of scientific knowledge 6544: 6533: 6520: 6509: 6508: 5835: 5834: 5809: 4903:Science & Technology Studies 4839:, Roma, Edizioni Nuova Cultura; 4011:"STS programs: Taiwan - stswiki" 3963:"STS programs: Israel - stswiki" 3949:"Technical University of Munich" 3471:Ryfe, David M. (March 4, 2005). 3206:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.100286 2654:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x 2475:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x 2428:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x 2362:The Social Construction of What? 2316:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x 2261:The social shaping of technology 2100:Journal of Engineering Education 1953:Science and technology in Israel 1866: 1515:Science & Technology Studies 1099:Additionally, an examination of 995: 433:Science, technology, and society 326:"Science and technology studies" 291: 244:science, technology, and society 155: 93: 52: 18:Science, technology, and society 6463:List of social science journals 4275:"The Society : STS ITALIA" 1983:Technological innovation system 1549:Science, Technology and Society 926:physical spying. Additionally, 666:The term was coined in 2009 by 421:, programs were founded at the 302:needs additional citations for 275:founded the STS program at the 71:or discuss these issues on the 6573:Science and technology studies 6420:Science and technology studies 5048:Science and technology studies 4938:Science Technology and Society 4054:Science and Technology Studies 3423:Chilvers, Jason (March 2008). 2600:Women, Science, and Technology 2347:Science Technology and Society 236:Science and technology studies 1: 4835:Guglielmo Rinzivillo (2020), 3935:"Goethe University Frankfurt" 2897:10.1080/09537325.2016.1236188 2863:10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.07.003 2788:Mikami, Koichi (2015-04-03). 2741:Kim, Sang-Hyun (2014-07-03). 699:sociotechnical systems theory 687:Sociotechnical systems theory 5595:Normalization process theory 5152:Philosophy of social science 4692:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3605:Davidow, Bill (2012-05-18). 3577:"The Tragedy of the Commons" 3555:Center for American Progress 3194:Information and Organization 2806:10.1080/09505431.2014.945410 2759:10.1080/09505431.2013.860095 2265:(2nd ed.). Buckingham: 1968:Social shaping of technology 1933:Normalization process theory 533:Social Shaping of Technology 4772:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2636:Law, John (November 2008). 2504:Woolgar, Steve (May 1990). 2457:Law, John (November 2008). 2410:Law, John (November 2008). 2298:Law, John (November 2008). 1938:Public awareness of science 1022:conditions to do so are met 603:X is quite as bad as it is. 425:and elsewhere that brought 6624: 5218:construction of technology 4813:Restivo, Sal, ed. (2005). 3767:Molla, Rani (2021-06-03). 3301:10.1007/s00146-019-00917-8 3248:10.1007/s00146-021-01289-8 3068:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102086 3017:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.045 2966:10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.014 2345:Woodhouse, Edward (2014). 2198:10.1177/030631284014003004 2149:10.1177/016224399101600102 1888:Anthropology of technology 1456:History of Science Society 1410:, Máximo Halty Carrere in 1051: 975: 910: 836:United States Constitution 731: 690: 637: 579: 503: 29: 6504: 5905: 5805: 5750:Politicization of science 4959:Science and Public Policy 4882:Social Studies of Science 3669:Feenberg, Andrew (1995). 3443:10.1177/01622439073075941 3099:Social Studies of Science 2712:10.1007/s11024-009-9124-4 2185:Social Studies of Science 1843:Robin Williams (academic) 1590:Science and Public Policy 1501:Social Studies of Science 1304:, founded in 1987 or the 1250:Professional associations 1220:University College London 1177:Technological determinism 395:technological determinism 5157:Philosophy of technology 4244:Webster, Andrew (2018). 4195:"Background – AsSIST-UK" 3913:sts.gradstudies.yorku.ca 3111:10.1177/0306312716644534 2608:10.4324/9780203427415-35 2565:10.4135/9781412990127.n9 2071:10.4135/9781412990127.n9 899:in a realistic setting. 6108:international relations 4746:. New York: NYU Press. 4742:Hess, David J. (1997). 4406:Webster, Scott (2023). 3528:10.1023/A:1025557512320 3407:10.1111/1467-9760.00061 2642:The Sociological Review 2510:The Sociological Review 2463:The Sociological Review 2416:The Sociological Review 2304:The Sociological Review 1948:Science of team science 1290:technology themselves". 1167:Technological pessimism 710:artificial intelligence 123:more precise citations. 6435:Quantum social science 5230:Sociology of knowledge 4952:Technology and Culture 4126:csi.mines-paristech.fr 2638:"On Sociology and STS" 2551:Wajcman, Judy (1995), 2459:"On Sociology and STS" 2412:"On Sociology and STS" 2385:Bijker, Wiebe (1993). 2300:"On Sociology and STS" 1988:Technology and society 1913:Historical materialism 1893:Critique of technology 1763:Donald Angus MacKenzie 1758:John Law (sociologist) 1584:Technology and Culture 1449:Technology and Culture 1161:Technological optimism 913:Tragedy of the commons 907:Tragedy of the commons 897:deliberative democracy 815:Deliberative democracy 810:Deliberative democracy 576:Social construction(s) 232: 32:Technology and society 6608:Technology in society 6472:Other categorizations 6325:International studies 6310:History of technology 6245:Communication studies 6128:public administration 5797:Transition management 5787:Technology assessment 5755:Regulation of science 5730:Evidence-based policy 5615:Sociotechnical system 5464:Traditional knowledge 5344:Psychology of science 5317:Mapping controversies 5223:shaping of technology 5182:Social constructivism 5147:Philosophy of science 5104:History of technology 4910:Technology in Society 4220:"Members – AsSIST-UK" 3153:Trist, E. L. (1981). 2851:Technology in Society 2593:Landström, Catharina 2360:Hacking, Ian (1999). 2267:Open University Press 1978:Sociotechnical system 1793:Shobita Parthasarathy 1535:Technology in Society 1443:Founded in 1958, the 1432:Founded in 1975, the 1398:, Miguel Wionczek in 947:Alternative modernity 693:Sociotechnical system 427:historians of science 391:History of technology 226: 6598:Sociology of science 6305:Historical sociology 5702:Women in engineering 5548:Financial technology 5528:Digital anthropology 5297:Criticism of science 5210:Actor–network theory 5172:Religion and science 5064:Economics of science 4636:Taylor & Francis 4393:aussts.wordpress.com 1883:Actor–network theory 1228:University of Oxford 962:modernization theory 889:deliberative polling 828:Aristotle's writings 311:improve this article 267:'s (1935) monograph 6588:Social epistemology 6485:Geisteswissenschaft 6479:Behavioral sciences 6405:Political sociology 6320:Information science 6265:Development studies 5543:Engineering studies 5513:Cyborg anthropology 5302:Demarcation problem 5187:Social epistemology 5005:Stanford University 4966:Engineering studies 4662:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4078:sts.hks.harvard.edu 4048:UCL (5 June 2018). 3293:2019arXiv190413316C 3059:2021ERSS...7602086C 3009:2018ERSS...35...48D 2957:2018ERSS...41..136K 1908:Engineering studies 1903:Cyborg anthropology 1236:Bar-Ilan University 1216:Stanford University 1009:of this section is 722:recommender systems 718:online marketplaces 591:tend to hold that: 514:that signaled what 477:systems engineering 399:history of medicine 283:Important key point 175:editing the article 6603:Science in society 6540:Society portal 6027:auxiliary sciences 5823:History of science 5740:Funding of science 5610:Skunkworks project 5307:Double hermeneutic 5092:History of science 4945:Science as Culture 4847:; ISSN 2284-0567). 4102:www.insis.ox.ac.uk 3584:www.sciencemag.org 3551:"Deliberation Day" 2794:Science as Culture 2747:Science as Culture 2516:(1_suppl): 58–99. 2039:, Cambridge, 2012. 1554:Science as Culture 1224:Harvard University 978:Pace of innovation 972:Pace of innovation 761:Ford Motor Company 634:Material semiotics 618:, and then of the 571:Important concepts 494:engineering ethics 485:Cornell University 233: 6560: 6559: 6400:Political economy 6395:Political ecology 6250:Community studies 6240:Cognitive science 6203:Interdisciplinary 6103:Political science 5865: 5864: 5792:Technology policy 5523:Dematerialization 5332:black swan events 4845:978-88-3365-349-5 4277:. 7 February 2011 3915:. York University 3632:Kahn, Matthew E. 3575:Hardin, Garrett. 2617:978-0-203-42741-5 2396:978-0-262-52137-6 1918:Innovation system 1874:Technology portal 1778:Elting E. Morison 1708:Steven L. Goldman 1673:Massimiano Bucchi 1404:Francisco Sagasti 1332:Deakin University 1193:Academic programs 1124:veil of ignorance 1077:Steven L. Goldman 1071:Massimiano Bucchi 1050: 1049: 1042: 587:and citizenship. 561:Sara B. Pritchard 449:political science 387: 386: 379: 361: 273:Elting E. Morison 260:interdisciplinary 248:interdisciplinary 221: 220: 213: 203: 202: 195: 168:layout guidelines 149: 148: 141: 86: 16:(Redirected from 6615: 6548: 6538: 6537: 6524: 6523: 6512: 6511: 6415:Regional science 6260:Cultural studies 6235:Business studies 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5838: 5837: 5813: 5765:Right to science 5745:Horizon scanning 5720:Academic freedom 5620:Technical change 5481:Women in science 5476:Unity of science 5257:Strong programme 5041: 5034: 5027: 5018: 4832: 4820: 4809: 4795: 4783: 4762:Jasanoff, Sheila 4757: 4737: 4725: 4703: 4673: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4496:www.4sonline.org 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3581: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3388: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3286: 3271:AI & Society 3266: 3260: 3259: 3236:AI & Society 3233: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3038: 3029: 3028: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2968: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2908: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2817: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2691: 2674: 2673: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2264: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2217: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2004: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1823:Bernard Stiegler 1733:S. Lochlann Jain 1641:Notable scholars 1427:In North America 1392:José Leite Lopes 1385: 1370: 1354:In Latin America 1130:Related concepts 1069:Spoken about by 1045: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1025: 999: 998: 991: 885:James S. Fishkin 565:S. Lochlann Jain 382: 375: 371: 368: 362: 360: 319: 295: 287: 216: 209: 198: 191: 187: 184: 178: 159: 158: 151: 144: 137: 133: 130: 124: 119:this article by 110:inline citations 97: 96: 89: 78: 56: 55: 48: 21: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6593:Social sciences 6583:Futures studies 6578:Science studies 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6532: 6500: 6467: 6451: 6425:Science studies 6209:Administration 6198: 5924: 5901: 5899:Social sciences 5896: 5866: 5861: 5801: 5760:Research ethics 5706: 5605:Reverse salient 5499: 5492: 5268: 5261: 5252:Sociotechnology 5196: 5108: 5073: 5050: 5045: 5015: 4917:Research Policy 4876: 4854: 4829: 4812: 4798: 4786: 4780: 4768:, eds. (1994). 4760: 4754: 4741: 4728: 4722: 4706: 4700: 4688:, eds. (1987). 4676: 4670: 4657: 4654: 4652:Further reading 4649: 4640: 4638: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4555:Research Policy 4552: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4226:. 29 March 2016 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4201:. 29 March 2016 4193: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4015:www.stswiki.org 4009: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3991:www.stswiki.org 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3967:www.stswiki.org 3961: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3886:www.stswiki.org 3880: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3611:theatlantic.com 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3167: 3152: 3151: 3142: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3040: 3039: 3032: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2693: 2692: 2677: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2277: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2236: 2219: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1943:Science studies 1872: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1783:Michelle Murphy 1738:Sheila Jasanoff 1688:Andrew Feenberg 1653:S. Barry Barnes 1643: 1638: 1608: 1559:Research Policy 1539:Research Policy 1492: 1429: 1379: 1377:Oscar Varsavsky 1364: 1362:Amílcar Herrera 1356: 1317: 1260: 1252: 1240:York University 1232:Mines ParisTech 1195: 1157: 1155:Classifications 1132: 1086: 1084:Legacy thinking 1056: 1046: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1015: 1000: 996: 989: 980: 974: 949: 941:Hurricane Sandy 915: 909: 878: 869: 817:is a reform of 812: 753: 745: 736: 730: 714:social networks 708:Recent work on 695: 689: 668:Sheila Jasanoff 660: 642: 636: 584: 578: 573: 553:Sheila Jasanoff 508: 502: 489:science studies 437:women's studies 383: 372: 366: 363: 320: 318: 308: 296: 285: 256: 217: 206: 205: 204: 199: 188: 182: 179: 173:Please help by 172: 160: 156: 145: 134: 128: 125: 115:Please help to 114: 98: 94: 57: 53: 46: 36:Science studies 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6368:social science 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6300:Global studies 6297: 6295:Gender studies 6292: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6278:social science 6274:Environmental 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5973:macroeconomics 5970: 5968:microeconomics 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5770:Science policy 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5725:Digital divide 5722: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641:Technological 5639: 5638: 5637: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5518:Design studies 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5461: 5456: 5454:Scientometrics 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5327:Paradigm shift 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5167:Postpositivism 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Antipositivism 5124: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5097:and technology 5089: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4852:External links 4850: 4849: 4848: 4833: 4827: 4810: 4796: 4784: 4779:978-0803940215 4778: 4758: 4752: 4739: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4699:978-0262022620 4698: 4682:Hughes, Thomas 4674: 4668: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4623: 4599: 4575: 4561: 4545: 4531: 4507: 4483: 4471: 4446: 4421: 4398: 4380: 4362: 4336: 4312: 4287: 4266: 4236: 4211: 4186: 4162: 4138: 4113: 4089: 4065: 4040: 4026: 4002: 3978: 3954: 3940: 3926: 3897: 3873: 3861: 3846: 3837: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3784: 3759: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3695: 3686: 3679: 3661: 3646: 3624: 3613:. 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4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766:Pinch, Trevor 4763: 4759: 4755: 4753:9780814735640 4749: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4730:Fuller, Steve 4727: 4723: 4721:9780262035682 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686:Pinch, Trevor 4683: 4679: 4678:Bijker, Wiebe 4675: 4671: 4669:9780631232100 4665: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4497: 4493: 4492:"What is 4S?" 4487: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4301: 4297: 4296:"STS Dagarna" 4291: 4288: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4225: 4224:assist-uk.com 4221: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4199:assist-uk.com 4196: 4190: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4171:"About EASST" 4166: 4163: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4127: 4123: 4117: 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e.V." 4128:(in French) 2951:: 136–147. 1923:Metascience 1818:Johan Schot 1803:Sal Restivo 1748:Thomas Kuhn 1718:Ian Hacking 1693:Ulrike Felt 1663:David Bloor 1648:Karen Barad 1618:at Stanford 1380: [ 1365: [ 1295:STS Dagarna 1284:Westminster 1202:, Germany, 1030:August 2016 937:Long Island 893:New England 876:In practice 766:Lee Iacocca 676:South Korea 512:en seriatim 409:Thomas Kuhn 121:introducing 6567:Categories 6496:Humanities 6430:historical 6363:psychology 6335:Management 6177:demography 6135:Psychology 6118:philosophy 6079:public law 6010:integrated 5828:Technology 5780:science of 5775:history of 5660:revolution 5568:disruptive 5558:Innovation 5553:Hype cycle 5498:Technology 5469:ecological 5442:skepticism 5432:misconduct 5417:enterprise 5235:scientific 5162:Positivism 5132:Empiricism 5114:Philosophy 4641:2018-07-05 4617:2024-07-29 4593:2018-07-05 4525:2018-07-05 4501:2024-03-17 4465:2024-07-09 4440:2024-07-09 4306:2022-05-13 4281:2020-11-11 4260:2020-01-03 4230:2020-01-03 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