425:
317:
452:
472:
485:
767:
109:
diamonds accounted for 70% of
Botswana's exports. After these exports contracted during the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, the government decided to derive greater benefits from its diamond industry by renegotiating agreements with multinational companies like De Beers in 2011 and setting up a Diamond Technology Park in Gaborone in 2009 as a hub for the local cutting and polishing of diamonds, as well as the manufacture of diamond jewellery. By 2012, the government had licensed 16 diamond polishing and cutting companies.
113:
custom design and the manufacture of drilling rigs, specialized mining exploration technologies, diamond jewellery design and manufacturing, as well as ICT applications and software. By 2013, basic services had been installed on the 57-acre plot in
Gaborone, such as water mains and electricity, and the site was ready for intensive development.
367:. This plan sets out a transformational agenda to revise curricula at all levels of education, augment the use of ICTs and match training to industrial needs. It is proposed to introduce multiple pathways at the upper secondary level, to allow students to choose between vocational skills, social sciences, basic sciences and business studies.
537:. In 2018, parliament passed the Data Protection Act establishing the Information and Data Protection Commission. The act enshrines the right of citizens to access their personal data and to object to the processing of their personal data. However, as of March 2020, the commission had not yet been established, nor the law enforced.
40:
12,404 to $ 15,247 (in purchasing power parity dollars, 2011 constant prices), boosted by the global commodity boom. This corresponds to a leap of 23% in GDP per capita over this period. Within the SADC region, only the
Seychelles and Mauritius have higher levels of average income. In 2013, GDP progressed by 5.8% in Botswana.
129:. High unemployment (18.4% in 2013) has been linked to the mismatch between skills development and market needs, together with slow private-sector growth. The Botswana Education Hub will be co-ordinating its activities with those of the other five hubs in agriculture, innovation, transport, diamonds and health.
467:
By 2013, women researchers in
Botswana had almost obtained parity in medical sciences, accounting for 44% of researchers in this field. More than one in four women researchers were working in the field of natural sciences (28%) and more than one in three in social sciences and humanities (38%). Women
459:
Despite the modest level of financial investment, Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants (in head counts), compared to 200 in
Zimbabwe, 343 in Namibia, 350 in Gabon, 631 in Senegal and 818 in South Africa. The average for sub-Saharan
249:
can be credited with a number of achievements but it is generally considered as having failed to overcome many of the problems it sought to address, including insufficient investment in research and development and insufficient job and wealth creation. The government is determined to ensure that the
43:
Although real GDP per capita is relatively high and growing, the country ranks second in the SADC for inequality and there is widespread poverty. The unemployment rate stood at 18% in 2013. Botswana's incidence of HIV (18.5% of the population) is also among the highest in the world, according to the
108:
The centrepiece of the government's economic diversification strategy is the development of six innovation hubs. The first of these was established in 2008 to foster the commercialization and diversification of agriculture. The second to be set up was the
Botswana Diamond Hub. Until recently, rough
463:
Consequently, the ratio of research funding to population is fairly low in
Botswana: $ 37.8 per capita and $ 110,000 per researcher (in current purchasing parity). One in four Botswanan researchers (27%) was a woman in 2012, the same ratio as in Angola. This is a slightly higher ratio than for the
120:
In 2018, the hub launched the
Botswana Innovation Fund. Its first call for proposals led to the allocation of BWP 5.6 million (about US$ 500 000) in funding to seven projects. Among these was the Intelligent Traffic Management System, a smart system that adjusts traffic light periods based on live
63:
As of 2015, Botswana is the world's top producer of diamonds, in terms of value. Despite being heavily reliant on the mining sector, Botswana has escaped the ‘resource curse’ to a large extent by delinking public expenditure and revenue from the mining sector. This revenue is invested in a savings
112:
The
Botswana Innovation Hub, established in 2012, is Botswana’s flagship hub. By the end of 2012, its governing bodies had approved and registered 17 entities to operate in the park. These included academic institutions like the University of Botswana and companies active in such diverse areas as
35:
The
Republic of Botswana has one of the longest post-independence histories of political stability in Africa. A multiparty democracy, it is deemed the continent's best-performing country by the Corruption Perceptions Index (31st out of 175) and ranked third in 2014 in the Ibrahim Index of African
492:
The number of publications by Botswanan scientists catalogued in international databases increased from 133 to 210 between 2009 and 2014, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index). In 2018, there were 281 scientific and technical journal articles which originated from
710:
for 2005–2020 noted that limited progress had been made towards STI targets, owing to the lack of human and financial resources at the SADC Secretariat to co-ordinate STI programmes. Meeting in Maputo, Mozambique, in June 2014, SADC ministers of science, technology and innovation, education and
633:(2008) by 2015. Ten of the 15 SADC countries must ratify the protocol for it to enter into force. The protocol promotes legal and political co-operation. It stresses the importance of science and technology for achieving 'sustainable and equitable socio-economic growth and poverty eradication'.
370:
Among SADC countries, Botswana committed the second-largest share of GDP to expenditure on education (9.5%) after Lesotho (13.0%) in 2009. Botswana also devoted the largest share of GDP to expenditure on higher education (3.9%) after Lesotho (4.7%). Between 2006 and 2011, the number of students
39:
At the time of independence in 1966, Botswana was one of the poorest countries in the world. A year later, diamonds were discovered and have since become a pillar of the economy. Today, Botswana has one of the highest levels of income in Africa. Between 2009 and 2013, GDP per capita rose from $
116:
The Information and Technology Division of the Botswana Innovation Hub hosts the Technology Entrepreneurship Programme, which offers support through pre-incubation, incubation and acceleration stages. The hub’s five priority focal areas are mining technology, biotechnology, cleantech, ICTs and
261:(2005), following the recommendations of the review conducted by UNESCO in 2009. The policy aims to take up the challenges of rapid technological evolution, globalization and the achievement of the national development goals formulated in high-level strategic documents that include Botswana's
99:
To diversify the economy, Botswana is focusing on areas of comparative advantage, among which feature financial services, education and health, alongside diamonds, beef, tourism and mining. Special economic zones are to be developed around Sir Seretse Khama International Airport and in the
84:. In 2011, it revised the Companies Act to allow applicants to register their company without the involvement of company secretaries, thereby reducing business start-up costs. The government has also introduced a points-based system to allow skilled expatriates to work in Botswana.
563:
In 2013, Botswana initiated the development of a National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. A climate change policy will be developed first, followed by the strategy. The process will reportedly be highly consultative, with the participation of rural inhabitants.
124:
In addition, an education hub has been approved by the Government Implementation Co-ordinating Office, with the objective of developing quality education and research training to make Botswana a regional centre of excellence and promote economic diversification and
443:(2011), the National Development Plan commits to raising investment in research, which is to be oriented towards economic and industrial needs in the following priority sectors: health; services; ecotourism; software development; agriculture; and manufacturing.
378:(established in 2012) was fully operational by the 2014/2015 academic year. According to the university’s annual report, there were 1 881 students enrolled in 2018/2019, 33% of whom were women. In the same year, the university’s research focus areas included:
512:
company has established a network of rural community centres (Masco Kitsong Centres) which provide access to Internet and other digital services like mobile money, as well as computer training. By May 2018, there were 110 such centres in as many villages.
328:, highlighted some of the challenges facing her country at the launch of a UNESCO study of Botswana's national innovation system. She cited the need to improve both intellectual property protection and the commercialization of products derived from
64:
fund to enable an anti-cyclical fiscal policy. Revenue from diamonds has been invested in public goods and infrastructure and the government has long established universal scholarship schemes which fully subsidize education at all levels.
436:(2011) fixes the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) to over 2% of GDP by 2016. This target can only be reached within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.
332:. She also evoked the funding dilemma for a developing country like Botswana, where the decision to invest in R&D has to be weighed against the need, for example, to build a clinic for people afflicted with HIV and AIDS.
339:
commits to raising investment in research, which is to be oriented towards economic and industrial needs in the following priority sectors: health; services; ecotourism; software development; agriculture; and manufacturing.
496:
Between 2008 and 2014, scientists from Botswana collaborated primarily with their peers from the United States of America, followed by South Africa, the UK, Canada and Germany, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science.
67:
Even before the slump in international demand during the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, diamond mining had been contributing less to economic growth with each plan period. This led the government to make
648:
for 2005–2020 identifies the region's 12 priority areas for both sectorial and cross-cutting intervention, mapping out goals and setting up concrete targets for each. The four sectorial areas are: trade and
91:
for the period 2017–2023, along with developing human capital, promoting social development and the sustainable use of natural resources, good governance and national security. This plan has been guided by
734:
and SADC have been implementing a joint five-year initiative since 2010 known as the Tripartite Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, or The African Solution to Address Climate Change.
475:
Scientific publications per million inhabitants in Southern Africa, 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded
424:
80:’s success and enhancing the role of research and development (R&D) as being the most effective way of fuelling entrepreneurship and private-sector growth. In 2010, the government published its
488:
Trends in scientific publications from Southern Africa, 2005-2012. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded
375:
353:
579:. It proposes developing a climate-focused research agenda, to guide academic curricula. A National Climate Change Unit is to be established to implement and monitor measures. A national
299:
432:
Botswana devoted 0.26% of GDP to R&D in 2012. Three-quarters of this investment came from the government (74%), 6% from the business enterprise sector and 7% from abroad. The
316:
718:
Concerning sustainable development, in 1999, the SADC adopted a protocol governing wildlife, forestry, shared water courses and the environment, including climate change, the
335:
The Botswana Academy of Sciences was launched in November 2015. Pending an updated version of the National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011), the
519:
In 2020, Mascom provided Botswanans with free Internet access to the government’s Covid-19 tracker system. This government system was developed in collaboration with the
1011:
547:
455:
Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
407:
Under the EU-funded Pan-African Planetary and Space Science Network, the university has received a grant of €1.4 million to ready young scientists for projects like the
505:
Botswana has a high-tech industry, and is home to a number of information technology companies. In 2020, Botswana's high-tech exports were worth about $ 16.2 million.
451:
516:
Mascom considers itself a public interest entity. In 2016, it launched the e-Schools Project which, by July 2019, had connected 623 government schools to Internet.
471:
530:
It comprises a case-based surveillance programme, a contact registration and follow-up programme, as well as a ports of entry screening and follow-up programme.
726:. In 2013, ministers responsible for the environment and natural resources approved the development of the SADC Regional Climate Change programme. In addition,
464:
United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe (25%) but it is considerably lower than in Namibia and South Africa (44%). The average for sub-Saharan Africa is 30%.
439:
The spending on research and development as a share of GDP rose to 0.54% in 2013, the most recent year with data as of 2021. Pending an updated version of the
1575:
754:
1648:
428:
Gross domestic spending on research and development as a share of GDP in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
55:
by 2028, which would be built on the main regional economic communities, including the Southern African Development Community, to which Botswana belongs.
1549:
1319:
493:
Botswana. Today, it has one of the highest levels of scientific productivity per capita in sub-Saharan Africa (103), behind South Africa on 364.
1489:
1284:
1241:
24:
356:, which welcomed its first 267 students in September 2012, is a research university that plans to raise the academic qualifications of staff.
320:
Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015)
1384:
1208:
1139:
1110:
992:
916:
857:
1304:
1299:
576:
1324:
484:
371:
enrolled in higher education rose from 22,257 to 39,894 (post-secondary non-degree, bachelor's, master's and PhD programmes combined).
212:, countries are mutating through the effects of policy and their mutation may also affect the emerging regional system of innovation.
1529:
1504:
1354:
1464:
601:
has surged from 1 (2012–2015) to 15 (2016–2019) publications. Researchers have been tackling the problem of the invasive water fern,
1434:
1519:
1414:
1339:
1250:
1622:
1618:
1499:
1369:
1334:
586:
The SADC centre in Gaborone hosts the Regional Early Warning System, Famine Early Warning System and Climate Services Centre.
287:
Development of a co-ordinated and integrated approach to science, technology and innovation (STI) planning and implementation;
234:
In 2008, the Minister of Communication, Science and Technology requested UNESCO's assistance in reviewing the country's first
1379:
1614:
1479:
1494:
1314:
1554:
1474:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1364:
594:
1429:
1653:
1349:
1329:
1294:
242:
in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID).
1605:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1514:
1484:
1469:
1454:
1444:
1399:
1394:
1344:
1289:
1264:
1524:
1459:
1374:
1269:
766:
1579:
1449:
1404:
1389:
1359:
1274:
1509:
1419:
1309:
1234:
52:
723:
580:
654:
329:
179:
tend to be characterized by political instability, be it from external threats or internal political schisms.
1198:
1100:
1057:. Vol. 2: National Perspectives. Johannesburg: Southern African Regional Universities Association. 2012.
1187:
Alt Advisory (2020) Factsheet: Botswana. Data Protection Africa, 31 March. See: https://tinyurl.com/y6f5h77b
650:
143:
76:
for the period 2009–2016. The government considers private-sector participation as being ‘critical’ to the
1154:
731:
552:
The signatories of this declaration recognize that GDP has its limitations as a measure of well-being and
408:
349:
325:
19:
examines recent trends and developments in science, technology and innovation policy in this country. The
142:
Botswana is considered as having an evolving national innovation system. Botswana was ranked 85th in the
1227:
953:
African Economic Outlook 2013. Special Thematic Edition: Structural Transformation and Natural Resources
722:(1999). More recently, SADC has initiated a number of regional and national initiatives to mitigate the
610:
20:
693:
raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) to at least 1% of GDP by 2015;
1070:
Botswana International University of Science & Technology (2019) Annual Report 2018/2019. See:
749:
69:
1030:
560:
into national accounting and corporate planning and reporting processes, policies and programmes.
926:
553:
524:
295:
126:
1165:
195:
encompass thriving systems but also faltering ones, albeit in a context of political stability.
613:
site and Africa’s largest wetland, for the past three decades. Thanks to the introduction of a
1204:
1135:
1106:
988:
912:
853:
690:
ensuring that 50% of decision-making positions in the public sector are held by women by 2015;
309:
1176:
602:
598:
1126:
903:
844:
775:
938:
696:
increasing intra-regional trade to at least 35% of total SADC trade by 2008 (10% in 2008);
568:
557:
291:
985:
Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development
27:(SADC) to adopt a science and technology policy in 1998. This was later updated in 2011.
150:
Status of national innovation systems in the Southern Africa Development Community, 2015
606:
1642:
702:
achieving100% connectivity to the regional power grid for all member states by 2012.
1219:
771:
117:
indigenous knowledge. Over 2017–2018, the hub supported more than 100 start-ups.
657:
security and human and social development. The eight cross-cutting areas are:
250:
revised policy, published in 2011, remedies the shortfalls of its predecessor.
618:
324:
In 2013, the Minister of Education and Skills of Botswana, the Honourable Dr
713:
Regional Strategic Plan on Science, Technology and Innovation for 2015–2020
1071:
276:(2011) is accompanied by an implementation plan that was adopted in 2012.
744:
571:
on climate change on 11 November 2016. In 2016, the government drafted a
983:
Kraemer-Mbula, Erika; Sheikheldin, Gussai; Karimanzira, Rungano (2021).
290:
Development of STI indicators, in accordance with the guidelines of the
173:
Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Swaziland, Zimbabwe
96:(2016), Botswana’s blueprint for achieving high-income status by 2036.
1086:. Gaborone: Ministry of Infrastructure, Science and Technology. 2011.
727:
590:
545:
In 2012, Botswana was one of ten African countries which adopted the
520:
509:
348:
In 2014, Botswana had two public and seven private universities. The
1102:
UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development
636:
Two primary policy documents operationalize the SADC Treaty (1992),
629:
Botswana is one of only four SADC countries which had ratified the
189:
Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, Tanzania, Zambia
1012:"UNESCO launches new series with a profile of R&D in Botswana"
483:
470:
450:
423:
315:
527:
and other partners. The system was operational by 27 March 2020.
774:
work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO. 3.0. Text taken from
699:
increasing the share of manufacturing to 25% of GDP by 2015; and
1223:
1084:
National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation
441:
National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation
434:
National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation
281:
National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation
274:
National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation
255:
National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation
218:
Source of table: Mbula-Kraemer, Erika and Scerri, Mario (2015)
1155:
Botswana - Number of scientific and technical journal articles
308:
The strengthening of institutional structures responsible for
1095:
1093:
583:
plan framework was awaiting formal endorsement in June 2020.
305:
The launch of regular participatory foresight exercises; and
905:
Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Botswana
460:
Africa was 91 researchers per million inhabitants in 2013.
376:
Botswana International University of Science and Technology
354:
Botswana International University of Science and Technology
902:
Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan (eds) (2013).
720:
SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement
365:
Education and Training Sector Strategic Plan for 2015–2020
533:
Legislation to improve cybersecurity was foreseen in the
238:, which dated from 1998. Botswana published its updated
846:
Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
468:
researchers remained rare in engineering, however (8%).
382:
remote sensing of natural resources and the environment;
617:-munching weevil in 2002 as an alternative to chemical
300:
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
87:
Diversification is also one of the priorities of the
1177:
Botswana - High-technology exports in current prices
625:
Regional policy framework for science and technology
1563:
1538:
1257:
631:
SADC Protocol on Science, Technology and Innovation
240:
National Policy on Research, Science and Technology
673:information and communication technologies (ICTs);
638:the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan
621:, the invasion was brought under control in 2016.
1166:Best Information Technology Companies in Botswana
548:Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa
397:bioinformatics, data science and high performance
394:transformation enabled by information technology;
352:is primarily a teaching institution, whereas the
1055:A Profile of Higher Education in Southern Africa
1016:UNESCO Science, Technology and Innovation Policy
715:to guide implementation of regional programmes.
1134:. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 87, Table 3.1.
363:, the government recommits to implementing the
708:Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan
646:Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan
385:sustainable energy and resource beneficiation;
259:Botswana Research, Science and Technology Plan
1235:
1200:Are we using science for smarter development?
8:
1031:"Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition"
843:Mbula-Kraemer, Erika; Scerri, Mario (2015).
770: This article incorporates text from a
755:Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation
777:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
593:study of 56 research topics related to the
550:at the Summit for Sustainability in Africa.
257:(2011) has been consolidated with the 2005
1242:
1228:
1220:
501:Information and communication technologies
403:artificial intelligence and smart systems.
100:Padamatenga area, to attract investment.
51:The African continent plans to create an
676:environment and sustainable development;
640:for 2005–2020, adopted in 2003, and the
391:applied nuclear sciences and technology;
153:
1072:https://www.biust.ac.bw/annual-reports/
987:. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 534–573.
788:
642:Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ
573:Botswana Climate Change Response Policy
934:
924:
415:Investment in research and development
25:Southern African Development Community
23:was one of the first countries of the
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
556:. They vow to integrate the value of
7:
1066:
1064:
1006:
1004:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
577:United Nations Development Programme
224:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030.
138:Status of national innovation system
1197:Straza; Schneegans (11 June 2021).
1128:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
852:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 535–565.
230:Revision of national science policy
205:Botswana, Mauritius, South Africa
59:Economic diversification a priority
1649:Science and technology in Botswana
535:Eleventh National Development Plan
361:Eleventh National Development Plan
337:Eleventh National Development Plan
133:Science, technology and innovation
104:Development of six innovation hubs
89:Eleventh National Development Plan
17:Science and technology in Botswana
14:
1251:Science and technology in Africa
955:. African Development Bank. 2013.
605:, which has been threatening the
1550:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1320:Democratic Republic of the Congo
765:
664:combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic;
1105:. Paris: UNESCO. 11 June 2021.
679:private sector development; and
480:Trends in scientific publishing
263:Tenth National Development Plan
74:Tenth National Development Plan
706:A 2013 mid-term review of the
521:United Nations Children’s Fund
82:Economic Diversification Drive
1:
595:Sustainable Development Goals
247:Science and Technology Policy
236:Science and Technology Policy
226:UNESCO, Paris, Table 20.5.
46:Botswana AIDS Impact Survey
1670:
711:training adopted the SADC
53:African Economic Community
581:climate change adaptation
1305:Central African Republic
724:impact of climate change
575:, with support from the
70:diversifying the economy
670:science and technology;
651:economic liberalization
541:Sustainable development
388:solar energy materials;
283:has four main thrusts:
144:Global Innovation Index
732:East African Community
597:, Botswanan output on
567:Botswana ratified the
489:
476:
456:
429:
409:Square Kilometre Array
350:University of Botswana
326:Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi
321:
31:Socio-economic context
1465:São Tomé and Príncipe
1325:Republic of the Congo
611:UNESCO World Heritage
487:
474:
454:
427:
319:
420:Financial investment
21:Republic of Botswana
1654:Economy of Botswana
1540:States with limited
1018:. 14 November 2013.
750:Economy of Botswana
312:and implementation.
937:has generic name (
653:, infrastructure,
554:sustainable growth
525:University of Oslo
490:
477:
457:
430:
322:
127:sustainable growth
72:a priority of the
1636:
1635:
1567:other territories
1340:Equatorial Guinea
1210:978-92-3-100450-6
1203:. Paris: UNESCO.
1141:978-92-3-100129-1
1112:978-92-3-100450-6
994:978-92-3-100450-6
918:978-92-3-001219-9
911:. Paris: UNESCO.
859:978-92-3-100129-1
686:Targets include:
310:policy monitoring
216:
215:
1661:
1628:
1627:(United Kingdom)
1623:Tristan da Cunha
1619:Ascension Island
1611:
1598:
1589:
1565:Dependencies and
1258:Sovereign states
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1168:
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1123:
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942:
936:
932:
930:
922:
910:
899:
864:
863:
851:
840:
780:, UNESCO.
769:
667:gender equality;
655:sustainable food
603:Salvinia molesta
599:invasive species
508:Since 2009, the
447:Human investment
344:Higher education
210:evolving systems
154:
1669:
1668:
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1663:
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1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
982:
981:
960:
951:
950:
946:
933:
923:
919:
908:
901:
900:
867:
860:
849:
842:
841:
790:
786:
763:
741:
627:
589:According to a
569:Paris Agreement
558:natural capital
543:
503:
482:
449:
422:
417:
346:
292:Frascati Manual
232:
220:Southern Africa
177:Fragile systems
140:
135:
106:
61:
33:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1612:
1599:
1590:
1576:Canary Islands
1572:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1140:
1118:
1111:
1089:
1075:
1060:
1046:
1021:
1000:
993:
958:
944:
917:
865:
858:
787:
785:
782:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
747:
740:
737:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
626:
623:
607:Okavango Delta
542:
539:
502:
499:
481:
478:
448:
445:
421:
418:
416:
413:
405:
404:
401:
400:computing; and
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
345:
342:
314:
313:
306:
303:
288:
231:
228:
214:
213:
206:
203:
197:
196:
193:Viable systems
190:
187:
181:
180:
174:
171:
165:
164:
161:
158:
139:
136:
134:
131:
121:traffic flow.
105:
102:
60:
57:
32:
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Guinea-Bissau
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
954:
948:
945:
940:
935:|first2=
928:
920:
914:
907:
906:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
855:
848:
847:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
789:
783:
781:
779:
778:
773:
768:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
709:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
687:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
658:
656:
652:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
549:
540:
538:
536:
531:
528:
526:
522:
517:
514:
511:
506:
500:
498:
494:
486:
479:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
446:
444:
442:
437:
435:
426:
419:
414:
412:
410:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
379:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
343:
341:
338:
333:
331:
327:
318:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
282:
277:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
243:
241:
237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
147:
145:
137:
132:
130:
128:
122:
118:
114:
110:
103:
101:
97:
95:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:
58:
56:
54:
49:
47:
41:
37:
30:
28:
26:
22:
18:
1615:Saint Helena
1586:
1490:South Africa
1480:Sierra Leone
1285:Burkina Faso
1279:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1127:
1121:
1101:
1083:
1078:
1054:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1035:www.wipo.int
1034:
1024:
1015:
984:
952:
947:
904:
845:
776:
772:free content
764:
719:
717:
712:
707:
705:
685:
645:
644:(2004). The
641:
637:
635:
630:
628:
614:
588:
585:
572:
566:
562:
546:
544:
534:
532:
529:
518:
515:
507:
504:
495:
491:
466:
462:
458:
440:
438:
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406:
373:
369:
364:
360:
358:
347:
336:
334:
323:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
265:to 2016 and
262:
258:
254:
252:
246:
244:
239:
235:
233:
223:
219:
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209:
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
163:Description
149:
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141:
123:
119:
115:
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107:
98:
93:
88:
86:
81:
77:
73:
66:
62:
50:
45:
42:
38:
36:Governance.
34:
16:
15:
1542:recognition
1495:South Sudan
1385:Ivory Coast
682:statistics.
296:Oslo Manual
267:Vision 2016
245:Botswana's
94:Vision 2036
1643:Categories
1597:(Portugal)
1555:Somaliland
1475:Seychelles
1440:Mozambique
1425:Mauritania
1410:Madagascar
1365:The Gambia
1300:Cape Verde
1040:2023-10-29
784:References
619:pesticides
78:Tenth Plan
1430:Mauritius
927:cite book
157:Category
146:in 2023.
48:of 2013.
1621: /
1617: /
1610:(France)
1604: /
1582: /
1578: /
1530:Zimbabwe
1505:Tanzania
1355:Ethiopia
1350:Eswatini
1330:Djibouti
1295:Cameroon
1280:Botswana
745:Botswana
739:See also
661:poverty;
615:Salvinia
201:Evolving
160:Country
1606:Réunion
1602:Mayotte
1593:Madeira
1588:(Spain)
1584:Melilla
1515:Tunisia
1485:Somalia
1470:Senegal
1455:Nigeria
1445:Namibia
1435:Morocco
1400:Liberia
1395:Lesotho
1345:Eritrea
1315:Comoros
1290:Burundi
1265:Algeria
761:Sources
359:In the
330:R&D
298:of the
169:Fragile
1625:
1608:
1595:
1525:Zambia
1520:Uganda
1460:Rwanda
1415:Malawi
1375:Guinea
1270:Angola
1207:
1138:
1109:
1029:WIPO.
991:
915:
856:
730:, the
728:COMESA
591:UNESCO
523:, the
510:Mascom
222:. In:
185:Viable
1580:Ceuta
1500:Sudan
1450:Niger
1405:Libya
1390:Kenya
1370:Ghana
1360:Gabon
1335:Egypt
1275:Benin
1132:(PDF)
909:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
1510:Togo
1420:Mali
1310:Chad
1205:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1107:ISBN
989:ISBN
939:help
913:ISBN
854:ISBN
609:, a
374:The
294:and
279:The
272:The
253:The
208:In
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