515:
523:
786:
17:
39:
3160:
2341:
2365:
3170:
2329:
800:
2377:
1219:
772:
211:
2353:
383:
In 2017, business-funded research and development (R&D) exceeded that funded by the government and higher education sectors combined, for the first time, although most business-funded investment goes towards military and dual-use technologies. For instance, the leading
Turkish firm for the number
337:
were expected to stay. However, accounts of teaching young girls and boys here have been recorded. Most education of women in the
Ottoman Empire was focused on teaching the women to be good house wives and social etiquette. Although the formal education of women was not popular, female physicians and
416:
Meanwhile, tertiary enrolment has grown rapidly. To accommodate this new influx, no fewer than 30 universities were founded between 2016 and 2019, 20 of which are public institutions. By 2018, the gross enrolment ratio was 109.5%, and the number of doctoral students had risen by 22% to 95100 since
405:
More importantly, firms in the services and construction sectors, which accounted for 63.5% of GDP in 2018, remain largely shielded from competition. Even those that treat innovation as an afterthought remain profitable. They can afford to ignore the government’s support programmes for R&D and
401:
The prevailing sentiment in academic circles, however, is that there is a mismatch between the level of public support for innovation and the amount of innovation in the economy. This sentiment is shared by Prof. Hasan Mandal, the head of T.BITAK, who notes the insufficiency and lack of focus of
394:
A growing share of business-funded R&D is being driven by tax incentives, the sectoral composition of which is determined by the government. However, this trend mainly concerns innovation in manufacturing, which is open to competition largely thanks to the
Customs Union with the EU in effect
420:
However, the unemployment rate among university graduates increased from 10.3% in 2008 to 12.7% in 2017. Just 2% of university entrants study natural sciences or mathematics, statistics and computer science in Turkey, compared to an average of 6% and 5%, respectively, in other OECD countries.
409:
The low returns that researchers can expect for their efforts are impeding the development of the national innovation system. Although patent applications by
Turkish inventors have been growing, as have granted patents, available evidence suggests that inventive activity in Turkey is largely
370:
army to match the
European standards. In 1845 the engineering department of the school was further developed with the addition of a program devoted to the training of architects. The scope and name of the school were extended and changed again in 1883 and in 1909 the school became a public
365:
as the
Imperial Naval Engineers' School (original name: Mühendishane-i Bahr-i Humayun), and it was originally dedicated to the training of ship builders and cartographers. In 1795 the scope of the school was broadened to train technical military staff to modernize the
424:
The pursuit of science and innovation in Turkey continues to be a largely government-driven endeavour. The heavy focus on defence-related capabilities is not likely to generate a significant spillover to the rest of the economy.
475:
1157:
Eröcal, D. and I. Yegorov (2021) Countries in the Black Sea Basin. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race
Against Time for Smarter Development. Schneegans, S.; Straza, T. and J. Lewis (eds). UNESCO Publishing:
498:
402:
public support given to development ‘from prototypes to production’. He admits that there has been an ‘insufficient connection of R&D efforts to the needs of final consumers and needs analyses'.
391:
has reported that defence and aerospace was the leading sector in terms of export growth in the first five months of 2019, according to a press release by the
Anatolia Agency on 5 June 2019.
384:
of patents is the principal military industry conglomerate
Aselsan; it owns 54% of all resident patents, compared to just 17% for the leading patent-owner in Israel, Teva Pharmaceuticals.
2221:
446:
111:
20:
470:
338:
surgeons were still accounted for. Female physicians were given an informal education instead of a formal one. However, the first properly trained female
Turkish physician was
617:
413:
For the first time since 2002, scientific output declined by 5.2% between 2016 and 2018. Publications continue to exhibit low international co-authorship and citation rates.
503:
1347:
1884:
839:
2680:
2493:
2047:
1426:
304:
630:
592:
239:
65:
2020:
1421:
3194:
2994:
2600:
1818:
887:
843:
134:
3125:
3074:
1207:
598:
2415:
2310:
1452:
1399:
88:
2934:
2665:
129:
3135:
3054:
3029:
2944:
2924:
2844:
2834:
2799:
2555:
2458:
1330:
1012:
3049:
3019:
2894:
2570:
1777:
1492:
1318:
2543:
3094:
3034:
2989:
2959:
2859:
2645:
2620:
2478:
2473:
2268:
1808:
1798:
1086:
55:
3059:
2954:
2839:
2829:
2675:
2625:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2498:
2468:
2448:
2438:
1813:
1760:
1698:
1386:
1369:
347:
543:
3104:
3004:
2939:
2919:
2909:
2884:
2741:
2660:
2630:
2615:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2424:
2246:
1730:
1654:
1442:
586:
555:
3130:
3089:
2999:
2979:
2914:
2889:
2879:
2864:
2756:
2708:
2655:
2605:
2580:
2550:
1926:
1374:
232:
2369:
3099:
2899:
2808:
2713:
2565:
2068:
1765:
1720:
1634:
1612:
1525:
549:
434:
3044:
3009:
2964:
2718:
1179:
Erdoğmuş, N. (2019) Geleceğin Türkiyesinde Yüksek.ğretim (Higher Education in Tomorrow’s Turkey). ILKE Publishing: Istanbul.
2929:
2824:
1185:
514:
398:
Research funding from abroad has, indeed, progressed to about 3.5% of total research spending in 2017, up from 2% in 2015.
2874:
2635:
2595:
2575:
2157:
1874:
1595:
537:
358:
144:
3140:
3014:
2746:
3084:
2969:
2766:
2751:
2698:
2650:
2241:
1936:
1567:
1547:
573:
187:
60:
2974:
2585:
2508:
2503:
2483:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2869:
2854:
2849:
2761:
2703:
2640:
2610:
2590:
2560:
2488:
2196:
1823:
1803:
1725:
1649:
1394:
1200:
452:
279:
3145:
3064:
3024:
2736:
2984:
2949:
2904:
862:
2408:
1919:
1894:
1772:
1622:
1459:
1447:
1313:
567:
561:
522:
388:
225:
48:
290:
institution, focused on academic research and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear technology.
2097:
1735:
1715:
1362:
274:
in 2023, and has increased its ranking considerably since 2011, where it was ranked 65th. Turkey boasts over 80
2816:
2792:
2295:
1961:
1659:
1588:
1357:
711:
263:
149:
830:
1644:
1617:
1562:
1557:
1409:
1404:
957:
882:
271:
2147:
2152:
2092:
2080:
1973:
1830:
1323:
1246:
1193:
813:
330:
177:
657:
2401:
2300:
2085:
2075:
2042:
1782:
1605:
38:
726:
2236:
2231:
2216:
2162:
2107:
1991:
1850:
1835:
1683:
1600:
1414:
611:
671:
533:
There are seven universities in Turkey which are dedicated to engineering, technology and sciences:
3114:
2785:
2112:
2063:
1996:
1946:
1845:
1755:
1703:
1516:
1497:
1283:
440:
197:
172:
3169:
2328:
909:
2357:
2283:
2226:
2206:
2119:
2008:
1951:
1747:
1669:
1335:
1256:
1251:
1068:
990:
961:
874:
287:
694:
526:
1016:
2381:
2290:
2253:
2139:
2124:
1941:
1879:
1866:
1840:
1708:
1639:
1583:
1502:
1295:
1270:
1231:
1087:"Muslim women healers of the medieval and early modern Ottoman Empire – Hektoen International"
1060:
805:
740:
192:
30:
2211:
2179:
2001:
1956:
1899:
1552:
1475:
1290:
716:
649:
167:
139:
2345:
2278:
2258:
2189:
2184:
2129:
2102:
2013:
1986:
1664:
1629:
2201:
1981:
1904:
1537:
1305:
1266:
791:
757:
753:
744:
684:
662:
367:
319:
106:
16:
1051:
Gelişli, Yucel (2004). "Education of women from the Ottoman Empire to modern Turkey".
278:
where around 6,000 national and multinational companies engage in R&D activities.
3188:
3163:
2333:
2273:
2174:
1914:
1909:
1542:
1487:
1278:
1111:
777:
749:
653:
644:
640:
275:
215:
259:
2393:
2305:
2263:
1889:
1340:
835:
825:
785:
720:
688:
679:
83:
2777:
933:
3173:
2169:
1480:
736:
703:
362:
799:
767:
339:
1167:
Mandal, H. (2018) Turkey will Focus on its National Targets. TÜBITAK, 7 July.
1064:
730:
675:
666:
636:
372:
2035:
2025:
1352:
343:
315:
1072:
969:
707:
698:
270:
show a significant jump in recent years. Turkey was ranked 37th in the
282:
supports scientists, scientific studies, and making science policies.
2030:
1223:
1218:
334:
333:
were places within a Sultan's palace where his wives, daughters, and
267:
831:
UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development
15:
1037:İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In
342:. Ali studied medicine in Germany and opened her own practice in
465:
283:
2781:
2397:
1189:
262:
and in responsibility of universities and research institutes.
1053:
SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe
322:
period, reached its highest point during the Ottoman reign.
375:
who could create new infrastructure to develop the empire.
361:
has a history that began in 1773. It was founded by Sultan
499:
National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology
318:
education institution, which first originated during the
447:
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
21:
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
828:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO Text taken from
471:
Defense Industries Research and Development Institute
371:
engineering school which was aimed at training civil
476:
Informatics and Information Security Research Center
3113:
3073:
2815:
2727:
2689:
2431:
2138:
2056:
1972:
1865:
1791:
1746:
1691:
1682:
1576:
1524:
1515:
1468:
1435:
1385:
1304:
1265:
1239:
1230:
1013:"Turkish Atomic Energy Authority – Mission of TAEK"
618:
Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency
410:disconnected from global collaboration networks.
834:, UNESCO, UNESCO publishing. To learn how to add
480:Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
518:Taşkışla campus of Istanbul Technical University
1039:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600
379:Trends in national innovation system, 2015–2019
489:Nanotechnology Research and Application Center
2793:
2409:
1201:
838:text to Knowledge (XXG) articles, please see
233:
8:
305:Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire
252:Overview of science and technology in Turkey
962:"Developing an Innovation-Oriented Society"
631:List of Turkish Philosophers and scientists
593:TOBB University of Economics and Technology
492:National Magnetic Resonance Research Center
2800:
2786:
2778:
2416:
2402:
2394:
2135:
1688:
1521:
1236:
1208:
1194:
1186:
723:, known as the father of microneurosurgery
691:, one of the founders of social psychology
240:
226:
26:
888:World Intellectual Property Organization
733:, known for tectonics of Turkey and Asia
521:
513:
855:
599:Adana Science and Technology University
529:campus of Istanbul Technical University
29:
1153:
824:This article incorporates text from a
326:Education of Ottoman Women in Medicine
89:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
1175:
1173:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
504:Space Technologies Research Institute
7:
2364:
2352:
483:Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center
135:European Union–Turkey Customs Union
406:manufacturing-focused innovation.
14:
2425:Science and technology in Europe
1041:. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.
844:reusing text from Knowledge (XXG)
3195:Science and technology in Turkey
3168:
3159:
3158:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2327:
1731:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
1217:
798:
784:
770:
556:Middle East Technical University
256:Science and technology in Turkey
209:
183:Science and technology in Turkey
37:
2809:Science and technology in Asia
2376:
1118:. Istanbul Technical University
846:, please see the terms of use.
3126:British Indian Ocean Territory
910:"Global Innovation Index 2019"
625:Notable scientists from Turkey
550:Karadeniz Technical University
435:List of universities in Turkey
66:Economic crisis (2018-present)
1:
587:İzmir Institute of Technology
538:Istanbul Technical University
359:Istanbul Technical University
145:Southeastern Anatolia Project
2222:Intangible cultural heritage
1568:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1400:Proclamation of the republic
993:. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi
574:Erzurum Technical University
495:National Metrology Institute
188:Telecommunications in Turkey
130:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
1493:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
544:Yıldız Technical University
453:Turkish Academy of Sciences
346:in 1922, 1 year before the
280:Turkish Academy of Sciences
3211:
1324:Conquest of Constantinople
656:, known for reporting the
628:
568:Bursa Technical University
562:Gebze Technical University
438:
432:
389:Turkish Exporters Assembly
348:fall of the Ottoman Empire
302:
286:is the country's official
3154:
2323:
1831:The constitutional system
1363:Second Constitutional Era
1348:Decline and modernization
2875:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1814:Ministry of the Interior
1799:Administrative divisions
1358:First Constitutional Era
712:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
264:Research and development
258:is centrally planned by
3136:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1761:Parliamentary elections
1563:Eastern Anatolia Region
1558:Central Anatolia Region
1240:Ancient and Middle Ages
883:Global Innovation Index
581:Technology Universities
486:Marmara Research Center
466:Atomic Energy Authority
310:Advancement of madrasah
272:Global Innovation Index
112:Companies listed on ISE
107:Istanbul Stock Exchange
2474:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1932:Science and technology
1766:Presidential elections
1247:Prehistory of Anatolia
1015:. TAEK. Archived from
814:Turkish names in space
530:
519:
510:Technical Universities
178:Minimum wage in Turkey
24:
1927:Free trade agreements
1809:Intelligence Services
1606:North Anatolian Fault
960:(20 September 2023).
842:. For information on
678:, winner of the 2004
525:
517:
19:
3050:United Arab Emirates
2311:World heritage sites
1836:Turkish Armed Forces
1721:Constitutional Court
1635:Flora and vegetation
1613:Environmental issues
1601:East Anatolian Fault
1548:Mediterranean Region
991:"Vision and Mission"
958:Frank-Jürgen Richter
612:Turkish Space Agency
61:2001 economic crisis
23:is located in Ankara
3077:limited recognition
2690:States with limited
1880:Banking and Finance
1498:History of Anatolia
1395:War of Independence
1387:Republic of Türkiye
1284:Battle of Manzikert
710:, awarded the 2015
460:Research Institutes
441:Education in Turkey
354:Technical education
198:Transport in Turkey
173:Geography of Turkey
1937:Telecommunications
1726:Court of Cassation
1427:Multi-party period
1336:Ottoman Old Regime
1257:Byzantine Anatolia
1252:Classical Anatolia
531:
520:
25:
3182:
3181:
3119:other territories
2775:
2774:
2391:
2390:
2319:
2318:
1861:
1860:
1804:Foreign relations
1778:Political parties
1678:
1677:
1511:
1510:
1503:History of Thrace
1405:Atatürk's reforms
1296:Anatolian beyliks
806:Technology portal
741:chemical engineer
250:
249:
216:Turkey portal
193:Tourism in Turkey
31:Economy of Turkey
3202:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3131:Christmas Island
2817:Sovereign states
2802:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2728:Dependencies and
2432:Sovereign states
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2136:
2021:Cities and towns
2002:Turkish language
1957:Turkish Airlines
1773:Electoral system
1736:Council of State
1689:
1623:Waste management
1553:Black Sea Region
1531:
1522:
1476:Turkic migration
1422:One-party period
1291:Sultanate of Rum
1237:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
879:
871:
865:
860:
840:this how-to page
808:
803:
802:
794:
789:
788:
780:
775:
774:
773:
756:, worked on the
658:Behçet's disease
643:, known for the
242:
235:
228:
214:
213:
212:
168:Energy in Turkey
140:Nabucco pipeline
49:Economic history
41:
27:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3150:
3118:
3109:
3090:Northern Cyprus
3076:
3069:
2811:
2806:
2776:
2771:
2729:
2723:
2709:Northern Cyprus
2691:
2685:
2606:North Macedonia
2427:
2422:
2392:
2387:
2315:
2134:
2130:Women in Turkey
2098:Law enforcement
2052:
2048:Life expectancy
2014:Islam in Turkey
1968:
1857:
1819:National Police
1787:
1742:
1674:
1665:Turkish Riviera
1572:
1529:
1528:
1507:
1464:
1431:
1410:Language reform
1381:
1300:
1261:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1112:"ITU – History"
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
956:
955:
951:
942:
940:
932:
931:
927:
918:
916:
908:
907:
903:
893:
891:
877:
873:
872:
868:
861:
857:
852:
822:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
771:
769:
766:
695:Oktay Sinanoğlu
633:
627:
608:
583:
512:
462:
443:
437:
431:
381:
356:
328:
312:
307:
301:
296:
253:
246:
210:
208:
203:
202:
163:
155:
154:
125:
117:
116:
102:
94:
93:
79:
71:
70:
51:
12:
11:
5:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2730:other entities
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2681:United Kingdom
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Czech Republic
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:Radio stations
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Turkish people
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:Transportation
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:National parks
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:Climate change
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Marmara Region
1534:
1532:
1530:(west to east)
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1443:Constitutional
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1331:Transformation
1328:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1306:Ottoman Empire
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1160:
1129:
1116:www.itu.edu.tr
1103:
1078:
1059:(4): 121–135.
1043:
1030:
1019:on 8 June 2014
1004:
982:
949:
925:
901:
866:
854:
853:
851:
848:
821:
818:
817:
816:
810:
809:
795:
792:Science portal
781:
765:
762:
761:
760:
758:Apollo program
754:astrophysicist
747:
745:Ergun equation
734:
724:
714:
701:
692:
685:Muzafer Sherif
682:
669:
660:
647:
629:Main article:
626:
623:
622:
621:
615:
607:
604:
603:
602:
596:
590:
582:
579:
578:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
511:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
473:
468:
461:
458:
457:
456:
450:
430:
427:
380:
377:
355:
352:
327:
324:
311:
308:
303:Main article:
300:
299:Ottoman Empire
297:
295:
292:
288:nuclear energy
266:activities in
251:
248:
247:
245:
244:
237:
230:
222:
219:
218:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
164:
162:Related topics
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
150:Land ownership
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
124:Major projects
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
103:
101:Stock exchange
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
86:
80:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
52:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3207:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:South Ossetia
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Faroe Islands
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:South Ossetia
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Liechtenstein
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Air pollution
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Aegean Region
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Turkification
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:Classical Age
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:Seljuk Empire
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
992:
986:
983:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
950:
939:
935:
929:
926:
915:
911:
905:
902:
889:
885:
884:
876:
870:
867:
864:
859:
856:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
819:
815:
812:
811:
807:
801:
796:
793:
787:
782:
779:
778:Turkey portal
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:Dilhan Eryurt
748:
746:
743:, known with
742:
738:
735:
732:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:Gazi Yaşargil
715:
713:
709:
705:
702:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
677:
673:
670:
668:
664:
661:
659:
655:
654:dermatologist
651:
650:Hulusi Behçet
648:
646:
645:Arf invariant
642:
641:mathematician
638:
635:
634:
632:
624:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
580:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:
534:
528:
524:
516:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
459:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
442:
436:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
395:since 1996.
392:
390:
385:
378:
376:
374:
369:
364:
360:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
335:female slaves
332:
325:
323:
321:
317:
309:
306:
298:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
224:
223:
221:
220:
217:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
75:
74:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
50:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
22:
18:
3115:Dependencies
3045:Turkmenistan
3039:
3010:Saudi Arabia
2719:Transnistria
2670:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2217:Illumination
2153:Architecture
2081:Human rights
2069:Universities
1987:Ethnic Kurds
1974:Demographics
1931:
1885:Construction
1163:
1120:. Retrieved
1115:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
1007:
995:. Retrieved
985:
973:. Retrieved
965:
952:
941:. Retrieved
938:ec.europa.eu
937:
934:"RTD - Item"
928:
917:. Retrieved
914:www.wipo.int
913:
904:
892:. Retrieved
881:
869:
858:
836:open license
829:
826:free content
823:
727:Celâl Şengör
721:neurosurgeon
689:psychologist
680:Wigner Medal
532:
429:Institutions
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
386:
382:
357:
329:
313:
255:
254:
182:
84:Turkish lira
3174:Asia portal
3075:States with
2995:Philippines
2935:South Korea
2930:North Korea
2825:Afghanistan
2757:Isle of Man
2692:recognition
2666:Switzerland
2601:Netherlands
2370:WikiProject
2301:Video games
2093:Individuals
2086:LGBT rights
2076:Health care
2043:Immigration
1824:Gendarmerie
1783:Referendums
1699:Legislative
1596:Earthquakes
1481:Oghuz Turks
1370:Dissolution
1122:22 November
1096:22 November
966:horasis.org
894:15 December
737:Sabri Ergun
704:Aziz Sancar
672:Erdal İnönü
663:Feza Gürsey
363:Mustafa III
276:technoparks
3055:Uzbekistan
3030:Tajikistan
2945:Kyrgyzstan
2925:Kazakhstan
2845:Bangladesh
2835:Azerbaijan
2636:San Marino
2596:Montenegro
2576:Luxembourg
2556:Kazakhstan
2459:Azerbaijan
2242:Newspapers
2227:Literature
2207:Folk dance
2108:Corruption
1992:Minorities
1920:Renewables
1875:Automotive
1684:Government
1415:Secularism
1091:hekint.org
975:14 October
943:2021-09-02
919:2021-09-02
850:References
439:See also:
433:See also:
340:Safiye Ali
56:2000s boom
3141:Hong Kong
3095:Palestine
3020:Sri Lanka
3015:Singapore
2895:Indonesia
2747:Gibraltar
2571:Lithuania
2296:TV series
2254:Miniature
2197:Festivals
2113:Terrorism
2064:Education
1997:Languages
1841:Air Force
1756:Elections
1704:Executive
1650:Mountains
1517:Geography
1436:Overviews
1375:Partition
1341:Tulip era
1065:1435-2869
731:geologist
676:physicist
667:physicist
637:Cahit Arf
449:(TÜBİTAK)
373:engineers
3189:Category
3164:Category
3085:Abkhazia
3035:Thailand
2990:Pakistan
2970:Mongolia
2965:Maldives
2960:Malaysia
2860:Cambodia
2767:Svalbard
2752:Guernsey
2699:Abkhazia
2651:Slovenia
2646:Slovakia
2621:Portugal
2479:Bulgaria
2346:Category
2284:Football
2269:Painting
2212:Folklore
2120:Marriage
2026:Istanbul
2009:Religion
1962:Railways
1952:Aviation
1890:Currency
1748:Politics
1716:Judicial
1692:Branches
1670:Wildlife
1460:Military
1448:Economic
1353:Tanzimat
1073:43293079
1023:9 August
875:"TURKEY"
764:See also
606:Agencies
344:Istanbul
316:madrasah
3060:Vietnam
2975:Myanmar
2955:Lebanon
2885:Georgia
2840:Bahrain
2830:Armenia
2676:Ukraine
2626:Romania
2586:Moldova
2544:Ireland
2539:Iceland
2534:Hungary
2524:Germany
2519:Georgia
2509:Finland
2504:Estonia
2499:Denmark
2484:Croatia
2469:Belgium
2464:Belarus
2454:Austria
2449:Armenia
2444:Andorra
2439:Albania
2382:Outline
2358:Commons
2291:Theater
2274:Pottery
2190:Ottoman
2185:Cuisine
2163:Ottoman
2140:Culture
2125:Poverty
2057:Society
1942:Tourism
1895:Defense
1867:Economy
1709:Cabinet
1640:Geology
1584:Climate
1526:Regions
1453:Ottoman
1271:Beyliks
1267:Seljuks
1232:History
970:Horasis
863:Tübitak
820:Sources
708:chemist
699:chemist
368:Ottoman
294:History
260:TÜBİTAK
3105:Taiwan
3040:Turkey
3005:Russia
2940:Kuwait
2920:Jordan
2910:Israel
2870:Cyprus
2855:Brunei
2850:Bhutan
2762:Jersey
2704:Kosovo
2671:Turkey
2661:Sweden
2641:Serbia
2631:Russia
2616:Poland
2611:Norway
2591:Monaco
2561:Latvia
2529:Greece
2514:France
2489:Cyprus
2334:Portal
2279:Sports
2180:Cinema
2175:Carpet
2158:Seljuk
2148:Anthem
2031:Ankara
1900:Energy
1792:Topics
1660:Rivers
1577:Topics
1469:Topics
1224:Turkey
1071:
1063:
997:15 May
890:. 2021
620:(2020)
614:(2018)
601:(2011)
595:(2003)
589:(1992)
576:(2010)
570:(2010)
564:(1992)
558:(1956)
552:(1955)
546:(1911)
540:(1773)
455:(TÜBA)
417:2015.
331:Harems
320:Seljuk
268:Turkey
3146:Macau
3065:Yemen
3025:Syria
3000:Qatar
2980:Nepal
2915:Japan
2890:India
2880:Egypt
2865:China
2737:Åland
2656:Spain
2581:Malta
2551:Italy
2264:Names
2259:Music
2232:Media
2103:Crime
2036:İzmir
1645:Lakes
1630:Fauna
1158:Paris
1069:JSTOR
878:(PDF)
527:Maçka
78:Money
2985:Oman
2950:Laos
2905:Iraq
2900:Iran
2306:Wine
2202:Flag
1905:Coal
1851:Navy
1846:Land
1314:Rise
1269:and
1124:2016
1098:2019
1061:ISSN
1025:2014
999:2024
977:2023
896:2021
387:The
314:The
284:TAEK
3117:and
2170:Art
1915:Oil
1910:Gas
3191::
2237:TV
1172:^
1132:^
1114:.
1089:.
1067:.
1055:.
968:.
964:.
936:.
912:.
886:.
880:.
752:,
739:,
729:,
719:,
706:,
697:,
687:,
674:,
665:,
652:,
639:,
350:.
2801:e
2794:t
2787:v
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
1209:e
1202:t
1195:v
1126:.
1100:.
1075:.
1057:7
1027:.
1001:.
979:.
946:.
922:.
898:.
241:e
234:t
227:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
