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quality of the scientific study itself. Yet many international universities require publication in these high-impact journals by both their students and faculty. One way that some international authors are beginning to overcome this problem is by contracting with freelance copy editors who are native speakers of
English and specialize in ESL (English as a second language) editing to polish their manuscripts' English to a level that high-impact journals will accept.
683:
91:
1157:, laid out in a section usually called "Materials and Methods", should be described in such a way that a subsequent scientist, with appropriate knowledge of and experience in the relevant field, should be able to repeat the observations and know whether he or she has obtained the same result. This naturally varies between subjects, and does not apply to mathematics and related subjects.
50:
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1107:
Although the content of an article is more important than the format, it is customary for scientific articles to follow a standard structure, which varies only slightly in different subjects. Although the IMRAD structure emphasizes the organization of content, and in scientific journal articles, each
1062:
The actual day-to-day records of scientific information are kept in research notebooks or logbooks. These are usually kept indefinitely as the basic evidence of the work, and are often kept in duplicate, signed, notarized, and archived. The purpose is to preserve the evidence for scientific priority,
1357:
Authors
Disputes. The authorship of an article is simply the author of the article. The ethical issue with this is when there are two people that believe to be the author, but there is only one true author. There are guidelines to help pick which get authorship of the writing. The one that does not
1190:
of the meaning of the results is usually addressed in a "Discussion" or "Conclusions" section. The conclusions drawn should be based on the new empirical results while taking established knowledge into consideration, in such a way that any reader with knowledge of the field can follow the argument
1341:
Human
Welfare Concerns. The guidelines for human experimentation started during WWII with the Nuremberg Code. It has evolved into three main principles from The Belmont Report. The subject must be able to make their own choices to protect themselves, benefits must outweigh the risks, and subjects
1092:
Often, career advancement depends upon publishing in high-impact journals, which, especially in hard and applied sciences, are usually published in
English. Consequently, scientists with poor English writing skills are at a disadvantage when trying to publish in these journals, regardless of the
1345:
Animal
Welfare Concerns. Is the ethical care of animals in scientific experiments. The APS has set strict guidelines and regulations to stop animals from being unnecessarily harmed in experiments. These are being updated regularly by the APS and is a federal law in the United States enforced by
1309:
from author to publisher, used by some journals, can be controversial because many authors want to propagate their ideas more widely and re-use their material elsewhere without the need for permission. Usually an author or authors circumvent that problem by rewriting an article and using other
1119:
attracts readers' attention and informs them about the contents of the article. Titles are distinguished into three main types: declarative titles (state the main conclusion), descriptive titles (describe a paper's content), and interrogative titles (challenge readers with a question that is
1063:
and in particular for priority for obtaining patents. They have also been used in scientific disputes. Since the availability of computers, the notebooks in some data-intensive fields have been kept as database records, and appropriate software is commercially available.
779:, ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of the scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors.
812:
comprise review articles that summarize the results of published studies to underscore progress and new research directions, as well as books that tackle extensive projects or comprehensive arguments, including article compilations.
863:
is the responsibility of a different author or group of authors, while the editor is responsible for determining the scope of the project, keeping the work on schedule, and ensuring consistency of style and
1519:
1946:
Benos, Dale J.; Fabres, Jorge; Farmer, John; Gutierrez, Jessica P.; Hennessy, Kristin; Kosek, David; Lee, Joo Hyoung; Olteanu, Dragos; Russell, Tara (2005–2006). "Ethics and scientific publication".
915:", as they are published outside of traditional channels. This material is customarily not indexed by major databases and can include manuals, theses and dissertations, or newsletters and bulletins.
926:, peer-reviewed journals are the most prominent and prestigious form of publication. University presses are more prestigious than commercial press publication. The status of working papers and
1070:
followed by a formal article. Articles are usually prepared at the end of a project, or at the end of components of a particularly large one. In preparing such an article vigorous rules for
1028:" This type of material comes from the result of an article being published. It does not advance an article scientifically but instead contributes to its reputation as a scientific article.
775:
findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as
1354:
Conflicts of
Interests. This is referring to the biased assumption due to private interest. It can be done knowingly or not. This is unethical because it makes data inaccurate.
1035:": Other types of papers not listed under non-scientific material or in any of the above eight categories. They can vary depending on the objective and style of the article.
954:
Scientific papers have been categorised into ten types. Eight of these carry specific objectives, while the other two can vary depending on the style and the intended goal.
1880:. In: Stefano Pagliara 2nd International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures (IJREW'08), Pisa, Italy, Keynote, pp. 3-13, 30 July-1 August 2008.
1906:"Research Quality, Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries ?"
1151:
of previous scientific investigations should be presented, by citation of relevant documents in the existing literature, usually in a section called an "Introduction".
1066:
The work on a project is typically published as one or more technical reports, or articles. In some fields both are used, with preliminary reports, working papers, or
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summarizes the work (in a single paragraph or in several short paragraphs) and is intended to represent the article in bibliographic databases and to furnish subject
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273:
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Review process. The peer-review process contributes to the quality control and it is an essential step to ascertain the standing and originality of the research.
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acceptance in the academic discourse is predicted by the inclusion in such selective sources. Commercial providers of proprietary data include
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The significance of different types of the scientific publications can vary between disciplines and change over time. According to
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issued by individual researchers or research organizations on their own initiative; these are sometimes organized into a series.
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Talbott, T.; M. Peterson; J. Schwidder; J.D. Myers (2005). "Adapting the electronic laboratory notebook for the semantic era".
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is a description of a technique or piece of equipment that has been modified from an existing one to be new and more effective.
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134:
112:
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Honesty. Honesty and integrity is a duty of each author and person, expert-reviewer and member of journal editorial boards.
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answered in the text). Some journals indicate, in their instructions to authors, the type (and length) of permitted titles.
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The following are key guidelines for formatting, although each journal etc will to some extent have its own house style:
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Data
Fabrications. Is the process of purposefully changing data to make the information more in the favor of the author.
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207:
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69:
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1184:). These display elements should be accompanied by a caption and should be discussed in the text of the article.
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and confirm that the conclusions are sound. That is, acceptance of the conclusions must not depend on personal
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get authorship is put in the acknowledgments. The guidelines come from NIH and The
Council of Science Editors.
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section (Introduction, Methods, Results, and
Discussion) has unique conventions for scientific writing style.
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of the investigation, in a section usually called "Results", should be presented in tabular or graphic form (
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are communications directed to the editor of an article to ask questions and provide constructive criticism.
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contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as “
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The first recorded editorial pre-publication peer-review occurred in 1665 by the founding editor of
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Ethical standards. Recent journal editorials presented some experience of unscrupulous activities.
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The following two categories are variable, including for example historical articles and speeches:
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cases, publishers often require that all co-authors know and agree on the content of the article.
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1490:, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 9–21,
1818:"Open access and Scopus: A new approach to scientific visibility from the standpoint of access"
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1971:
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Authorship. Who may claim a right to authorship? In which order should the authors be listed?
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In terms of research publications, a number of key issues include and are not restricted to:
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Redundant
Publications. Publications that contain copyrighted and new unpublished material.
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For information about journal article databases, and abstract and indexing services, see
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or scientific report on the web has in the past been low, but in some subjects, such as
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1983:
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pictures. Some publishers may also want publicity for their journal so will approve
1877:
Digital Publishing, Ethics and Hydraulic Engineering: The Elusive or "Boring" Bore?
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820:
802:, which cover minor research results and engineering and design efforts, including
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must be evaluated for their selection and benefits must go to all of society.
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are unique events that researchers read to obtain information on the subject.
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Miguel, Sandra; Chinchilla-Rodriguez, Zaida; de Moya-AnegĂłn, FĂ©lix (2011).
1702:
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1782:. European Federation of Psychology Students' Associations. Archived from
896:(although e.g. scientific journals are now commonly published on the web).
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Peh, Wilfred (2008). "Basic structure and types of scientific papers".
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Scientific literature can include the following kinds of publications:
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The frontispiece for some early scientific literature published in the
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1825:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
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provides new information from original research supported by evidence.
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2256:
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2070:"The Origin of the Scientific Journal and the Process of Peer Review"
1246:
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761:
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2010:
1921:
1719:
Scientific And Medical Communication: A Guide For Effective Practice
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depends on the discipline; they are typically more important in the
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is a series of high-quality images published for teaching purposes.
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1606:. Los Alamitos, CA, US: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 136–143.
1604:
International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems
756:. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original
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Finally, a "References" or "Literature Cited" section lists the
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and similar works designed for widespread public consumption.
518:
186:
84:
43:
1546:"Evaluation based on scientific publishing: Evaluating books"
1486:Ă–chsner, Andreas (2013), "Types of Scientific Publications",
2024:"Publication Ethical Standards: Guidelines and Procedures".
911:
Literature may also be published in areas considered to be "
1805:
Scientific fraud#Responsibility of authors and of coauthors
771:
The process of academic publishing involves disseminating
1745:"Titles in medical articles: What do we know about them?"
995:
is a detailed analysis of recent developments on a topic.
1317:
unconditionally; other publishers are more resistant.
853:
Books wholly written by one author or a few co-authors.
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is a short summary of an author's personal experience.
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are short reviews or critiques of original articles.
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1388:Technical and scientific books were a specialty of
115:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1776:"How to write a good title for journal articles"
1518:Speight, James G.; Foote, Russell (2011-04-27).
1457:"A brief history of the mathematical literature"
1396:re-published contemporary scientific articles.
1378:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
274:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1997:D. Mavinic (2006). "The "Art" of Plagiarism".
1866:
1864:
842:Patents in the relevant subject (for example,
2103:
885:conducted by a government agency such as the
806:, are also classified as primary literature.
720:
32:List of academic databases and search engines
8:
2068:Select Committee on Science and Technology.
957:Papers that carry specific objectives are:
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2110:
2096:
2088:
1640:United States National Library of Medicine
748:that spans various disciplines within the
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1682:
1044:For broader class of these articles, see
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
200:This article includes a list of general
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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465:
354:
282:
1591:– via Singapore Medical Journal.
1524:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 241.
2618:Academic databases and search engines
1999:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
1941:
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1910:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
1646:from the original on October 16, 2011
1488:Introduction to Scientific Publishing
946:, it is now an accepted alternative.
7:
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1568:
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1481:
1479:
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1053:Types of scientific journal articles
113:adding citations to reliable sources
1667:"Crossing the language limitations"
768:” within specific research fields.
2388:Academic journal publishing reform
2072:. Parliament of the United Kingdom
1123:The names and affiliations of all
206:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1521:Ethics in Science and Engineering
1371:Scientific writing § History
835:Scientific articles published in
59:This article has multiple issues.
1948:Advances in Physiology Education
934:. The value of publication as a
871:, especially those organized by
827:Types of scientific publications
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681:
191:
89:
48:
1225:Increasing reliance on digital
1127:are given. In the wake of some
892:Scientific publications on the
100:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
1743:Langdon-Neuner, Elise (2007).
950:Scientific papers and articles
1:
2648:Category:Scientific documents
1461:American Mathematical Society
2674:Academic works about science
2643:Category:Academic publishing
1684:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030410
1496:10.1007/978-3-642-38646-6_3
744:encompasses a vast body of
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2461:Indexes and search engines
1612:10.1109/ISCST.2005.1553305
1368:
1239:Chemical Abstracts Service
1218:
1100:
1081:
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504:Interdisciplinary sciences
36:
29:
1716:Mogull, Scott A. (2017).
1577:Effective Medical Writing
1416:Digital object identifier
1960:10.1152/advan.00056.2004
1436:Scientific communication
1426:Open access (publishing)
559:Research and development
2684:Technical communication
2638:Style/formatting guides
2540:Scholarly communication
2240:Other publication types
1722:. New York: Routledge.
1665:Pan, Z; Gao, J (2006).
1265:-led) services include
1231:academic search engines
221:more precise citations.
124:"Scientific literature"
2580:Least publishable unit
2252:Collection of articles
2058:Wagner (2006) p. 220-1
1289:records enriched with
1144:for indexing services.
1026:Nonscientific material
928:conference proceedings
883:forensic investigation
466:Extrascientific fields
277:
18:Scientific publication
2570:Electronic publishing
2545:Scientific literature
2322:Article-level metrics
1221:Scholarly peer review
1210:cited by the authors.
1129:scientific misconduct
1074:have to be followed.
1014:Letters to the editor
742:Scientific literature
703:Philosophy portal
635:Science communication
479:Communication studies
270:
2613:Open-access journals
2560:Open scientific data
2367:SCImago Journal Rank
2327:Author-level metrics
2312:Acknowledgment index
1636:"MEDLINE Fact Sheet"
1406:Acknowledgment index
1394:Engineering Magazine
1227:abstracting services
1155:Empirical techniques
869:academic conferences
592:Scientific integrity
574:Vocational education
509:Knowledge management
399:Behavioural sciences
109:improve this article
2679:Information science
2669:Academic literature
2608:Scientific journals
2119:Academic publishing
2038:2007AIAAJ..45.1794.
1786:on 28 December 2012
1431:Research paper mill
1097:Structure and style
962:An original article
944:high energy physics
837:scientific journals
788:scientific journals
786:first published in
784:scientific research
39:Academic publishing
2628:Copyright policies
2623:University presses
2530:Scientific writing
2398:Citation advantage
2305:Impact and ranking
2138:Scientific journal
1550:University of Oulu
1390:David Van Nostrand
1287:Microsoft Academic
1072:scientific writing
1040:Scientific article
881:reports such as a
844:biological patents
792:primary literature
758:empirical research
688:Science portal
278:
2656:
2655:
2633:Preprint policies
2603:Academic journals
2586:Publish or perish
2441:Version of record
2381:Reform and access
2183:Literature review
2032:(8): 1794. 2007.
1887:978-88-8492-568-8
1837:10.1002/asi.21532
1774:Vasilev, Martin.
1638:. Washington DC:
1046:Scholarly article
903:, pamphlets, and
901:technical reports
873:learned societies
867:Presentations at
810:Secondary sources
804:computer software
800:technical reports
737:
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650:Scientific method
640:Science education
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564:Strategic studies
356:Scientific fields
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16:(Redirected from
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2575:Ingelfinger rule
2489:Semantic Scholar
2211:Technical report
2133:Academic journal
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1453:Robert G. Bartle
1305:The transfer of
1197:rhetorical skill
932:applied sciences
920:James G. Speight
848:chemical patents
817:Tertiary sources
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645:Research funding
514:Language studies
446:Applied sciences
382:Natural sciences
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1160:Similarly, the
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610:Logical fallacy
600:Reproducibility
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365:Formal sciences
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170:
164:
161:
118:
116:
106:
94:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2518:Related topics
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Web of Science
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Google Scholar
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Serials crisis
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2372:Scientometrics
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Citation index
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:Poster session
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:Position paper
2175:
2173:Review article
2170:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2060:
2051:
2016:
1989:
1927:
1916:(8): 946–951.
1902:Hubert Chanson
1893:
1886:
1872:Hubert Chanson
1860:
1808:
1797:
1766:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1657:
1627:
1620:
1594:
1562:
1537:
1530:
1510:
1504:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Citation index
1408:
1401:
1398:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1302:
1299:
1243:Web of Science
1219:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1188:Interpretation
1185:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1132:
1121:
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1079:
1076:
1059:
1056:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1003:
996:
987:
978:
975:technical note
971:
965:
951:
948:
909:
908:
905:working papers
897:
894:World Wide Web
890:
876:
865:
857:Edited volumes
854:
851:
840:
828:
825:
766:the literature
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
706:
705:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:Science policy
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
627:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
605:Cognitive bias
602:
596:
590:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
468:
467:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
429:Criminological
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
396:
395:
394:
389:
379:
378:
377:
372:
359:
358:
350:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
263:
262:
245:
244:
199:
197:
190:
183:
182:
97:
95:
88:
83:
57:
56:
54:
47:
27:Literary genre
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Open research
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Impact factor
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Bibliometrics
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Annual report
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Working paper
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2143:Public health
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2005:(3): iii–vi.
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1785:
1781:
1780:JEPS Bulletin
1777:
1770:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1729:9781138842557
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:PLOS Medicine
1668:
1661:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1621:0-7695-2387-0
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1531:9781118104842
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1505:9783642386459
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1295:open archives
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:Impact factor
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
988:
985:
984:
979:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Russell Foote
921:
916:
914:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:, where each
858:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
834:
833:
832:
826:
824:
822:
821:encyclopedias
818:
814:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
708:
707:
704:
693:
689:
684:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
587:
586:
575:
572:
570:
569:Urban studies
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Psychological
402:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:Life sciences
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
361:
360:
357:
353:
346:
342:
338:
332:
331:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
289:
288:
285:
281:
276:
275:
269:
259:
256:
241:
238:
230:
227:November 2012
220:
216:
210:
209:
203:
198:
189:
188:
179:
176:
168:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126: –
125:
121:
120:Find sources:
114:
110:
104:
103:
98:This article
96:
92:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2544:
2074:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2029:
2026:AIAA Journal
2025:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1954:(2): 59–74.
1951:
1947:
1913:
1909:
1896:
1876:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1779:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1755:(4): 158–160
1752:
1748:
1738:
1718:
1711:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1630:
1603:
1597:
1583:(7): 522–5.
1580:
1576:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1520:
1513:
1487:
1387:
1376:
1374:
1319:
1315:reproduction
1304:
1234:
1224:
1207:
1187:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1091:
1088:Copy editing
1065:
1061:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1005:
999:
990:
981:
974:
968:Case reports
967:
961:
956:
953:
917:
910:
830:
815:
808:
790:constitutes
781:
770:
765:
741:
740:
738:
691:
524:Liberal arts
424:Sociological
370:Mathematical
318:
272:
251:
233:
224:
205:
171:
162:
152:
145:
138:
131:
119:
107:Please help
102:verification
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
2535:Peer review
2415:#ICanHazPDF
2393:Open access
2352:Eigenfactor
2296:Proceedings
2206:White paper
1846:10760/16100
1790:25 February
1759:25 February
1677:(9): E410.
1650:October 15,
1555:November 4,
1275:open access
1255:open source
1253:(and often
1215:Peer review
1058:Preparation
940:mathematics
777:peer review
762:theoretical
628:Instruments
549:Professions
544:War studies
451:Engineering
219:introducing
165:August 2009
2663:Categories
2451:Retraction
2424:Versioning
2317:Altmetrics
2262:Biological
2076:5 December
1447:References
1392:, and his
1369:See also:
1293:data from
1281:(based on
1259:non-profit
1082:See also:
1051:See also:
1007:Editorials
1000:commentary
879:Government
819:encompass
670:Technology
539:Philosophy
529:Literature
499:Humanities
489:Futurology
439:Linguistic
324:Philosophy
319:Literature
309:Glossaries
202:references
135:newspapers
64:improve it
2436:Postprint
2279:Monograph
2231:Lab notes
1968:1043-4046
1468:Footnotes
1312:facsimile
1307:copyright
1279:Unpaywall
1273:and (for
1251:open data
1193:authority
1174:schematic
1068:preprints
782:Original
660:Scientist
414:Political
70:talk page
2509:OpenAlex
2504:Paperity
2431:Preprint
2267:Chemical
2221:Pamphlet
2166:Abstract
2126:Journals
1984:27019082
1976:15905149
1904:(2007).
1874:(2008).
1703:17002510
1644:Archived
1589:18695858
1400:See also
1283:CrossRef
1249:, while
1235:de facto
1142:metadata
1137:abstract
1078:Language
936:preprint
864:content.
773:research
665:Research
554:Religion
456:Medicine
434:Military
409:Economic
387:Physical
375:Computer
299:Category
2525:Imprint
2446:Erratum
2410:Sci-Hub
2357:h-index
2284:Chapter
2034:Bibcode
1855:5924132
1694:1576334
1455:(1990)
1365:History
1291:OAI-PMH
1277:works)
1263:library
1208:sources
1182:drawing
1178:diagram
1162:results
1149:context
1125:authors
899:Books,
861:chapter
796:Patents
750:natural
494:History
341:Outline
314:History
294:Outline
284:Science
215:improve
149:scholar
2494:Scopus
2474:AMiner
2257:Patent
2247:Thesis
2154:Papers
1982:
1974:
1966:
1884:
1853:
1726:
1701:
1691:
1618:
1587:
1528:
1502:
1301:Ethics
1247:Scopus
992:review
694:
692:·
690:
337:Fields
204:, but
151:
144:
137:
130:
122:
2596:Lists
2565:ORCID
2226:Essay
2161:Paper
1980:S2CID
1851:S2CID
1821:(PDF)
1459:from
1346:DHHS.
1201:faith
1199:, or
1170:chart
1166:image
1117:title
1103:IMRAD
1033:Other
534:Music
484:Craft
156:JSTOR
142:books
2484:CORE
2479:BASE
2274:Book
2078:2014
1972:PMID
1964:ISSN
1882:ISBN
1792:2013
1761:2013
1724:ISBN
1699:PMID
1652:2011
1616:ISBN
1585:PMID
1557:2019
1526:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1441:UKSG
1285:and
1271:DOAJ
1267:DOAB
1261:and
1245:and
1229:and
1147:The
1115:The
1086:and
922:and
913:grey
887:NTSB
846:and
798:and
760:and
752:and
474:Arts
345:List
128:news
2042:doi
2007:doi
1956:doi
1918:doi
1841:hdl
1833:doi
1689:PMC
1679:doi
1608:doi
1492:doi
1297:).
1180:or
1134:An
942:or
519:Law
111:by
2665::
2040:.
2030:45
2028:.
2003:33
2001:.
1978:.
1970:.
1962:.
1952:29
1950:.
1930:^
1914:34
1912:.
1908:.
1863:^
1849:.
1839:.
1829:62
1827:.
1823:.
1778:.
1753:16
1751:.
1747:.
1697:.
1687:.
1673:.
1669:.
1642:.
1614:.
1581:49
1579:.
1565:^
1548:.
1498:,
1476:^
1385:.
1381:,
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