48:
1121:
266:(VIP) is the main transmitter. This polypeptide is realized from nerves found long the erectile tissue of the corpus calosum. VIP is the strongest relaxant of penile smooth muscle structure, resulting in an erection upon envenomation. This is the proposed mechanics for all scorpion of the family Buthidae, whose venom composition contains these compounds.
335:
climate may also change the frequency of scorpion incidents. Lower levels of rainfall, specifically precipitation below 30 mm/month, can be associated with fewer scorpion stings, whereas rainfall greater than 30 mm/month shows no relationship to incident rate. This could be due to potentially disruptive effects of rainfall on scorpion habitat.
362:
is among the most important scorpionist species. Envenomation by this scorpion is characterized by intense local pain, that usually does not result in tissue injury. Scorpions possess venom glands located at the distal extremity of their abdomen. There are currently 1,400 known species of scorpions
220:
Envenomation of a human by a scorpion may affect the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems depending on the species of scorpion. Some of the more severe side effects include respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, cardiac dysfunction, impaired hemostasis, pancreatitis, and multiple organ
334:
Scorpions are nocturnal arachnids that have shown a seasonal pattern that is also related to climate. Specifically in
Central America, scorpion attacks are mostly seen during the hot months of the year, noting that in Argentina this occurs in the months of October to April. Additionally, a rainy
216:
has proven to be the most venomous scorpion. While stings from this species will rarely result in death, side effects can include numbness, tingling, convulsions, difficult breathing, and occasionally, paralysis. These side effects may last up to 72 hours after injection of the venom. It is also
242:
work to change voltage-dependent sodium channels, resulting in prolonged neuronal and neuromuscular activity. This prolonged activity of sodium channels results in an erection. There may be nerve damage due to the stabilization of voltage-dependent sodium channels in the open conformation. This
355:
This scorpion species is also found in parts of northern South
America. Historically, the presence of these scorpions in Panama could be due to the closure of the Panamanian isthmus, thus allowing for the migration of the scorpions from Panama into the northern part of South America.
162:
Most scorpion stings range in severity from minor swelling to medically significant lesions, with only a few able to cause severe allergic, neurotic or necrotic reactions. However, scorpion stings account for approximately 3,000 deaths a year worldwide. The
Brazilian yellow scorpion
221:
failure. Additionally, treatment of the sting depends on the severity of the incident, which is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. This treatment is composed of three different aspects of the sting: symptomatic measures, vital functions support, and injection
697:
Jared, Carlos; Alexandre, César; Mailho-Fontana, Pedro Luiz; Pimenta, Daniel
Carvalho; Brodie, Edmund D.; Antoniazzi, Marta Maria (2020-04-30). "Toads prey upon scorpions and are resistant to their venom: A biological and ecological approach to scorpionism".
590:
Santos, Maria S. V.; Silva, Cláudio G. L.; Neto, Basílio Silva; Grangeiro Júnior, Cícero R. P.; Lopes, Victor H. G.; Teixeira Júnior, Antônio G.; Bezerra, Deryk A.; Luna, João V. C. P.; Cordeiro, Josué B.; Júnior, Jucier Gonçalves; Lima, Marcos A. P. (2016).
217:
observed that penile erection may occur after being stung. The pain of a sting from the
Arizona Bark Scorpion has been compared to being struck by a bolt of lightning or electrical current. These symptoms may become visible 4 to 7 minutes after envenomation.
243:
position leads to the prolonged and continuous firing of neurons in the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems. Continuous firing of neurons causes over excitation and prevents the transmission of normal nerve impulses down the axon.
279:
Scorpions are nocturnal animals that typically live in deserts, mountains, caves, and under rocks. It is when they are disturbed that they attack. Scorpions that possess the ability to inject toxic venom with their sting belong to the family
1165:
1153:
363:
and each possesses venom glands. However, of these 1,400 species, only 25 are known to be dangerous enough to humans to potentially cause death upon envenomation. Other countries in
Central America are habitat to the scorpion genus
347:
has reported an incidence of 52 cases per 100,000 people in 2007. Between 1998 and 2006, 28 people have died as result of scorpion stings. In Panama, the taxa of scorpions responsible for these deaths belong to the genus
233:
The composition of scorpion venom consists of different compounds of varying concentrations. The compounds consist of neurotoxins, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxin, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase, histamine,
238:, etc. Of these different toxins, the most important and most potent one is the neurotoxin concentration. This compound has neuromuscular and neuroautonomic effects, as well as damages the surrounding local tissue.
1217:
262:. Upon injection with the venom, sacral parasympathetic nerve are stimulated causing a change in the neuronal transmission in vascular and nonvascular smooth muscles. The compound known as the
246:
The venom composition of the deathstalker scorpion contains neurotoxins which are almost completely responsible for this symptom. The poison from this scorpion contain 4 components:
976:
811:
991:
176:
Scorpion stings are seen all over the world but are predominantly seen in the tropical and subtropical areas. In the
Western hemisphere, these areas include
550:
Pajovic, B.; Radosavljevic, M.; Radunovic, M.; Radojevic, N.; Bjelogrlic, B. (2012). "Arthropods and their products as aphrodisiacs--review of literature".
804:
640:
Nejati, Jalil; Saghafipour, Abedin; Rafinejad, Javad; Mozaffari, Ehsan; Keyhani, Amir; Abolhasani, Ali; Kareshk, Amir
Tavakoli (2018-07-25).
421:
159:
of humans by toxic scorpions, which may result in extreme pain, serious illness, or even death depending on the toxicity of the venom.
396:
263:
797:
208:. Some of these arthropods whose byproduct may be used as medicines can be found in North America. Across North America, the
225:. Not all envenomations result in systemic complications; only a small proportion of stings have this effect on the victim.
1227:
370:
Species in this genus are only mildly toxic to humans even though they have ion channel-active toxins in their venom.
1222:
838:
1180:
169:) is one species known for being especially dangerous, being responsible for most scorpion sting fatalities in
1106:
848:
104:
1056:
955:
1124:
209:
147:, which may vary in severity. The anatomical part of the scorpion that delivers the sting is called a "
950:
1212:
1207:
1169:
858:
193:
731:
185:
80:
73:
284:. The Middle East and North Africa are home to the deadliest scorpions, belonging to the genera
960:
940:
935:
775:
723:
715:
679:
661:
622:
614:
567:
559:
525:
507:
463:
417:
392:
165:
64:
1001:
945:
765:
707:
669:
653:
604:
515:
497:
453:
358:
47:
1036:
1174:
1101:
1016:
928:
843:
674:
641:
593:"Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Scorpionism in the World: A Systematic Review"
520:
485:
350:
310:
1201:
1086:
1051:
1046:
996:
986:
879:
735:
251:
170:
770:
753:
458:
441:
1066:
1041:
1026:
1011:
910:
365:
322:
156:
109:
711:
1185:
642:"Scorpion composition and scorpionism in a high-risk area, the southwest of Iran"
1021:
981:
918:
902:
894:
820:
304:
298:
255:
247:
205:
189:
152:
69:
343:
In
Central America, most scorpion stings are mildly toxic to humans. However,
754:"Scorpionism in Central America, with special reference to the case of Panama"
609:
592:
316:
239:
97:
779:
719:
665:
618:
563:
511:
467:
1096:
1091:
1031:
871:
866:
853:
235:
222:
119:
727:
683:
626:
571:
529:
314:. In India and Mexico, the deadliest scorpions involved in scorpionism are
155:, and variable swelling. In serious cases, scorpion stings may involve the
17:
789:
1061:
1006:
281:
259:
140:
89:
1145:
502:
824:
292:
56:
1157:
442:"Scorpions, Scorpionism, Life History Strategies and Parthenogenesis"
344:
286:
181:
177:
148:
758:
Journal of
Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases
657:
93:
412:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
85:
793:
151:". In typical cases, scorpion stings usually result in pain,
308:. In South America, the deadliest scorpion belongs to genus
387:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
552:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
486:"Emerging options for the management of scorpion stings"
1218:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
1135:
204:
The byproducts of some arthropods may be used as an
1139:
1079:
969:
831:
752:Borges, A.; Miranda, R. J.; Pascale, J. M. (2012).
389:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
184:. In the Eastern hemisphere, these regions include
125:
115:
103:
79:
63:
37:
32:
805:
8:
143:resulting in the medical condition known as
1136:
812:
798:
790:
46:
29:
769:
673:
608:
519:
501:
457:
416:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 83.
484:Chippaux, Jean-Philippe (July 5, 2012).
139:is an injury caused by the stinger of a
597:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
379:
180:, northern South America and southeast
446:Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins
440:Lourenço, W. R.; Cuellar, O. (1995).
7:
747:
745:
585:
583:
581:
545:
543:
541:
539:
490:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
479:
477:
435:
433:
129:deaths from a scorpion are unlikely
391:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 455.
25:
264:vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
1120:
1119:
200:Characteristics and side effects
771:10.1590/S1678-91992012000200002
459:10.1590/S0104-79301995000200002
1:
712:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.013
330:Weather, seasons, and climate
1244:
214:Centruroides sculpturatus)
1115:
610:10.1016/j.wem.2016.08.003
414:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
54:
45:
59:with a droplet of venom
210:Arizona bark scorpion
1228:Scorpions and humans
1107:Seabather's eruption
646:Electronic Physician
911:Black widow spider
503:10.2147/DDDT.S24754
194:Indian subcontinent
186:Sub-Saharan Africa
74:Emergency medicine
1223:Arthropod attacks
1195:
1194:
1133:
1132:
423:978-1-4160-2999-1
166:Tityus serrulatus
133:
132:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1235:
1137:
1123:
1122:
814:
807:
800:
791:
784:
783:
773:
749:
740:
739:
694:
688:
687:
677:
652:(7): 7138–7145.
637:
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612:
587:
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575:
547:
534:
533:
523:
505:
481:
472:
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461:
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428:
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409:
403:
402:
384:
359:Tityus pachyurus
326:, respectively.
50:
30:
21:
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1234:
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1198:
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919:Recluse spider
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339:Central America
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1140:Classification
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1102:Stinging plant
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835:
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829:
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809:
802:
794:
786:
785:
764:(2): 130–143.
741:
689:
632:
603:(4): 504–518.
577:
558:(4): 539–547.
535:
473:
429:
422:
404:
397:
378:
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372:
340:
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331:
328:
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137:scorpion sting
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100:
83:
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33:Scorpion sting
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1087:Animal attack
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1068:
1065:
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1060:
1059:
1058:
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1047:Venomous fish
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658:10.19082/7138
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487:
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436:
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430:
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408:
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398:0-7216-2921-0
394:
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301:
300:
295:
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289:
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274:
269:
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257:
253:
252:charybdotoxin
249:
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237:
228:
226:
224:
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215:
211:
207:
199:
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171:South America
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105:Complications
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78:
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71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1179:
1164:
1161:: T63.2, X22
1152:
1007:Domestic cat
920:
913:latrodectism
912:
904:
896:
888:
886:
873:
860:
832:Invertebrate
821:Animal bites
761:
757:
703:
699:
692:
649:
645:
635:
600:
596:
555:
551:
493:
489:
452:(2): 51–62.
449:
445:
413:
407:
388:
382:
366:Centruroides
364:
357:
349:
342:
333:
323:Centruroides
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
278:
270:Epidemiology
245:
232:
219:
213:
203:
175:
164:
161:
157:envenomation
144:
136:
134:
110:Envenomation
956:Sea anemone
936:Bristleworm
921:loxoscelism
905:arachnidism
897:demodicosis
889:scorpionism
305:Hottentotta
299:Androctonus
256:scyllatoxin
248:chlorotoxin
240:Neurotoxins
206:aphrodisiac
190:Middle East
153:paresthesia
145:scorpionism
70:Dermatology
38:Other names
18:Scorpionism
1213:Toxicology
1208:Physiology
1202:Categories
970:Vertebrate
961:Sea urchin
941:Cephalopod
895:Skin mite
496:: 165–73.
374:References
317:Mesobuthus
192:, and the
98:parathesia
1097:Man-eater
1092:Cnidocyte
1002:Crocodile
977:Alligator
951:Jellyfish
929:Millipede
887:Scorpion
874:pulicosis
861:cimicosis
844:Centipede
839:Arthropod
780:1678-9199
736:211230253
720:1879-3150
666:2008-5842
619:1545-1534
564:1128-3602
512:1177-8881
468:0104-7930
260:agitoxins
236:serotonin
229:Mechanism
223:antivenom
120:Scorpions
65:Specialty
55:Scorpion
1125:Category
1037:Stingray
880:Mosquito
859:Bed bug
728:32081637
684:30128107
627:27912864
572:22696884
530:22826633
282:Buthidae
275:Overview
141:scorpion
94:swelling
90:bleeding
81:Symptoms
41:scorpion
1186:D065008
1017:Leopard
903:Spider
706:: 4–7.
700:Toxicon
675:6092148
521:3401053
293:Leiurus
57:stinger
1175:E905.2
1052:Walrus
1022:Monkey
997:Coyote
992:Cougar
987:Beaver
849:Insect
825:stings
778:
734:
726:
718:
682:
672:
664:
625:
617:
570:
562:
528:
518:
510:
466:
420:
395:
351:Tityus
345:Panama
311:Tityus
302:, and
287:Buthus
258:, and
188:, the
182:Brazil
178:Mexico
149:telson
126:Deaths
116:Causes
1080:Other
1067:Dingo
1042:Tiger
1032:Snake
1027:Shark
946:Coral
872:Flea
732:S2CID
1181:MeSH
1170:9-CM
1057:Wolf
1012:Orca
982:Bear
823:and
776:ISSN
724:PMID
716:ISSN
680:PMID
662:ISSN
623:PMID
615:ISSN
568:PMID
560:ISSN
526:PMID
508:ISSN
464:ISSN
418:ISBN
393:ISBN
320:and
86:Pain
1166:ICD
1154:ICD
1062:Dog
867:Bee
854:Ant
766:doi
708:doi
704:178
670:PMC
654:doi
605:doi
516:PMC
498:doi
454:doi
1204::
1184::
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762:18
760:.
756:.
744:^
730:.
722:.
714:.
702:.
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668:.
660:.
650:10
648:.
644:.
621:.
613:.
601:27
599:.
595:.
580:^
566:.
556:16
554:.
538:^
524:.
514:.
506:.
492:.
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476:^
462:.
448:.
444:.
432:^
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135:A
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607::
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532:.
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456::
450:1
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212:(
163:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
