578: mi (400 m) from shore. She was then rapidly converted to winter quarters, with engines dismantled, boilers emptied, and a canvas canopy enclosing the deck. Bruce instituted a comprehensive programme of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens. The major task completed during this time was the construction of living accommodations for those who would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The 20-by-20-foot (6 by 6 m) building – its walls built from local materials using the
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241:"unlikely that there was any other person in the British Isles at that time better qualified". Bruce's letter, which detailed all his relevant qualifications, was acknowledged but not properly answered until more than a year had passed. By then, Bruce's ideas had progressed away from his original expectation of a junior post on the scientific staff. He now proposed a second ship for the expedition, separately financed from Scottish sources, which would work in the
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735:, and they were able to proceed smoothly until, on 3 March, heavy pack ice stopped the ship at 72°18'S, 17°59'W. A sounding was taken, revealing a sea-depth of 1,131 fathoms (6,786 ft; 2,068 m), compared to the 2,500 fathoms (15,000 ft; 4,600 m) which had been the general measurement up to that date. This suggested that they were approaching land. A few hours later, they reached an
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865:. Bruce fought unavailingly for years to right what he considered a grave injustice, a slight on his country and on his expedition. Some of the aversion of the London geographical establishment may have arisen from Bruce's overt Scottish nationalism, reflected in his own prefatory note to Rudmose Brown's expedition history, in which he said: "While
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charisma, had no public relations skills ("...as prickly as the
Scottish thistle itself", according to a lifelong friend), and tended to make powerful enemies. In the words of oceanographer Professor Tony Rice, his expedition fulfilled "a more comprehensive programme than that of any previous or contemporary Antarctic expedition".
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after his chief sponsors. This was the first positive indicator of the eastern limits of the
Weddell Sea at high latitude, and suggested that the sea might be considerably smaller than had been previously supposed. A projected visit to Coats Land by a sledging party was abandoned by Bruce because of
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Although Bruce continued to visit the Arctic for scientific and commercial purposes, he never led another
Antarctic expedition, his plans for a transcontinental crossing being stifled through lack of funding. The SNAE scientific reports took many years to complete; most were published between 1907
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registered no objection to this scheme. On 20 January 1904, Bruce confirmed an agreement whereby three scientific assistants of the
Argentine government would travel back to Laurie Island to work for a year, under Robert Mossman, as the first stage of an annual arrangement. He then formally handed
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As the work of the expedition would be mainly at sea, or within the confines of the winter station, only a few dogs were taken, to facilitate the occasional sledge journey. Rudmose Brown records that of the original eight dogs, four survived the expedition; they "pulled well in harness, their only
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expedition was barely remembered, even in
Scotland, and it has remained overshadowed in polar histories by the more glamorous adventures of Scott and Shackleton. In these histories it is usually confined to a brief mention or footnote, with little attention given to its achievements. Bruce lacked
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reached its most southerly latitude of 74°01'S. At this point, the ship was held fast in the pack ice, and the prospect loomed of becoming trapped for the winter. It was during this period of inactivity that bagpiper
Gilbert Kerr was photographed playing the bagpipes to a penguin. On 13 March the
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Following the expedition, more than 1,100 species of animal life, 212 of them previously unknown to science, were catalogued; there was no official acknowledgement from London, where under the influence of
Markham the work of the SNAE tended to be ignored or denigrated. Its members were not
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In general, the party maintained excellent health. The exception was the ship's engineer, Allan Ramsay, who had been taken ill with a heart condition in the
Falklands during the outward voyage. He chose to remain with the expedition, but he grew steadily weaker as winter progressed. He died on 6
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Having failed to find land, the expedition had to decide where to winter. The matter was of some urgency, since the sea would soon be freezing over, with the risk of the ship becoming trapped. Bruce decided to head back to the South
Orkneys and find an anchorage there. In contrast to his stated
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shortly before departure: "The leader and all the scientific and nautical members of the expedition are Scots; the funds have been collected for the most part on this side of the Border; it is a product of voluntary effort, and unlike the expedition which will be simultaneously employed in the
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After returning from the Arctic in 1899, Bruce sent a lengthy letter to the Royal
Geographical Society in London, applying for a scientific post on the major Antarctic expedition (later to be known as the Discovery Expedition), which the RGS was then organising. His recent experiences made it
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and 1920, but one volume was delayed until 1992. A proposal to convert the Laboratory into a permanent Scottish National Oceanographic Institute failed to come to fruition and, because of difficulties with funding, Bruce was forced to close it down in 1919. He died two years later, aged 54.
249:. This proposal was denounced by RGS president Sir Clements Markham as "mischievous" and, after some heated correspondence, Bruce resolved to proceed independently. In this way the idea of a distinctive Scottish National Antarctic expedition was born. Bruce was supported by the wealthy
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was made seaworthy again, but remained icebound throughout September and October; it was not until 23 November that strong winds broke up the bay ice, allowing her to float free. Four days later she departed for Port Stanley, leaving a party of six under Robert Mossman at Omond House.
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As winter turned to spring the level of activity increased, and there were numerous sledge journeys, including some to neighbouring islands. Near Omond House, a wooden hut was constructed for magnetic observations and a cairn was built, 9 ft (2.7 m) high, on top of which the
937:, used information collected by the SNAE as a basis for examining climate change in South Georgia during the past century. This expedition asserted that its contribution to the international debate on global warming would be a fitting testament to the SNAE's pioneering research.
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object, to winter as far south as possible, the South Orkneys were more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the South Pole, but the northerly location had advantages. The relatively brief period during which the ship would be frozen in would allow more time for trawling and
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despite vigorous lobbying. After the SNAE, Bruce led no more Antarctic expeditions, although he made regular Arctic trips. His focus on serious scientific exploration was out of fashion with his times, and his achievements, unlike those of the polar adventurers Scott,
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ship broke free and began to move slowly north-eastward under steam. Throughout this part of the voyage a regular programme of depth soundings, trawls, and sea-bottom samples provided a comprehensive record of the oceanography and marine life of the Weddell Sea.
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miles (4.0 km) from the barrier edge gave a depth of only 159 fathoms (954 ft; 291 m), which strongly indicated the presence of land behind the barrier. The outlines of this land soon became faintly visible, and Bruce named it
889:, of the Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory, which was formally opened by Prince Albert of Monaco in 1906. The Laboratory served as a repository for the large collection of biological, zoological and geological specimens amassed during the
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scientist. In March of that year, he applied to join the Discovery Expedition; however, his proposal to extend that expedition's field of work into the Weddell Sea quadrant, using a second ship, was dismissed as "mischievous rivalry" by
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operations early in the year. Also, the islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station – their relative proximity to the South American mainland opened the prospect of establishing a permanent station.
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with auxiliary engines. This work increased the cost of the ship to £16,700 (approximately £2,290,000 as of 2024), which was met by the Coats family who altogether donated £30,000 towards the total expedition costs of £36,000. Renamed
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voyages, and also during Bruce's earlier Arctic and Antarctic travels. It was also a base from which the scientific reports of the SNAE could be prepared, and it served as general headquarters where polar explorers could meet –
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was emblazoned on its flag; and it may be that, in endeavouring to serve humanity by adding another link to the golden chain of science, we have also shown that the nationality of Scotland is a power that must be reckoned with".
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projection that had never been visited by a scientific party. On 21 April, Bruce and five others spent a day ashore, collecting specimens. The ship arrived in Cape Town on 6 May. After carrying out further research work in the
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475:. This attempt almost cost the life of the expedition's geologist and medical officer, James Harvie Pirie, who was fortunate to escape from the shark-infested seas after misjudging his leap ashore.
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on the Dundee Whaling Expedition. The rest of the 25 officers and men, who signed for three-year engagements, were all Scotsmen, many used to sailing in icy waters on whaling voyages.
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On 2 December 1903, the expedition reached Port Stanley, where they received their first news from the outside world since leaving the Cape Verde Islands. After a week's rest,
253:, who were prepared to give whole-hearted financial backing to a Scottish expedition under his leadership. However, as a result, he had acquired the lasting enmity of Markham.
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left for Laurie Island on 21 January, arriving on 14 February. A week later, having settled the meteorological party, who were to be relieved a year later by the Argentine
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Several of the original crew left during the Buenos Aires interlude, some through illness and one discharged for misconduct, and replacements were recruited locally.
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method, and roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting – had two windows and was fitted for six people. It was christened "Omond House" after
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122:." Despite this, Bruce received no formal honour or recognition from the British Government, and the expedition's members were denied the prestigious
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646:, where she was to be repaired and provisioned for another season's work. Bruce had further business in the city; he intended to persuade the
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headed south-east, towards the eastern waters of the Weddell Sea, in calm weather. No pack ice was encountered before they were south of the
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awarded the prestigious RGS Polar Medals, which were bestowed on members of the Discovery Expedition when it returned home two months after
367:, and the expedition's medical officer. Robert Mossman directed meteorological and magnetic work, and Alastair Ross, a medical student, was
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to assume responsibility for the Laurie Island meteorological station after the expedition's departure. During the voyage to Buenos Aires,
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where they were impressed by the sight of giant turtles, some of them 4 ft (1.2 m) across. The final port of call was at
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71:, the SNAE completed a full programme of exploration and scientific work. Its achievements included the establishment of a staffed
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849:. Bruce was presented with the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's gold medal, and Captain Robertson with the silver medal.
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2172:. Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology & the Environment (University of Edinburgh). Archived from
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532:. Shortly after this, with new ice forming and threatening the ship, Robertson turned northward, having reached 70°25′S.
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The expedition has been described as "by far the most cost-effective and carefully planned scientific expedition of the
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estuary, and was stranded for several days before floating free and being assisted into port by a tug, on 24 December.
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In 1906 Bruce commissioned his own silver medal, which he awarded to scientific and crew members of the expedition.
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it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."
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under sail". On 17 February the position was 64°18′S, and five days later they passed 70°S, deep within the
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and geological specimens, together with those from Bruce's earlier travels, led to the establishment of the
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1902–04: The Antarctic. The hut known as Omond House on Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands, 1902–04"
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Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 5: Voyage of the 'Scotia' – Planning and financing the expedition
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and Shackleton all visited – and where other Scottish polar ventures could be planned and organised.
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was David Wilton who, like Bruce, had been a member of the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition. He had acquired
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s captain. Robertson was an experienced Antarctic and Arctic sailor who had commanded the whaling ship
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Gough Island, visited by the SNAE on its return from the Weddell Sea in 1904, photographed in 2005
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to the Weddell Sea; this, too, got trapped in sea-ice and returned without ever reaching land".
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2170:"William Speirs Bruce, 1867–1921. Polar explorer and oceanographer: Biographical Information"
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was reinforced to withstand the pressures of Antarctic ice, and the ship was re-rigged as a
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seriously damaged by ice, the ship finally found a sheltered bay on the southern shore of
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Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 5: Voyage of the 'Scotia' – The voyage south
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and a supporter of the expedition. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no
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During his student years – the 1880s and early 1890s –
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over the Omond House building, its furnishings and provisions, and all magnetic and
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as a scientific assistant. Between 1897 and 1899 he made further Arctic trips, to
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before an unsuccessful attempt was made to land at the tiny, isolated equatorial
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weak point being their paws which... were apt to be cut when on rough ice".
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The expedition's scientific staff consisted of six persons, including Bruce. The
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The presence of land in this location was later confirmed by the expeditions of
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1240:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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A significant consequence of the expedition was the establishment by Bruce, in
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on 6 January 1903, where she re-provisioned for the Antarctic journey ahead.
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thread manufacturers, with a taste for adventure, who had also founded the
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on 21 July 1904. A formal reception for 400 people was held at the
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which they found neglected and in disrepair. On 7 June the ship reached
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reached the islands. After several foiled attempts to locate a suitable
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set sail for Antarctic waters. The crew had to manoeuvre round heavy
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exploration of the Antarctic, it owes nothing to Government help".
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Bruce had spent most of the 1890s engaged on expeditions to the
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for marine specimens. Other equipment was installed for making
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1955:
William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist
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Dún Laoghaire was then known by its British name, Kingstown.
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Rudmose Brown, R. N.; Pirie, J. H.; Mossman, R. C. (2002).
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was able to move southward again and land a small party on
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Erskin, Angus B.; Kjær, Kjell-G. (2005). "The Polar Ship
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The expedition was warmly received on its return to the
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as is practicable", deep sea and other research of the
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The objectives of the expedition were published in the
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skills during several years living in northern Russia.
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1708:"Scottish Antarctic Expedition. Return of the Scotia"
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1517:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1364:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
190:, helping to classify specimens collected during the
1182:
1180:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1006:, pp. 77–78 for full list of officers and crew.
682:, to the Argentine government. The station, renamed
661:
During the following four weeks, while the ship was
98:
regions, and by 1899 was Britain's most experienced
4986:
4717:
4304:
4044:
3417:
2948:
2793:
2291:
998:
996:
704:set sail for her second voyage to the Weddell Sea.
147:, and has been in continuous operation ever since.
1890:
1690:
1688:
1472:
1470:
766:Piper Gilbert Kerr alongside a penguin, March 1904
508:on 3 February, 25 miles (40 km) north of the
276:In late 1901, Bruce purchased a Norwegian whaler,
265:Flag of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
63:. Although overshadowed in terms of prestige by
1228:
1226:
139:, which was set up in 1903 as "Omond House" on
524:continued southward, "scudding along at seven
245:quadrant while the main ship was based in the
16:1902–04 expedition led by William Speirs Bruce
2224:
8:
4018:
4005:
2260:
2247:
2231:
2217:
2209:
2008:(2). Cambridge University Press: 131–140.
1849:
1785:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1595:
1580:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1379:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1277:
1265:
1236:inflation figures are based on data from
5289:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2136:. Institute for the Measurement of Worth
4864:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2091:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
2043:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
1081:
968:
805:On the voyage home the party called at
552:It took a month of hard sailing before
51:), 1902–1904, was organised and led by
2203:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
2121:
2111:
2073:
2063:
1832:(Natural History Museum, London 2000,
602:August, and was buried on the island.
45:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
1919:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
987:Planning and financing the expedition
7:
1979:Collingridge, Vanessa (9 May 2003).
869:was the talisman of the Expedition,
374:Bruce appointed Thomas Robertson as
215:Jackson–Harmsworth Arctic Expedition
59:and former medical student from the
5380:Expeditions from the United Kingdom
5370:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
4650:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2847:Norse colonization of North America
947:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
843:Marine Biological Station, Millport
518:Saddle Island, South Orkney Islands
113:Royal Scottish Geographical Society
85:Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory
5360:Science and technology in Scotland
4179:United States Exploring Expedition
1897:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
14:
5253:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4621:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1816:
1804:
1773:
1761:
1734:
1694:
1682:, pp. 145, 148–153, 156–158.
1607:
1527:
1508:
1476:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1217:
1198:
1186:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1042:
1003:
5365:United Kingdom and the Antarctic
5147:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4540:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2196:
975:The Coats family were wealthy
392:Scottish Geographical Magazine
170:built up his knowledge of the
1:
4526:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4461:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1957:. Edinburgh: NMS Publishing.
952:List of Antarctic expeditions
921:was requisitioned during the
319:, the ship was ready for her
4883:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4699:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4505:French Antarctic Expeditions
4435:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4321:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2439:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
151:Background to the expedition
3968:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3647:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2512:Andrée's balloon expedition
1938:. Edinburgh: Mercat Press.
802:sailed for home on 21 May.
789:, an isolated mid-Atlantic
785:by a route that took it to
286:, with two laboratories, a
233:. This vessel was owned by
201:, as part of the 1892–1893
5411:
3169:Franklin's lost expedition
2869:Christian IV's expeditions
2085:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
2037:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
1716:. 22 July 1904. p. 10
759:the state of the sea ice.
680:meteorological instruments
349:University College, Dundee
105:Royal Geographical Society
79:. Its large collection of
4021:
4017:
4004:
3523:Great Northern Expedition
3199:Rae–Richardson expedition
2399:British Arctic Expedition
2263:
2259:
2246:
2156:. Glasgow Digital Library
2022:10.1017/S0032247405004237
1981:"Diary of Climate Change"
1489:Glasgow Digital Library,
667:British resident minister
203:Dundee Whaling Expedition
4807:British Antarctic Survey
4801:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4046:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1936:The Voyage of the Scotia
162:, SNAE expedition leader
5283:Pole of inaccessibility
4946:Antarctic Treaty System
3287:2nd Grinnell expedition
1864:Diary of Climate Change
1238:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1054:A typical reference is
925:, and saw service as a
863:Australasian expedition
623:Buenos Aires, 1903–1904
440:First voyage, 1902–1903
235:Prince Albert of Monaco
137:Orcadas weather station
61:University of Edinburgh
1917:Scott of the Antarctic
1850:Erskin & Kjær 2005
1066:Scott of the Antarctic
882:
767:
725:
635:
634:, formerly Omond House
549:
497:
266:
163:
73:meteorological station
40:
5375:Antarctic expeditions
4953:Transglobe Expedition
4852:Operation Deep Freeze
4261:Challenger expedition
3127:Coppermine expedition
2648:Drifting ice stations
1953:Speak, Peter (2003).
880:
765:
715:
630:
588:Edinburgh Observatory
547:
493:
304:magnetic observations
264:
213:, before joining the
192:Challenger expedition
158:
25:SNAE expedition ship
24:
2205:at Wikimedia Commons
2176:on 26 September 2011
1749:William Speirs Bruce
958:Notes and references
917:The expedition ship
833:Homecoming and after
648:Argentine government
510:South Orkney Islands
495:South Orkney Islands
397:Geographical Journal
345:Robert Rudmose-Brown
168:William Speirs Bruce
109:Sir Clements Markham
69:Discovery Expedition
53:William Speirs Bruce
5123:South magnetic pole
3789:Brusilov expedition
2898:Danish colonization
2336:North magnetic pole
2014:2005PoRec..41..131E
1776:, pp. 125–131.
1670:, pp. 140–142.
1646:, pp. 132–134.
1634:, pp. 123–126.
1583:, pp. 120–123.
1566:, pp. 118–120.
1045:, pp. 126–127.
708:Second voyage, 1904
654:ran aground in the
184:John Arthur Thomson
65:Robert Falcon Scott
5355:1904 in Antarctica
5350:1903 in Antarctica
5345:1902 in Antarctica
4814:Operation Windmill
4795:Operation Highjump
3770:Rusanov expedition
3675:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3419:North East Passage
3223:McClure expedition
1807:, pp. 97–101.
1713:The Glasgow Herald
1234:Retail Price Index
909:By this time, the
883:
768:
726:
636:
586:, director of the
550:
498:
361:James Harvie Pirie
355:, was the party's
267:
164:
41:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
4781:Operation Tabarin
4643:Far Eastern Party
4489:Nimrod Expedition
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3559:M. Pronchishcheva
3481:Siberian Cossacks
2950:Northwest Passage
2283:Research stations
2240:Polar exploration
2201:Media related to
2134:"Measuring Worth"
1542:, pp. 96–98.
1530:, pp. 90–92.
1511:, pp. 88–89.
1464:, pp. 46–50.
1440:, pp. 36–37.
1401:, pp. 28–33.
1355:, pp. 20–21.
1343:, pp. 15–20.
1280:, pp. 10–11.
1220:, pp. 75–76.
1201:, pp. 71–74.
1189:, pp. 69–70.
1174:, pp. 52–58.
1162:, pp. 46–51.
1150:, pp. 42–45.
1126:, pp. 31–34.
1114:, pp. 24–25.
1102:, pp. 14–15.
1030:Ernest Shackleton
981:Coats Observatory
770:On 9 March 1904,
57:natural scientist
5402:
5340:1902 in Scotland
4828:Ronne Expedition
4313:
4307:
4171:Dumont d'Urville
4019:
4006:
3554:V. Pronchishchev
2261:
2248:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2200:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2033:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1968:
1949:
1930:
1908:
1896:
1887:Fiennes, Ranulph
1868:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1789:
1783:
1777:
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1474:
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1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1367:The voyage south
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
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1230:
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1215:
1202:
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1184:
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1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1070:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1028:(1911–1913) and
1026:Wilhelm Filchner
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1000:
991:
983:at Paisley. See
973:
819:Ascension Island
752:
751:
747:
744:
733:Antarctic Circle
614:were displayed.
577:
576:
572:
485:Falkland Islands
465:Cape Verde Isles
416:and terrestrial
323:in August 1902.
219:Franz Josef Land
172:natural sciences
160:William S. Bruce
107:(RGS) president
31:, in the ice at
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5395:1904 in science
5390:1903 in science
5385:1902 in science
5330:
5329:
5328:
5315:
4990:
4982:
4858:McMurdo Station
4727:Modern research
4725:
4713:
4448:O. Nordenskjöld
4311:
4305:
4300:
4216:Ross expedition
4040:
4013:
3992:
3421:
3413:
2954:Northern Canada
2952:
2944:
2797:
2789:
2295:
2287:
2255:
2242:
2237:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2150:"Voyage of the
2148:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2120:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2072:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2036:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1983:. www.bbc.co.uk
1978:
1975:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1933:
1927:
1913:Huxley, Elspeth
1911:
1905:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1792:
1788:, p. xiii.
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1701:
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1686:
1678:
1674:
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1662:
1654:
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1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
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1602:
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1587:
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1558:
1550:
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1515:
1507:
1498:
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1424:
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1405:
1397:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
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1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:, pp. 7–9.
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1178:
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1106:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1074:
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1036:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1001:
994:
974:
970:
965:
960:
943:
931:Bristol Channel
835:
749:
745:
742:
740:
710:
656:Río de la Plata
625:
574:
570:
569:
560:, and with its
500:On 26 January,
473:St Paul's Rocks
463:, and then the
442:
437:
406:Antarctic Ocean
394:and in the RGS
388:
329:
300:depth soundings
284:research vessel
274:
259:
153:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5408:
5406:
5398:
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5387:
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5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5275:Vostok Station
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5226:Cherry-Garrard
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5182:
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5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5066:Southern Cross
5062:
5061:
5060:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5012:
5011:
5010:
4996:
4994:
4988:Farthest South
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4731:
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4709:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4685:Ross Sea party
4681:
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4671:
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4379:Southern Cross
4372:Southern Cross
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
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4341:
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4121:
4120:
4118:Bellingshausen
4108:
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4081:
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4079:
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3427:
3425:
3423:Russian Arctic
3415:
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3405:
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2858:Snæbjörn galti
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2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
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2477:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2435:
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2395:
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2388:
2383:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:Farthest North
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2192:
2191:External links
2189:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2146:
2130:
2097:
2082:
2049:
2034:
1993:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:Collingridge,
1854:
1842:
1821:
1819:, p. 133.
1809:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1764:, p. 123.
1754:
1739:
1727:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1658:, p. 138.
1648:
1636:
1624:
1622:, p. 122.
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 121.
1585:
1568:
1556:
1554:, p. 105.
1544:
1532:
1513:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1403:
1384:
1372:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1245:MeasuringWorth
1222:
1203:
1191:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1056:Elspeth Huxley
1047:
1034:
1017:
1008:
992:
967:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
949:
942:
939:
859:Douglas Mawson
834:
831:
709:
706:
675:Foreign Office
673:, the British
624:
621:
441:
438:
436:
433:
387:
384:
365:bacteriologist
353:British Museum
328:
325:
273:
268:
258:
255:
231:Princess Alice
188:Dr John Murray
180:Patrick Geddes
152:
149:
67:'s concurrent
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5407:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
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5378:
5376:
5373:
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5312:
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5299:
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5287:
5286:
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5280:
5276:
5273:
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5270:
5266:
5264:
5261:
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5256:
5254:
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5249:
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5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
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5197:
5196:
5192:
5188:
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5183:
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5176:
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5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
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5101:
5098:
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5095:
5091:
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5077:
5073:
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5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
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5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
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4962:
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4955:
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4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:
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4845:
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4837:
4835:
4832:
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4825:
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4799:
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4778:
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4756:
4755:
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4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
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4658:
4654:
4653:
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4647:
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4640:
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4609:
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4601:
4599:
4596:
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4586:
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4509:
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4498:
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4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:Discovery Hut
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
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4329:
4325:
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4318:
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4310:
4303:
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4264:
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4226:
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4213:
4209:
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4203:
4198:
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4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
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3971:
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3969:
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3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:A. Sibiryakov
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:Glavsevmorput
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3847:
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3842:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3210:J. Richardson
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:M. Corte-Real
2970:
2968:
2967:G. Corte-Real
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:C. Richardson
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:Georgiy Sedov
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Riiser-Larsen
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2100:
2098:0-904049-04-3
2094:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2050:0-904049-04-3
2046:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:1-901663-71-X
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1945:1-84183-044-5
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1926:0-297-77433-6
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:0-340-82697-5
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:Captain Scott
1888:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:0-565-09150-6
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:Rudmose Brown
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:, p. 95.
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:Rudmose Brown
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:Rudmose Brown
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:Rudmose Brown
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:Rudmose Brown
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:Rudmose Brown
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:Rudmose Brown
1616:
1613:
1610:, p. 93.
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:Rudmose Brown
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:Rudmose Brown
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Rudmose Brown
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:Rudmose Brown
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:Rudmose Brown
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1479:, p. 85.
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Rudmose Brown
1458:
1455:
1452:, p. 45.
1451:
1450:Rudmose Brown
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:Rudmose Brown
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 57.
1427:
1426:Rudmose Brown
1422:
1419:
1416:, p. 34.
1415:
1414:Rudmose Brown
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Rudmose Brown
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:, p. 24.
1381:
1380:Rudmose Brown
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:Rudmose Brown
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:Rudmose Brown
1337:
1334:
1331:, p. 76.
1330:
1329:Rudmose Brown
1325:
1323:
1319:
1316:, p. 80.
1315:
1310:
1307:
1304:, p. 79.
1303:
1298:
1295:
1292:, p. 29.
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:Rudmose Brown
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:Rudmose Brown
1262:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 36.
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1069:, p. 52.
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:
982:
978:
972:
969:
962:
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
907:
903:
901:
897:
892:
888:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
840:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
764:
760:
757:
738:
734:
730:
724:'s expedition
723:
719:
716:The coast of
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:departed for
641:
633:
629:
622:
620:
617:
613:
609:
603:
599:
597:
596:masons' tools
593:
589:
585:
581:
567:
566:Laurie Island
563:
559:
555:
548:"Omond House"
546:
542:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Dún Laoghaire
450:
446:
439:
434:
432:
428:
425:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
272:
269:
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
227:Novaya Zemlya
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:South Georgia
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
157:
150:
148:
146:
145:South Orkneys
142:
141:Laurie Island
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
37:South Orkneys
34:
33:Laurie Island
30:
29:
23:
19:
5281:
5269:Pole of Cold
5267:
5193:
5184:
5152:
5145:
5121:
5092:
5078:
5072:Borchgrevink
5064:
5051:
5036:
5016:
5001:
4970:
4951:
4944:
4928:
4914:
4905:
4888:
4881:
4862:
4850:
4826:
4812:
4805:
4793:
4779:
4765:
4751:
4744:
4705:
4697:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4656:
4648:
4641:
4628:
4619:
4581:
4573:
4564:
4557:
4545:
4538:
4524:
4512:Pourquoi-Pas
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4482:Orcadas Base
4480:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4453:C. A. Larsen
4441:
4433:
4419:
4412:
4399:
4391:
4385:Borchgrevink
4378:
4370:
4327:
4319:
4294:C. A. Larsen
4287:
4268:
4259:
4241:
4223:
4214:
4201:
4186:
4177:
4164:
4125:
4111:
4104:
4085:
4070:
3980:
3973:
3956:
3949:
3935:
3920:
3906:
3893:
3868:
3854:
3852:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3794:
3787:
3768:
3734:
3732:
3718:
3716:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3666:
3664:
3645:
3521:
3479:
3462:
3430:
3394:
3392:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3350:
3336:
3323:
3308:
3294:
3285:
3272:
3243:
3231:Investigator
3230:
3221:
3197:
3184:
3176:
3167:
3154:
3125:
3102:
3087:
3072:
3042:
3027:
2997:
2916:
2896:
2867:
2863:Erik the Red
2845:
2823:
2816:
2773:submersibles
2770:
2764:Arktika 2007
2762:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2653:
2646:
2622:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2597:
2563:
2561:
2532:
2529:
2518:S. A. Andrée
2510:
2497:
2472:
2464:
2461:
2437:
2419:
2406:
2397:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2334:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2158:. Retrieved
2151:
2138:. Retrieved
2102:. Retrieved
2087:
2054:. Retrieved
2039:
2005:
2002:Polar Record
2001:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1954:
1935:
1916:
1892:
1863:
1857:
1845:
1829:
1824:
1812:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1737:, p. 9.
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1490:
1484:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1243:
1194:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1037:
1032:(1914–1917).
1020:
1011:
986:
971:
934:
918:
916:
910:
908:
904:
890:
884:
870:
866:
854:
851:
836:
809:and visited
807:Saint Helena
804:
799:
796:Saldanha Bay
787:Gough Island
778:
777:
771:
769:
728:
727:
701:
697:
690:
688:
684:Orcadas Base
660:
651:
644:Buenos Aires
639:
637:
632:Orcadas Base
615:
604:
600:
584:Robert Omond
553:
551:
534:
521:
513:
512:. Next day,
501:
499:
481:Port Stanley
476:
444:
443:
429:
423:The Scotsman
421:
395:
391:
389:
379:
375:
373:
330:
316:
278:
275:
270:
257:Preparations
251:Coats family
239:
230:
198:
176:oceanography
165:
117:
89:
48:
44:
42:
27:
18:
4972:Lake Vostok
4922:Tryoshnikov
4844:Schlossbach
4735:Christensen
4677:James Caird
4598:E. R. Evans
4364:Dobrowolski
4334:de Gerlache
4036:Expeditions
3922:Aviaarktika
3876:Samoylovich
3747:Kolomeitsev
3641:Middendorff
3601:Gedenshtrom
3021:I. Fyodorov
2783:Chilingarov
2671:E. Fyodorov
2278:Expeditions
2122:|work=
2074:|work=
1491:Omond House
781:headed for
737:ice barrier
530:Weddell Sea
469:archipelago
369:taxidermist
243:Weddell Sea
223:Spitsbergen
124:Polar Medal
77:Weddell Sea
39:, 1903–1904
5334:Categories
5195:Terra Nova
5100:Shackleton
5043:J. C. Ross
5002:Resolution
4992:South Pole
4767:New Swabia
4691:Mackintosh
4663:Shackleton
4582:Terra Nova
4575:Terra Nova
4309:Heroic Age
4269:Challenger
4229:J. C. Ross
4139:Bransfield
4071:Resolution
3986:icebreaker
3950:Chelyuskin
3691:expedition
3669:Expedition
3611:Matyushkin
3569:Kh. Laptev
3564:Chelyuskin
3458:Heemskerck
3448:Chancellor
3443:Willoughby
3438:Koch boats
3381:Stefansson
3315:McClintock
3279:Inglefield
3121:J. C. Ross
3028:Resolution
2880:Cunningham
2778:Sagalevich
2467:expedition
2426:Stephenson
2386:C. F. Hall
2373:expedition
2347:J. C. Ross
2310:Heemskerck
2297:North Pole
2180:10 October
2160:10 October
2104:10 October
2056:10 October
1830:Deep Ocean
1828:Author of
1077:References
847:Edward VII
815:exile home
756:Coats Land
722:Shackleton
718:Coats Land
663:dry-docked
608:Union Flag
435:Expedition
414:topography
402:South Pole
386:Objectives
321:sea trials
129:Shackleton
120:Heroic Age
81:biological
5294:Tolstikov
5080:Discovery
5050:HMS
5035:HMS
5017:Adventure
5015:HMS
5000:HMS
4936:Tolstikov
4657:Endurance
4442:Antarctic
4427:Drygalski
4400:Discovery
4393:Discovery
4354:Arctowski
4267:HMS
4240:HMS
4234:Abernethy
4222:HMS
4200:USS
4187:Vincennes
4185:USS
4165:Astrolabe
4105:San Telmo
4086:Adventure
4084:HMS
4069:HMS
4064:Kerguelen
4026:Continent
4011:Antarctic
3888:Urvantsev
3846:Vilkitsky
3699:Jeannette
3697:USS
3689:Jeannette
3653:Weyprecht
3631:Pakhtusov
3581:Chichagov
3574:D. Laptev
3517:Permyakov
3492:Stadukhin
3487:Perfilyev
3464:Mangazeya
3402:H. Larsen
3367:Rasmussen
3322:HMS
3293:USS
3242:HMS
3229:HMS
3193:Collinson
3183:HMS
3175:HMS
3153:HMS
3101:HMS
3086:HMS
3071:HMS
3056:Mackenzie
3043:Discovery
3041:HMS
3026:HMS
2998:Discovery
2977:Frobisher
2940:Rasmussen
2853:Gunnbjörn
2799:Greenland
2728:USS
2719:USS
2591:Ellsworth
2533:Roosevelt
2463:Nansen's
2420:Discovery
2418:HMS
2405:HMS
2352:Abernethy
2320:Marmaduke
2124:ignored (
2114:cite book
2076:ignored (
2066:cite book
2030:129860880
1720:5 January
1365:Goodlad,
985:Goodlad,
977:Clydeside
927:freighter
923:Great War
887:Edinburgh
783:Cape Town
580:dry stone
558:anchorage
471:known as
333:zoologist
327:Personnel
211:Ben Nevis
92:Antarctic
87:in 1906.
5306:A. Fuchs
5263:V. Fuchs
5243:McKinley
5206:E. Evans
5165:Bjaaland
5160:Amundsen
5110:Marshall
5023:Furneaux
4875:V. Fuchs
4839:E. Ronne
4834:F. Ronne
4773:Ritscher
4627:SY
4615:Filchner
4559:Framheim
4553:Amundsen
4359:Racoviță
4344:Amundsen
4339:Lecointe
4208:Ringgold
4202:Porpoise
4092:Furneaux
3928:Shevelev
3883:Begichev
3862:Amundsen
3824:Nagórski
3802:Brusilov
3796:Sv. Anna
3710:Melville
3680:Palander
3636:Tsivolko
3596:Sannikov
3591:Billings
3534:Chirikov
3453:Barentsz
3395:St. Roch
3386:Bartlett
3360:Amundsen
3344:Sverdrup
3244:Resolute
3133:Franklin
3061:Kotzebue
2928:Sverdrup
2911:Scoresby
2885:Lindenov
2736:Plaisted
2721:Nautilus
2666:Shirshov
2640:Belyakov
2635:Baydukov
2609:Nautilus
2571:Amundsen
2531:SS
2490:Sverdrup
2485:Johansen
2455:Brainard
2450:Lockwood
2305:Barentsz
1915:(1977).
1889:(2003).
1747:NAHSTE,
1064:Huxley,
941:See also
900:Amundsen
871:Scotland
811:Napoleon
791:volcanic
610:and the
538:dredging
506:pack ice
479:reached
357:botanist
341:sledging
296:trawling
288:darkroom
247:Ross Sea
133:Amundsen
5311:Messner
5258:Hillary
5238:Balchen
5186:Polheim
5180:Wisting
5058:Crozier
5030:Weddell
5008:J. Cook
4978:Kapitsa
4959:Fiennes
4901:Klenova
4870:Hillary
4820:Ketchum
4746:BANZARE
4721:·
4566:Polheim
4532:Shirase
4518:Charcot
4328:Belgica
4247:Crozier
4159:Morrell
4154:Weddell
4132:Lazarev
4077:J. Cook
4031:History
3981:Arktika
3957:Krassin
3942:Voronin
3914:Schmidt
3900:Ushakov
3839:Vaygach
3807:Albanov
3776:Rusanov
3757:Kolchak
3752:Matisen
3726:Makarov
3705:De Long
3606:Wrangel
3586:Lyakhov
3539:Malygin
3497:Dezhnev
3324:Pandora
3295:Advance
3262:Kennedy
3257:Belcher
3250:Kellett
3237:McClure
3161:Beechey
3155:Blossom
3148:Simpson
3116:Crozier
3109:Hoppner
3066:J. Ross
3034:J. Cook
2982:Gilbert
2875:J. Hall
2841:Ingólfr
2831:Naddodd
2825:Vikings
2812:Brendan
2807:Pytheas
2795:Iceland
2749:Arktika
2741:Herbert
2706:Badygin
2676:Krenkel
2661:Papanin
2630:Chkalov
2616:Wilkins
2581:Wisting
2525:F. Cook
2431:Markham
2391:Bessels
2380:Polaris
2371:Polaris
2342:J. Ross
2325:Carolus
2273:History
2140:12 July
2010:Bibcode
1874:Sources
867:Science
825:in the
748:⁄
698:Uruguay
695:gunboat
612:Saltire
594:and no
573:⁄
483:in the
461:Madeira
457:Funchal
418:physics
410:biology
376:Scotia'
292:fathoms
225:and to
199:Balaena
5221:Bowers
5216:Wilson
5175:Hassel
5170:Helmer
5139:Mackay
5129:Mawson
5094:Nimrod
5052:Terror
5037:Erebus
4964:Burton
4759:Rymill
4635:Mawson
4629:Aurora
4608:Lashly
4593:Wilson
4496:Nimrod
4473:Scotia
4280:Murray
4255:Cooper
4242:Terror
4224:Erebus
4193:Wilkes
4144:Palmer
4112:Vostok
4059:Bouvet
3983:-class
3963:Gakkel
3831:Taymyr
3812:Konrad
3781:Kuchin
3719:Yermak
3626:Lavrov
3544:Ovtsyn
3529:Bering
3507:Ivanov
3470:Hudson
3432:Pomors
3409:Cowper
3374:Karluk
3273:Isabel
3267:Bellot
3217:Austin
3185:Terror
3177:Erebus
3073:Griper
3049:Clerke
3009:Baffin
2992:Hudson
2923:Nansen
2836:Garðar
2757:Barneo
2624:ANT-25
2600:Italia
2576:Nobile
2545:Henson
2504:Amedeo
2480:Nansen
2445:Greely
2315:Hudson
2253:Arctic
2152:Scotia
2095:
2047:
2028:
1998:Scotia
1987:3 June
1973:Online
1961:
1942:
1923:
1901:
1836:
1060:Scotia
935:Scotia
919:Scotia
911:Scotia
896:Nansen
891:Scotia
855:Scotia
827:Azores
800:Scotia
798:area,
779:Scotia
772:Scotia
729:Scotia
702:Scotia
691:Scotia
652:Scotia
640:Scotia
616:Scotia
592:mortar
562:rudder
554:Scotia
522:Scotia
514:Scotia
502:Scotia
477:Scotia
455:), at
445:Scotia
380:Active
337:skiing
317:Scotia
312:barque
306:. The
271:Scotia
196:whaler
96:Arctic
28:Scotia
5301:Crary
5248:Dufek
5211:Oates
5201:Scott
5134:David
5115:Adams
5086:Barne
4907:Mirny
4896:Somov
4706:Quest
4603:Crean
4588:Scott
4467:Bruce
4421:Gauss
4414:Gauss
4288:Jason
4275:Nares
4149:Davis
4126:Mirny
4099:Smith
4054:Roché
3974:Lenin
3894:Sadko
3819:Wiese
3764:Sedov
3735:Zarya
3658:Payer
3621:Litke
3616:Anjou
3549:Minin
3512:Vagin
3502:Popov
3475:Poole
3330:Young
3143:Dease
3088:Hecla
3079:Parry
3004:Bylot
2987:Davis
2962:Cabot
2935:Peary
2917:Jason
2904:Egede
2818:Papar
2730:Skate
2711:Wiese
2691:NP-37
2684:NP-36
2564:Norge
2552:Sedov
2540:Peary
2498:Jason
2413:Nares
2407:Alert
2362:Hayes
2330:Parry
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2026:S2CID
1880:Books
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1528:Speak
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1251:7 May
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447:left
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