166:
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1307:
1625:, with dismounted knights in the centre and archers on the flanks. Caught in the murderous rain of arrows, most of the Scots did not reach the enemy's line. When the slaughter was finally over, the Earl of Mar, Sir Robert Bruce (an illegitimate son of Robert the Bruce), many nobles and around 2,000 Scots had been slain. Edward Balliol then had himself crowned King of Scots, first at Perth, and then again in September at Scone Abbey. Balliol's success surprised Edward III, and fearing that Balliol's invasion would eventually fail leading to a Scots invasion of England, he moved north with his army.
2723:
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ransom since David knew perfectly well that
Parliament would reject such an arrangement out of hand. The Scots did reject this arrangement, and offered to continue paying the ransom (now increased to 100,000 pounds). A 25-year truce was agreed and in 1369, the treaty of 1365 was cancelled and a new one set up to the Scots' benefit, due to the influence of the war with France. The new terms saw the 44,000 merks already paid deducted from the original 100,000 with the balance due in instalments of 4,000 for the next 14 years.
1274:
1295:, the last major Scottish-held stronghold, fell to the English, and in February 1304, negotiations led to most of the remaining nobles paying homage to Edward and to the Scots all but surrendering. At this point, Robert Bruce and William Lamberton may have made a secret bond of alliance, aiming to place Bruce on the Scottish throne and continue the struggle. However, Lamberton came from a family associated with the Balliol-Comyn faction and his ultimate allegiances are unknown.
992:
1093:, King John swore homage to Edward I for the Kingdom of Scotland. Edward soon made it clear that he regarded the country as a vassal state. Balliol, undermined by members of the Bruce faction, struggled to resist, and the Scots resented Edward's demands. In 1294, Edward summoned John Balliol to appear before him, and then ordered that he had until 1 September 1294 to provide Scottish troops and funds for his invasion of France.
1656:
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597:
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Robert and wife of the
Guardian, Andrew de Moray. Her husband moved his small army quickly to her relief although outnumbered by some five to one. However, many of Strathbogie's men had been impressed and had no loyalty to the English or the usurper, Balliol. Pinned by a flank attack while making a downhill charge, Strathbogie's army broke and Strathbogie refused to surrender and was killed. The
1054:
the claimants to the crown were forced to acknowledge Edward as their Lord
Paramount and accept his arbitration. Their decision was influenced in part by the fact that most of the claimants had large estates in England and, therefore, would have lost them if they had defied the English king. However, many involved were churchmen such as Bishop Wishart for whom such mitigation cannot be claimed.
38:
2423:
1288:, Bishop of St Andrews, being appointed in 1299 as a third, neutral Guardian to try to maintain order between them. During that year, diplomatic pressure from France and Rome persuaded Edward to release the imprisoned King John into the custody of the pope, and Wallace was sent to France to seek the aid of Philip IV; he possibly also travelled to Rome.
1185:
1751:
announced that he intended to aid the Scots by every means in his power, and that he had a large fleet and army preparing to invade both
England and Scotland. Edward soon returned to England, while the Scots, under Murray, captured and destroyed English strongholds and ravaged the countryside, making
1709:
In David's absence, a series of
Guardians kept up the struggle. In November, Edward III invaded again, but he accomplished little and retreated in February 1335 due primarily to his failure to bring the Scots to battle. He and Edward Balliol returned again in July with an army of 13,000, and advanced
1269:
There have been several stories regarding
Wallace and what he did after the Battle of Falkirk. It is said by some sources that Wallace travelled to France and fought for the French King against the English during their own ongoing war while Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews, who gave much support to the
1080:
On 3 August, Edward asked
Balliol and Bruce to choose 40 arbiters each, while he chose 24, to decide the case. On 12 August, he signed a writ that required the collection of all documents that might concern the competitors' rights or his own title to the superiority of Scotland, which was accordingly
1864:
went to London and agreed that should he die childless, the crown would pass to Edward (his brother-in-law) or one of his sons, with the Stone of
Destiny being returned for their coronation as King of Scots. However, this seems to have been no more than a rather dishonest attempt to re-negotiate the
1775:
So, in just nine years, the kingdom so hard won by Robert the Bruce had been shattered and had recovered. Many of her experienced nobles were dead and the economy which had barely begun to recover from the earlier wars was once again in tatters. It was to an impoverished country in need of peace and
1767:
In the late autumn of 1335, Strathbogie, dispossessed Earl of Atholl, and Edward III set out to destroy
Scottish resistance by dispossessing and killing the Scottish freeholders. Following this, Strathbogie moved to lay siege to Kildrummy Castle, held by Lady Christian Bruce, sister of the late King
1722:
Following Edward's return to
England, the remaining leaders of the Scots resistance chose Sir Andrew Murray as Guardian. He soon negotiated a truce with Edward until April 1336, during which various French and Papal emissaries attempted to negotiate a peace between the two countries. In January, the
1330:
less than five weeks after the killing in Dumfries. He then began a new campaign to free his kingdom. After being defeated in the Battle of Methven, he was driven from the Scottish mainland as an outlaw as Edward I declared that his supporters would be given no quarter, and his wife Queen Elizabeth,
1321:
Comyn, it seems, had broken an agreement between the two, and informed King Edward of Bruce's plans to be king. The agreement was that one of the two claimants would renounce his claim on the throne of Scotland, but receive lands from the other and support his claim. Comyn appears to have thought to
2511:
The writ required the collection of "all the charters instruments rolls and writs whatsoever that might concern the rights of the competitors, or his own pretended title to the superiority of Scotland, to be carried off and placed where he should appoint; and these to be put into the hands of five
1567:
Edward III also had the support of a group of Scottish nobles, led by Balliol and Henry Beaumont, known as the 'Disinherited'. This group of nobles had supported the English in the First War and, after Bannockburn, Robert the Bruce had given them a year to return to his peace. When they refused he
1053:
in 1291. Before the process got underway Edward insisted that he be recognised as Lord Paramount of Scotland. When they refused, he gave the claimants three weeks to agree to his terms, knowing that by then his armies would have arrived and the Scots would have no choice. Edward's ploy worked, and
1714:
and then to Perth, where Edward III installed himself while his army looted and destroyed the surrounding countryside. At this time, the Scots followed a plan of avoiding pitched battles, depending instead on minor actions of heavy cavalry – the normal practice of the day. Some Scottish leaders,
1594:
and his dealings with Balliol were therefore deliberately obscured. He of course knew what was happening and Balliol probably did homage in secret before leaving, but Balliol's desperate scheme must have seemed doomed to failure. Edward therefore refused to allow Balliol to invade Scotland from
1057:
On 11 June, acting as the Lord Paramount of Scotland, Edward I ordered that every Scottish royal castle be placed temporarily under his control and every Scottish official resign his office and be re-appointed by him. Two days later, in Upsettlington, the Guardians of the Realm and the leading
1852:
of an English pound) payable in 10 years. Heavy taxation was needed to provide funds for the ransom, which was to be paid in instalments, and David alienated his subjects by using the money for his own purposes. The country was in a sorry state then; she had been ravaged by war and also the
1652:, and that he would serve Edward for the rest of his life. But in December, Douglas attacked Balliol at Annan in the early hours of the morning. Most of Balliol's men were killed, though he himself managed to escape through a hole in the wall, and fled, naked and on horse, to Carlisle.
1811:, the Scots were defeated. They suffered heavy casualties and David was wounded in the face by two arrows before being captured. He was sufficiently strong however to knock out two teeth from the mouth of his captor. After a period of convalescence, he was imprisoned in the
1140:
It was not until 1295 that Edward I became aware of the secret Franco-Scottish negotiations. In early October, he began to strengthen his northern defences against a possible invasion. It was at this point that Robert Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale (father of the future King
1023:. This marriage would not create a union between Scotland and England because the Scots insisted that the Treaty declare that Scotland was separate and divided from England and that its rights, laws, liberties and customs were wholly and inviolably preserved for all time.
673:. The wars were part of a great crisis for Scotland, and the period became one of the most defining times in its history. At the end of both wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent state. The wars were important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the
1343:
in 1314 was a pivotal event in the course of the war, after which the family members of Bruce captive in England were returned. In 1318, the Scots completed the expulsion of the English by retaking the then Scottish city of Berwick-Upon-Tweed in April 1318.
1116:
of the intentions of the English. They also negotiated a treaty by which the Scots would invade England if the English invaded France, and in return the French would support the Scots. The treaty would be sealed by the arranged marriage of John's son
1096:
On his return to Scotland, John held a meeting with his council and after a few days of heated debate, plans were made to defy the orders of Edward I. A few weeks later a Scottish parliament was hastily convened and 12 members of a war council (four
1331:
daughter Marjorie and younger sisters Christina and Mary were captured by the English. Bruce returned to the mainland in 1307. King Robert's forces continued to grow in strength, encouraged in part by the death of Edward I in July 1307. The
1760:, continued to resist the English laying siege to Dunbar Castle, hurling defiance and abuse from the walls, Scotland received some breathing space when Edward III claimed the French throne and took his army to Flanders, beginning the
1414:
716:
1046:. Fearing civil war between the Bruce and Balliol families and supporters, the Guardians of Scotland wrote to Edward I of England, asking him to come north and arbitrate between the claimants in order to avoid civil war.
1755:
Although Edward III invaded again, he was becoming more anxious over the possible French invasion, and by late 1336, the Scots had regained control over virtually all of Scotland and by 1338 the tide had turned. While
1322:
get both the lands and the throne by betraying Bruce to the English. A messenger carrying documents from Comyn to Edward was captured by Bruce and his party, plainly implicating Comyn. Bruce then rallied the Scottish
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Scottish nobles gathered to swear allegiance to King Edward I as Lord Paramount. All Scots were also required to pay homage to Edward I, either in person or at one of the designated centres by 27 July 1291.
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on 6 August. The news of their advance had preceded them, and, as they marched towards Perth, they found their route barred by a large Scottish army, mostly of infantry, under the new Guardian.
1133:
he would supply 100 ships for four months of the year, so long as hostilities between France and England continued. Although Norway never acted, the Franco-Scottish alliance, later known as the
1799:
appealed for a counter-invasion of England in order to relieve the English stranglehold on Calais. David gladly accepted and personally led a Scots army southwards with intention of capturing
1359:, Earl of Moray was sent to meet the Pope in person at his court in Avignon. Randolph successfully persuaded Pope John to recognise Robert as King of Scots, a major diplomatic coup. In 1327,
1795:
during the early years of the Hundred Years' War. In 1341 he led a raid into England, forcing Edward III to lead an army north to reinforce the border. In 1346, after more Scottish raids,
1400:
1161:. In December, more than 200 of Edward's tenants in Newcastle were summoned to form a militia by March 1296 and in February, a fleet sailed north to meet his land forces in Newcastle.
702:
1560:. But Edward III, despite having given his name to the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, was determined to avenge the humiliation by the Scots and he could count on the assistance of
1314:
On 10 February 1306, during a meeting between Bruce and Comyn, the two surviving claimants for the Scottish throne, Bruce quarrelled with and killed John Comyn at Greyfriars Kirk in
1258:. Moray was fatally wounded in the fighting at Stirling, and died soon after the battle. This was followed by Scottish raids into northern England and the appointment of Wallace as
1164:
The movement of English forces along the Anglo-Scottish border did not go unnoticed. In response, King John Balliol summoned all able-bodied Scotsmen to bear arms and gather at
1879:
By the end of the campaign, Scotland was independent and remained thus, until the unification of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to create the single
1621:, Balliol's army, commanded by Henry Beaumont, defeated the larger Scottish force. Beaumont made use of the same tactics that the English would make famous during the
1702:. Philip also decided to derail the Anglo-French peace negotiations then taking place (at the time England and France were engaged in disputes that would lead to the
4475:
1819:. Edward Balliol returned to Scotland soon afterwards with a small force, in a final attempt to recover Scotland. He only succeeded in gaining control of some of
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When David returned, he was determined to live up to the memory of his illustrious father. He ignored truces with England and was determined to stand by his ally
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The First War of Scottish Independence can be loosely divided into four phases: the initial English invasion and success in 1296; the campaigns led by
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1644:. He issued two public letters, saying that with the help of England he had reclaimed his kingdom, and acknowledged that Scotland had always been a
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and other Scottish nobles, forced Edward to send more forces to deal with the Scots, and although they managed to force the nobles to capitulate at
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in 1314; and a final phase of Scottish diplomatic initiatives and military campaigns in Scotland, Ireland and Northern England from 1314 until the
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1239:, Edward convened a parliament at Berwick, where the Scottish nobles paid homage to him as King of England. Scotland had been all but conquered.
1823:, with his power diminishing there until 1355. He finally resigned his claim to the Scottish throne in January 1356 and died childless in 1364.
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to an invasion by sea, but made it clear that he would disavow them and confiscate all their English lands should Balliol and his friends fail.
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Further campaigns by Edward in 1300 and 1301 led to a truce between the Scots and the English in 1302. After another campaign in 1303/1304,
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and the abdication of John Balliol in July. The English invasion campaign had subdued most of the country by August and, after removing the
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on 1 May 1328. This recognised the independence of Scotland and Robert the Bruce as King. To further seal the peace, Robert's son and heir
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1339:, and the captures of Roxburgh Castle and Edinburgh Castle saw the English continually lose ground in their control of the country. The
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After the capture and execution of Wallace in 1305, Scotland seemed to have been finally conquered and the revolt calmed for a period.
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affirming Scottish independence from England. Two similar declarations were also sent by the nobles, clergy and Robert I. In 1324,
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1679:, while Berwick surrendered and was annexed by Edward. By now, much of Scotland was under English occupation, with eight of the
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assemble and decide who their true king was. Emboldened by the truce, Balliol dismissed most of his English troops and moved to
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in March 1298. But in July, Edward invaded again, intending to crush Wallace and his followers, and defeated the Scots at
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invaded, followed in July by another army under King Edward. Together, they ravaged much of the north-east and sacked
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persons, two Scots and three English; and these last to act by themselves, if the two first happened to be hindered".
1857:. The first instalment of the ransom was paid punctually. The second was late and after that, no more could be paid.
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1587:. Consisting of the disinherited noblemen and mercenaries, they were probably no more than a few thousand strong.
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deprived them of their titles and lands, granting them to his allies. When peace was concluded, they received no
1255:
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1069:". The claims of most of the competitors were rejected, leaving only the men who could prove direct descent from
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792:
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Scots drew up a draft treaty agreeing to recognise the elderly and childless Edward Balliol as King, so long as
1367:
assumed the throne. Repeated invasions of the north of England by Robert or his war leaders, culminating in the
1204:(the "Red Comyn") negotiated for the general Scottish submission in February 1304; the renewed campaigns led by
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1706:), declaring to Edward III that any treaty between France and England must include the exiled King of Scots.
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was released under the Treaty of Berwick, under which the Scots agreed to pay an enormous ransom of 100,000
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1572:. These 'Disinherited' were hungry for their old lands and would prove to be the undoing of the peace.
1065:, where the claimants to the crown pleaded their cases before Edward, in what came to be known as the "
1694:
and his court to France for asylum, and in May they arrived in France, setting up a court-in-exile at
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executed. Balliol was named king by a majority on 17 November 1292 and on 30 November he was crowned
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himself had lost his popularity and the respect of his nobles when he married the widow of a minor
1815:, where he was held prisoner for eleven years, during which time Scotland was ruled by his nephew,
1796:
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1695:
1687:
1254:, Wallace and de Moray's continuing campaigns eventually led to the first key Scottish victory, at
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1719:, who had returned to Scotland with Edward Balliol in 1332 and 1333, defected to the Bruce party.
657:(1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 and ended with the signing of the
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around 26 September 1290. After her death, there were 13 rivals for succession. The two leading
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1667:. Archibald Douglas attempted to relieve the town in July, but was defeated and killed at the
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1176:. Robert Bruce had become Earl of Carrick at the resignation of his father earlier that year.
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David II (lower left) captured at Neville's Cross, from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles
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Feudal Relations Between the Kings of England and Scotland Under the Early Plantagenets
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Notable figures from the first War of Independence as depicted by the Victorian artist
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The dethroned King John, whom a Scottish chronicler dubbed 'toom tabard' ('empty coat')
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1149:. Edward also ordered John Balliol to relinquish control of the castles and burghs of
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When Edward died in 1377, there were still 24,000 merks owed, which were never paid.
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However, Margaret, travelling to her new kingdom, died shortly after landing in the
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rejected the peace proposal and any further truces. In May, an English army under
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as the new Guardian. Meanwhile, a small band led by Balliol had set sail from the
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Wallace was succeeded by Robert Bruce and John Comyn as joint guardians, with
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1632:, now Guardian of Scotland, made a truce with Balliol, supposedly to let the
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would be his heir and David would leave France to live in England. However,
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by 11 March. Several Scottish nobles chose to ignore the summons, including
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2634:
Syelander.org: Battles of Dupplin Moor, Halidon Hill, & Neville's Cross
2633:
1772:
was the effective end of Balliol's attempt to overthrow the King of Scots.
1266:. Edward failed to subdue Scotland completely before returning to England.
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of England. He also promised land for Edward III on the border, including
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and the "Disinherited" in 1332 and ended in 1357 with the signing of the
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after the death of his English wife. He himself died in February 1371.
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The Earl of Moray died on 20 July 1332. The Scots nobility gathered at
1323:
3047:
1659:
Edward III invades Scotland, from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles
4594:
1599:. This would have been too open a breach of the treaty. He agreed to
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1106:
1050:
3709:
2629:
Historynet.com: Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Bannockburn
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1663:
In April 1333, Edward III and Balliol, with a large English army,
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1305:
1272:
1183:
1102:
990:
1564:, the son of John Balliol and a claimant to the Scottish throne.
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Scott, Ronald McNair, Robert the Bruce, King of the Scots, p. 35
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and nobles behind him and had himself crowned King of Scots at
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31:
2584:(reprint 2005 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 30.
1077:; and John de Hastings of Abergavenny, 2nd Baron Hastings.
1556:
was too young to rule, so the guardianship was assumed by
665:(1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion by
1003:
died in 1286, leaving his three-year-old granddaughter
642:
were a series of military campaigns fought between the
27:
War of national liberation between Scotland and England
1227:
in March 1296, followed by the Scottish defeat at the
1112:
Emissaries were immediately dispatched to inform King
2558:(PhD). Chicago: University of Chicago. p. viii.
1743:, while a third army ravaged the south-west and the
1318:. At this moment the rebellion was sparked again.
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1683:counties being ceded to England by Edward Balliol.
1109:, respectively) were selected to advise King John.
1015:agreeing to the marriage of the Maid of Norway and
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1803:. In reply, an English army moved northwards from
1242:The revolts which broke out in early 1297, led by
1061:There were 13 meetings from May to August 1291 at
1129:was hammered out, in which for the sum of 50,000
1758:"Black Agnes", Countess-consort Dunbar and March
1223:The war began in earnest with Edward I's brutal
1200:and various Scottish Guardians from 1297 until
1351:was sent by a group of Scottish nobles to the
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1807:to confront the Scots. On 14 October, at the
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1145:) was appointed by Edward as the governor of
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2447:Outline of the Wars of Scottish Independence
1590:Edward III was still formally at peace with
1270:Scottish cause, went and spoke to the pope.
1212:in 1306 to his and the Scottish victory at
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2624:BBC.com: The Wars of Scottish Independence
1675:and his Queen were moved to the safety of
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1208:following his killing of the Red Comyn in
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703:
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133:
1780:was finally able to return in June 1341.
1383:The Second War of Independence: 1332–1357
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2345:Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
1235:from Scone Abbey and transporting it to
685:The First War of Independence: 1296–1328
2524:
2504:
2335:Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford
1049:Edward agreed to meet the guardians at
147:
136:
2365:Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
2340:John de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond
2474:Welsh rebellions against English rule
1137:, was renewed frequently until 1560.
1036:Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale
650:in the late 13th and 14th centuries.
7:
4060:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
2360:Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus
2355:David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl
2330:Henry Beaumont, '4th Earl of Buchan'
995:Edward I and Edward, Prince of Wales
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2370:John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey
2350:David I Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl
1747:valley. Prompted by this invasion,
1389:Second War of Scottish Independence
1363:was deposed and killed and his son
290:(1371–1652) (1660–1707)
2264:, Countess-consort of Dunbar/March
2236:– Bishop of St Andrews (1298–1328)
2198:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
1830:David II pays homage to Edward III
1752:it uninhabitable for the English.
1379:married the sister of Edward III.
1032:competitors for the Scottish crown
691:First War of Scottish Independence
25:
4486:Scottish Qualifications Authority
4223:Office of the Accountant of Court
4148:Member of the Scottish Parliament
2279:Maol ĂŤosa III, Earl of Strathearn
2721:
2609:. Macmillan and Co. p. 268.
2550:Wyckoff, Charles Truman (1897).
2421:
2407:
2285:Maol ĂŤosa IV, Earl of Strathearn
2274:Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward
2138:Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward
1817:Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward
1302:King Robert the Bruce: 1306–1328
1038:(grandfather of the future King
595:
164:
158:
36:
2533:Robert the Bruce, King of Scots
2291:Maol ĂŤosa V, Earl of Strathearn
2210:Maol Choluim II, Earl of Lennox
2146:– Bishop of Glasgow (1272–1317)
2055:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
1373:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
1218:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
1180:Beginning of the war: 1296–1306
659:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
260:(843–878; 889–1040)
71:"Wars of Scottish Independence"
47:needs additional citations for
2295:Earl of Caithness & Orkney
1558:Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray
1044:John Balliol, Lord of Galloway
1:
4938:Medieval rebellions in Europe
4878:Wars of Scottish Independence
2605:Maxwell, Sir Herbert (1913).
2531:Scott, Ronald McNair (1989).
2156:– Guardians (1298–1301, 1304)
1606:The 'Disinherited' landed at
1337:Battle of the Pass of Brander
1170:Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick
640:Wars of Scottish Independence
18:Scottish Wars of Independence
4908:Warfare in medieval Scotland
4903:Military history of Scotland
3836:Colonisation of the Americas
3204:Colonization of the Americas
3037:History of the British Isles
1834:Finally, on 3 October 1357,
1640:, on the north shore of the
1007:, as his heir. In 1290, the
349:Colonization of the Americas
4943:Military history of England
2683:Scotland in the Middle Ages
2206:, "the Black" or "the Guid"
1710:through Scotland, first to
1310:Bannockburn Monument plaque
1125:. Another treaty with King
4969:
4953:England–Scotland relations
4508:Inventions and discoveries
4211:Supreme Courts of Scotland
3199:Economy in the Middle Ages
3160:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2607:The Chronicle of Lanercost
2248:– Guardian (1332, 1335–38)
2228:Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife
1686:At the beginning of 1334,
1386:
1075:Floris V, Count of Holland
688:
4836:
4783:Scottish Episcopal Church
4465:Curriculum for Excellence
4425:
4304:
3898:
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3302:Convention of the Estates
2719:
2469:Irish War of Independence
2218:(1305–32) Guardian (1332)
2091:Battle of Neville's Cross
1977:Battle of Pass of Brander
1911:Battle of Stirling Bridge
1809:Battle of Neville's Cross
1520:Berwick (1355 & 1356)
1434:
1001:Alexander III of Scotland
736:
544:Scottish Episcopal Church
4888:14th century in Scotland
4883:13th century in Scotland
4219:High Court of Justiciary
2222:Uilleam II, Earl of Ross
2216:Domhnall II, Earl of Mar
1891:Major battles and events
1881:Kingdom of Great Britain
1581:Domhnall II, Earl of Mar
1427:of Scottish Independence
1005:Margaret, Maid of Norway
729:of Scottish Independence
479:Scottish Socialist Party
4948:Wars of the Middle Ages
4913:Wars involving Scotland
4793:Free Church of Scotland
4080:International relations
2644:7 February 2007 at the
2639:Kingcrest.com: Timeline
2578:Murison, A. F. (1899).
2479:List of Irish uprisings
2377:Other important figures
2181:Domhnall I, Earl of Mar
2128:King Robert I the Bruce
2049:Battle of Stanhope Park
2031:Battle of Boroughbridge
2025:Declaration of Arbroath
1935:Fall of Stirling Castle
1369:Battle of Stanhope Park
1349:Declaration of Arbroath
474:Scottish National Party
199:During the Roman Empire
4918:Wars involving England
4898:14th-century conflicts
4893:13th-century conflicts
4374:Royal Bank of Scotland
4070:Great Seal of Scotland
3655:Court of the Lord Lyon
2256:Battle of Halidon Hill
2242:– Chancellor (1308–28)
2140:– Lieutenant (1346–57)
2067:Battle of Halidon Hill
2061:Battle of Dupplin Moor
1959:Battle of Loudoun Hill
1831:
1788:
1669:Battle of Halidon Hill
1660:
1619:Battle of Dupplin Moor
1333:Battle of Loudoun Hill
1311:
1281:
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996:
509:National football team
4933:Invasions of Scotland
4671:British Sign Language
4138:Members of Parliament
4065:Deputy First Minister
3903:Anglo-Scottish border
3871:Industrial Revolution
3292:Estates of Parliament
2990:Scandinavian Scotland
2975:Lordship of the Isles
2581:King Robert the Bruce
2548:, p. 305. Quoted in:
2452:Scottish independence
2252:Sir Archibald Douglas
2187:Gartnait, Earl of Mar
2079:Battle of Boroughmuir
1983:Battle of Bannockburn
1883:was completed in the
1829:
1786:
1776:good government that
1665:laid siege to Berwick
1658:
1630:Sir Archibald Douglas
1365:Edward III of England
1341:Battle of Bannockburn
1309:
1276:
1187:
1089:. On 26 December, at
1009:Guardians of Scotland
994:
975:Edinburgh–Northampton
318:Scandinavian Scotland
4928:Invasions by England
4923:Wars of independence
4614:World Heritage Sites
3811:Wars of Independence
3399:Early modern warfare
3130:Wars of Independence
2942:Wars of Independence
2200:– Guardian (1329–32)
2177:– Guardian (1301–04)
2037:Battle of Old Byland
1995:Battle of Skaithmuir
1953:Battle of Glen Trool
1842:for him (1 merk was
1361:Edward II of England
1286:William de Lamberton
1260:Guardian of Scotland
1174:John 'The Red' Comyn
1017:Edward of Caernarvon
539:Scottish Reformation
324:Wars of independence
56:improve this article
4404:International trade
3958:Mountains and hills
3866:Highland Clearances
3841:Glorious Revolution
3806:Davidian Revolution
3753:Outline of Scotland
3189:Glorious Revolution
3150:Union of the Crowns
3125:Davidian Revolution
3079:Kingdom of Scotland
2932:Davidian Revolution
2442:Anglo-Scottish Wars
2389:Philip VI of France
2384:Philip IV of France
2240:Bernard of Arbroath
1971:Battle of Inverurie
1749:Philip VI of France
1688:Philip VI of France
1634:Scottish Parliament
1579:where they elected
1121:and Philip's niece
1114:Philip IV of France
1091:Newcastle upon Tyne
882:Invasion of Ireland
876:Ireland (1315–1318)
677:as a key weapon in
644:Kingdom of Scotland
602:Scotland portal
344:Glorious Revolution
188:) 12,000 BC–700 BC
4761:Church of Scotland
4553:Royal National Mòd
4491:Education Scotland
4264:Scots property law
4259:College of Justice
4168:Secretary of State
3990:Biosphere reserves
3861:Lowland Clearances
3846:1707 Acts of Union
3692:Saint Andrew's Day
3662:Royal coat of arms
3527:Church of Scotland
3354:Secretary of State
3344:Acts of Parliament
3216:Union with England
2484:Welsh independence
2268:Aodh, Earl of Ross
2118:King Alexander III
2085:Battle of Culblean
2013:Capture of Berwick
2007:Battle of Faughart
2001:Battle of Skerries
1899:Capture of Berwick
1832:
1789:
1770:Battle of Culblean
1762:Hundred Years' War
1733:Henry of Lancaster
1704:Hundred Years' War
1661:
1623:Hundred Years' War
1312:
1282:
1225:sacking of Berwick
1190:
1073:: Balliol; Bruce;
997:
941:Great Raid of 1322
648:Kingdom of England
579:Edinburgh timeline
369:The Scots language
300:Acts of Union 1707
237:History (timeline)
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4820:Ethnic minorities
4778:Roman Catholicism
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4249:Solicitor General
4244:Procurator fiscal
4153:Political parties
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3791:Early Middle Ages
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3610:Scottish baronial
3419:Lord High Admiral
3360:Regiam Majestatem
3110:Early Middle Ages
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2703:Early Middle Ages
2500:Explanatory notes
2464:Glyndŵr rebellion
2246:Sir Andrew Murray
2234:William Lamberton
2204:Sir James Douglas
2123:King John Balliol
2106:Important figures
2097:Treaty of Berwick
2073:Battle of Dornock
2043:Treaty of Corbeil
1941:Battle of Methven
1929:Battle of Happrew
1917:Battle of Falkirk
1690:offered to bring
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1237:Westminster Abbey
1127:Eric II of Norway
1013:Treaty of Birgham
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671:Treaty of Berwick
636:
635:
584:Glasgow timeline
561:Islam and Muslims
296:(1652–1660)
284:(1306–1371)
278:(1292–1296)
272:(1058–1286)
266:(1040–1058)
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16:(Redirected from
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4766:General Assembly
4656:Scottish English
4651:Highland English
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4528:Oldest buildings
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4369:Renewable energy
4314:Bank of Scotland
4302:
4215:Court of Session
4196:Advocate General
4126:Military history
4104:Local government
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3816:Late Middle Ages
3801:High Middle Ages
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3409:Royal Scots Navy
3404:Royal Scots Army
3394:Medieval warfare
3194:Maritime history
3135:Late Middle Ages
3120:Late Middle Ages
3115:High Middle Ages
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2927:Christianisation
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1965:Battle of Slioch
1923:Battle of Roslin
1905:Battle of Dunbar
1851:
1850:
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1696:Château Gaillard
1681:Scottish lowland
1677:Dumbarton Castle
1650:Berwick-on-Tweed
1601:turn a blind eye
1550:Robert the Bruce
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1229:Battle of Dunbar
1206:Robert the Bruce
1143:Robert the Bruce
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1947:Battle of Dalry
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1256:Stirling Bridge
1248:Andrew de Moray
1244:William Wallace
1198:Andrew de Moray
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793:Stirling Castle
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4055:First Minister
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4000:Municipalities
3997:
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3542:Highland dance
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
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3494:
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3487:Scots language
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3396:
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3389:Gaelic warfare
3385:
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3368:
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2619:
2618:External links
2616:
2613:
2612:
2597:
2591:978-1417914944
2590:
2570:
2561:
2552:"Introduction"
2537:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2492:
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2489:United Ireland
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2429:History portal
2418:
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2394:Pope John XXII
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2325:Edward Balliol
2322:
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2315:King Edward II
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2190:
2184:
2178:
2175:John de Soulis
2172:
2170:John de Graeme
2167:
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2157:
2154:John III Comyn
2147:
2144:Robert Wishart
2141:
2135:
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2016:
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1944:
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1926:
1920:
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1894:
1892:
1889:
1717:Earl of Atholl
1715:including the
1562:Edward Balliol
1543:
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1539:
1537:Berwick (1357)
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1471:Berwick (1333)
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1387:Main article:
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1028:Orkney Islands
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689:Main article:
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667:Edward Balliol
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394:Historiography
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282:House of Bruce
279:
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264:House of Moray
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258:House of Alpin
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4788:Baptist Union
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4588:national flag
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4358:North Sea oil
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4260:
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4247:
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4237:
4235:
4234:Lord Advocate
4232:
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4212:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
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4159:
4158:Republicanism
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3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
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3856:Enlightenment
3854:
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3648:
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3641:
3640:
3639:
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3633:National flag
3631:
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3626:
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3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
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3532:Country dance
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
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3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3324:Privy Council
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
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3275:
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3264:Orange-Nassau
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3250:
3247:
3245:
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3235:
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3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:Darien scheme
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
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3028:
3022:
3021:Privy Council
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:The Old North
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2640:
2637:
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2625:
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2608:
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2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2557:
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2518:
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2336:
2333:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:King Edward I
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2269:
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2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:, (1288–1353)
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:John II Comyn
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:King David II
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:with France.
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
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1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:King David II
1551:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:In 1320, the
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:Auld Alliance
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:King of Scots
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1019:, the son of
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
993:
986:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Auld Alliance
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
914:
913:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
738:
735:
730:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
701:
700:
697:
692:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:in 1328. The
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
609:
607:
606:
603:
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
523:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
488:
487:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
453:
452:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
413:
412:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Enlightenment
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
247:
246:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
193:
190:
189:
187:
183:
180:
179:
172:
171:
167:
161:
157:
156:
153:
146:
141:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4751:Christianity
4741:Baháʼà Faith
4634:Demographics
4578:coat of arms
4548:Prostitution
4481:Universities
4463:
4439:Architecture
4399:Unemployment
4394:Silicon Glen
4354:Oil industry
4339:Harris Tweed
4229:Crown Office
4121:Armed forces
4099:Independence
4087:Human rights
3918:Conservation
3908:Central Belt
3826:Early modern
3810:
3672:Crown Jewels
3667:Royal Banner
3580:Early Modern
3562:Architecture
3479:Demographics
3358:
3337:Early Modern
3226:Royal Houses
3172:Commonwealth
3155:Jacobean era
3129:
2999:Institutions
2941:
2824:Architecture
2731:Early Realms
2606:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2507:
2262:Agnes Dunbar
2193:Edward Bruce
1878:
1867:
1859:
1833:
1790:
1774:
1766:
1754:
1721:
1708:
1685:
1662:
1642:Solway Firth
1628:In October,
1627:
1616:
1605:
1589:
1574:
1566:
1547:
1531:Peace treaty
1476:Halidon Hill
1449:Dupplin Moor
1346:
1320:
1313:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1279:William Hole
1268:
1241:
1222:
1191:
1163:
1139:
1111:
1095:
1079:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1025:
998:
835:Loudoun Hill
652:
639:
637:
534:Christianity
424:Architecture
323:
294:Commonwealth
227:Early Modern
118:
112:October 2007
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4309:Agriculture
4173:Nationalism
4092:LGBT rights
3995:Environment
3876:Romanticism
3831:Reformation
3821:Renaissance
3786:Middle Ages
3781:Roman times
3776:Prehistoric
3371:Covenanters
3328:Government
3184:Popish Plot
3179:Restoration
3167:Interregnum
3145:Reformation
3140:Renaissance
3105:Roman times
3100:Prehistoric
2959:Renaissance
2937:Great Cause
2849:Agriculture
2808:Strathclyde
2535:. pp. 25–27
2293:, 1330–34,
2281:(1271–1317)
2183:(1276–1301)
1855:Black Death
1597:River Tweed
1595:across the
1515:Nesbit Moor
1481:Boroughmuir
1214:Bannockburn
1087:Scone Abbey
1067:Great Cause
1011:signed the
931:2nd Berwick
870:Bannockburn
746:1st Berwick
504:Rugby union
359:Romanticism
339:Restoration
334:Reformation
329:Renaissance
205:Middle Ages
182:Prehistoric
149:History of
4872:Categories
4771:Moderators
4714:Scientists
4600:regimental
4543:Placenames
4538:Philosophy
4513:Literature
4143:Parliament
4075:Government
4045:Devolution
4028:Government
3985:Ecoregions
3975:Waterfalls
3851:Jacobitism
3677:Scots pine
3638:Union Flag
3615:Neoclassic
3570:Vernacular
3016:Parliament
2886:Literature
2871:Government
2839:Demography
2495:References
1552:'s death,
1425:Second War
1202:John Comyn
987:Background
946:Old Byland
926:Skaithmuir
887:Moiry Pass
830:Glen Trool
663:Second War
464:Devolution
444:Philosophy
439:Literature
399:Demography
82:newspapers
4756:Christmas
4709:Musicians
4704:Inventors
4643:Languages
4619:Festivals
4459:Education
4384:Transport
4324:Companies
4319:Charities
4050:Elections
3938:Highlands
3891:Geography
3687:St Andrew
3595:Palladian
3547:Mythology
3436:Geography
2866:Geography
2861:Education
2834:Childhood
2763:Dál Riata
2698:Sub-Roman
2519:Citations
2297:, 1331–50
2287:(1317–29)
2270:(1323–33)
2224:(1274–23)
2212:(1303–33)
2189:(1301–05)
1887:of 1707.
1860:In 1363,
1805:Yorkshire
1797:Philip VI
1793:Philip VI
1509:1355–1356
1460:1333–1342
1220:in 1328.
1166:Caddonlee
915:1315–1327
855:River Dee
845:Inverurie
825:Turnberry
820:Loch Ryan
804:1306–1314
757:1297–1304
727:First War
655:First War
573:By region
379:Education
374:Economics
4852:Category
4800:Hinduism
4746:Buddhism
4733:Religion
4563:Surnames
4503:Identity
4498:Hogmanay
4476:Colleges
4334:Forestry
4269:Udal law
4178:Unionism
4133:Monarchs
4037:Politics
4019:Politics
3953:Lowlands
3771:Timeline
3741:Scotland
3650:Heraldry
3605:Georgian
3600:Jacobean
3590:Churches
3575:Medieval
3552:Religion
3381:Military
3332:Medieval
3312:Guardian
3307:Monarchy
3274:Politics
3095:Timeline
2896:Religion
2881:Language
2876:Identity
2803:Scotland
2778:Gododdin
2773:Galloway
2748:Bernicia
2743:Bamburgh
2642:Archived
2436:Scotland
2401:See also
2111:Scotland
1821:Galloway
1778:David II
1741:Aberdeen
1729:David II
1725:David II
1700:Normandy
1692:David II
1673:David II
1608:Kinghorn
1592:David II
1486:Culblean
1444:Kinghorn
1324:prelates
1316:Dumfries
1210:Dumfries
1159:Roxburgh
1155:Jedburgh
1021:Edward I
959:Treaties
953:Weardale
921:Carlisle
907:Faughart
902:Skerries
865:Roxburgh
798:Earnside
646:and the
527:Religion
499:Football
457:Politics
434:The Kilt
389:Maritime
384:Military
320:793–1468
192:Iron Age
186:timeline
151:Scotland
140:a series
138:Part of
4843:Outline
4815:Sikhism
4810:Judaism
4719:Writers
4699:Artists
4607:unicorn
4568:Symbols
4518:Museums
4471:Schools
4454:Cuisine
4431:Culture
4418:Society
4379:Tourism
4344:Housing
4329:Fishing
4297:Economy
4109:History
3963:Highest
3943:Islands
3933:Geology
3913:Climate
3796:Kingdom
3763:History
3699:Unicorn
3682:Thistle
3625:Symbols
3585:Castles
3537:Cuisine
3514:Culture
3459:Palaces
3454:Islands
3449:Castles
3414:History
3319:Peerage
3249:Balliol
3239:Dunkeld
3087:History
2980:Marches
2906:Warfare
2901:Society
2844:Economy
2768:Fortriu
2544:Innes,
2303:England
1847:⁄
1712:Glasgow
1617:At the
1466:Dornock
1264:Falkirk
1151:Berwick
1107:bishops
1071:David I
1063:Berwick
970:Corbeil
815:Dalrigh
810:Methven
788:Happrew
778:Falkirk
675:longbow
417:Culture
96:scholar
4857:Portal
4694:Actors
4681:People
4624:Comedy
4595:tartan
4573:anthem
4389:Whisky
4201:Courts
4114:Cities
3881:Modern
3469:Shires
3464:Places
3444:Burghs
3259:Stuart
3244:Sverre
2968:Places
2952:Second
2920:Events
2817:Topics
2798:Rhinns
2793:Orkney
2588:
2546:Essays
2099:, 1357
2093:, 1346
2087:, 1335
2081:, 1335
2075:, 1333
2069:, 1333
2063:, 1332
2057:, 1328
2051:, 1327
2045:, 1326
2039:, 1322
2033:, 1322
2027:, 1320
2021:, 1319
2015:, 1318
2009:, 1318
2003:, 1316
1997:, 1316
1991:, 1315
1985:, 1314
1979:, 1308
1973:, 1308
1967:, 1307
1961:, 1307
1955:, 1307
1949:, 1306
1943:, 1306
1937:, 1304
1931:, 1304
1925:, 1303
1919:, 1298
1913:, 1297
1907:, 1296
1901:, 1296
1801:Durham
1585:Humber
1548:After
1335:, the
1252:Irvine
1131:groats
1119:Edward
1105:, and
1103:barons
1051:Norham
1042:) and
892:Connor
850:Buchan
840:Slioch
783:Roslin
763:Lanark
751:Dunbar
312:Topics
232:Modern
201:69–384
142:on the
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
4805:Islam
4666:Scots
4583:flags
4558:Sport
4523:Music
4449:Clans
4349:Media
4005:Munro
3980:Glens
3948:Lochs
3928:Flora
3923:Fauna
3424:Ships
3366:Whigs
3287:Court
3254:Bruce
3234:Alpin
3006:Court
2947:First
2911:Women
2891:Music
2854:Trade
2788:Moray
2783:Isles
2458:Other
1874:laird
1870:David
1862:David
1840:merks
1836:David
1745:Clyde
1737:Elgin
1638:Annan
1577:Perth
1491:Perth
1454:Annan
1377:David
1328:Scone
1099:earls
1034:were
999:King
936:Myton
897:Kells
768:Scone
492:Sport
364:Clans
210:Early
103:JSTOR
89:books
4685:list
4205:List
3643:list
3502:list
3277:and
2738:Alba
2691:Eras
2586:ISBN
2258:1333
2152:and
1739:and
1646:fief
1612:Fife
1497:1346
1438:1332
1353:Pope
1157:and
1123:Joan
740:1296
653:The
638:The
514:Golf
251:Rule
220:Late
215:High
175:Eras
75:news
4444:Art
4188:Law
3522:Art
3279:law
3011:Law
2829:Art
2753:Cat
1698:in
1610:in
1085:at
429:Art
58:by
4874::
4221:,
4217:,
2758:CĂ©
2554:.
1671:.
1246:,
1196:,
1153:,
1101:,
681:.
4687:)
4683:(
4360:)
4356:(
4225:)
4213:(
4207:)
4203:(
3733:e
3726:t
3719:v
3071:e
3064:t
3057:v
2674:e
2667:t
2660:v
2594:.
1849:3
1845:2
1416:e
1409:t
1402:v
718:e
711:t
704:v
627:e
620:t
613:v
184:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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