953:
179:
47:
626:
242:
924:. Such nutrient deficient soils support non-sclerophyllous plant communities elsewhere in the world and did so over most of Australia prior to European arrival. However such deficient soils cannot support the nutrient losses associated with frequent fires and are rapidly replaced with sclerophyllous species under traditional Aboriginal burning regimens. With the cessation of traditional burning non-sclerophyllous species have re-colonized sclerophyll habitat in many parts of Australia.
968:
33:
735:
472:
886:
595:(in the northern hemisphere also up to the 45th degree of latitude). Their presence is limited to the coastal western sides of the continents, but nonetheless can typical in any regions of a continent with scarce annual precipitation or frequent seasonal droughts and poor soils that are heavily leached.
935:
Sclerophyllous plants generally resist dry conditions well, making them successful in areas of seasonally variable rainfall. In
Australia, however, they evolved in response to the low level of phosphorus in the soil—indeed, many native Australian plants cannot tolerate higher levels of phosphorus and
826:
species which possess oil glands within their leaves that produce a pungent volatile oil that makes them unpalatable to most browsers. These traits make the majority of woody plants in these woodlands largely unpalatable to domestic livestock. It is therefore important from a grazing perspective that
927:
The presence of toxic compounds combined with a high carbon : nitrogen ratio make the leaves and branches of scleromorphic species long-lived in the litter, and can lead to a large build-up of litter in woodlands. The toxic compounds of many species, notably
Eucalyptus species, are volatile and
487:
The sclerophyll regions are located in the outer subtropics bordering the temperate zone (also known as the warm-temperate zone). Accordingly, the annual average temperatures are relatively high at 12–24 °C (54–75 °F); An average of over 18 °C (64 °F) is reached for at least four
559:
uptake than malacophyllous or laurophyllous leaves. These lower transpiration rates may reduce the uptake of toxic ions and better provide for C-carboxylation under nutrient-poor conditions, particularly low availability of mineral nitrogen and phosphate. Sclerophyllous plants are found in tropical
224:
from the plant, which is responsible for the hardness or stiffness of the leaves. This structure of the leaves inhibits transpiration and thus prevents major water losses during the dry season. Most of the plant species in the sclerophyll zone are not only insensitive to summer drought, they have
819:
Many plants of the sclerophyllous woodlands and shrublands also produce leaves unpalatable to herbivores by the inclusion of toxic and indigestible compounds which assure survival of these long-lived leaves. This trait is particularly noticeable in the eucalypt and
689:, which permanently changed the face of the landscape. In the sclerophyll regions near the coast, permanent crops such as olive and wine cultivation established themselves; However, the landscape forms that characterize the degenerate shrubbery and shrub heaths
362:. The abundance of endemics is so extraordinary (68% of the 8600 vascular plant species in the area) that the South African sclerophyll area, the cape flora, forms the smallest of the six flora kingdoms on earth. Plants include
1036:
90:
Sclerophyllous plants occur in many parts of the world, but are most typical of areas with low rainfall or seasonal droughts, such as
Australia, Africa, and western North and South America. They are prominent throughout
931:
All the
Australian sclerophyllous communities are liable to be burnt with varying frequencies and many of the woody plants of these woodlands have developed adaptations to survive and minimise the effects of fire.
1710:
Harrington, G. N., M. H. Friedel, K. C. Hodgkinson, and J. C. Noble. 1984. Vegetation ecology and management. in G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson, editors. Management of
Australia's Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing,
618:(logging, grazing, agricultural use) and frequent fires caused by people, the original forest vegetation is converted. In extreme cases, the hard-leaf vegetation disappears completely and is replaced by open rock
720:. Many plant species that are rich in aromatic oils belong to both vegetation societies. The diversity of the original sclerophyll vegetation in the world is high to extremely high (3000–5000 species per ha).
1041:
511:; parts of eastern Italy, eastern Australia and eastern South Africa, which feature sclerophyll woodlands, tend to have uniform rainfall or even a more summer-dominant rainfall, whereby falling under the
704:
In the course of the last millennia, the original vegetation in almost all areas of this vegetation zone has been greatly changed by the influence of humans. Where the plants have not been replaced by
909:
Sclerophyllous plants are all part of a specific environment and are anything but newcomers. By the time of
European settlement, sclerophyll forest accounted for the vast bulk of the forested areas.
571:
Sclerophylly's advantages in nutrient-poor conditions may be another factor in the prevalence of sclerophyllous plants in nutrient-poor areas in drier-climate regions, like much of
Australia and the
555:
Sclerophyll plants are also found in areas with nutrient-poor and acidic soils, and soils with heavy concentrations of aluminum and other metals. Sclerophyll leaves transpire less and have a lower CO
834:
cover a much smaller area of the continent, being restricted to relatively high rainfall locations. They have a eucalyptus overstory (10 to 30 metres) with the understory also being hard-leaved.
838:
forests are the most common forest type on the continent, and although it may seem barren dry sclerophyll forest is highly diverse. For example, a study of sclerophyll vegetation in Seal Creek,
1480:
Susanne Heise: Vegetation zones: The zone of the evergreen hardwood plants, in TERRA-Online/Realschule on Klett.de, Klett, Leipzig 2003, version
January 26, 2006, accessed on December 17, 2020.
1006:
952:
568:
in Gabon, Cameroon, and CĂ´te d'Ivoire, and in eastern
Australia. Since water drains rapidly through these soils, sclerophylly also protects plants against drought stress during dry periods.
1046:
190:
are characterized by their relatively small, stiff, leathery and long-lasting leaves. The sclerophyll vegetation is the result of an adaptation of the flora to the summer dry period of a
170:. In relation to the potential natural vegetation, around 2% of the Earth's land surface is covered by sclerophyll woodlands, and a total of 10% of all plant species on Earth live there.
1577:
Mott, J. J., and J. C. Tothill. 1984. Tropical and subtropical woodlands. in G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson, editors. Management of
Australia's Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
808:
also cover extensive areas. All the dominant overstorey acacia species and a majority of the understorey acacias have a scleromorphic adaptation in which the leaves have been reduced to
1086:
217:, that prevents water loss during the dry season. The aerial and underground structures of these plants are modified to make up for water shortages that may affect their survival.
2140:
1031:
507:
of a maximum of seven months, but at least two to three months. The winters are rainy and cool. However, not all regions with sclerophyll vegetation feature the classic
307:
In central and southern California, the coastal hills are covered in sclerophyll vegetation known as chaparral. The flora of this ecoregion also includes tree species
560:
heath forests, which grown on nutrient-poor sandy soils in humid regions in the Rio Orinoco and the Rio Negro basins of northern South America on quartz sand, in the
1056:
158:
are typical hardwood trees. In addition, there are several species of pine under the trees in the vegetation zone. The shrub layer contains numerous herbs such as
1263:
2145:
1309:
1108:
116:
1066:
178:
2155:
1332:
1051:
1163:
912:
Most of the wooded parts of present-day Australia have become sclerophyll dominated as a result of the extreme age of the continent combined with
71:(the distance between leaves along the stem) and leaf orientation which is parallel or oblique to direct sunlight. The word comes from the Greek
2150:
1061:
1656:
1631:
1562:
1537:
1499:
1465:
1430:
1392:
1367:
1247:
1222:
1181:
1016:
496:
lasts longer than 150 days and is in the winter half-year. The lower limit of the moderate annual precipitation is 300 mm (12 in) (
1761:
920:
of the crust over many millions of years leached chemicals out of the rock, leaving Australian soils deficient in nutrients, particularly
716:
was the predominant form of vegetation on the Mediterranean. The maquis has been degraded in many places to the low shrub heather, the
1011:
991:
124:
46:
1096:
1001:
614:, are under great pressure from the population. This is especially true for the Mediterranean region since ancient times. Through
1026:
982:
These are the biomes or ecoregions in the world that feature an abundance of, or are known for having, sclerophyll vegetation:
80:
488:
months, eight to twelve months it is over 10 °C (50 °F) and no month is below 5 °C (41 °F) on average.
996:
928:
flammable and the presence of large amounts of flammable litter, coupled with an herbaceous understorey, encourages fire.
849:
forests. They have a taller eucalyptus overstory than dry sclerophyll forests, 30 metres (98 ft) or more (typically
2165:
1071:
1076:
1267:
1674:"Management of Savannas for Livestock Production in North-East Australia: Contrasts Across the Tree-Grass Continuum"
1387:. UTB für Wissenschaft Geographie, Ökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften. Stuttgart: Ulmer. pp. 35, 45–46.
642:
599:
1774:
986:
512:
1754:
201:
with great longevity, slow growth and with no loss of leaves during the unfavorable season. As a result, the
1215:
Farbatlas Ă–kosysteme der Erde: natĂĽrliche, naturnahe und kĂĽnstliche Land-Ă–kosysteme aus geobotanischer Sicht
862:
854:
646:
2056:
913:
633:
Some sclerophyll areas are closer to the equator than the Mediterranean zone—for example, the interior of
1336:
827:
these woodlands support a more or less continuous layer of herbaceous ground cover dominated by grasses.
1081:
891:
678:
508:
191:
108:
241:
625:
944:
and allows plants to grow, even when there is not enough phosphorus for substantial new cell growth.
870:
839:
746:
603:
340:
332:
316:
104:
63:
is a type of vegetation that is adapted to long periods of dryness and heat. The plants feature hard
52:
2094:
1747:
1587:
Parsons R. F.; Cameron D .G. (1974). "Maximum Plant Species Diversity in Terrestrial Communities".
376:
293:
143:
120:
40:
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1604:
866:
858:
850:
729:
451:
324:
96:
92:
68:
1722:
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1904:
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1864:
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1652:
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1558:
1533:
1495:
1461:
1426:
1388:
1363:
1243:
1218:
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1143:
739:
654:
497:
480:
382:
299:
2160:
1739:
1685:
1596:
1453:
1418:
1169:
1123:
1021:
813:
713:
615:
540:
388:
128:
419:
and woodland areas of its cities, including those lacking a Mediterranean climate, such as
2114:
1091:
901:
758:
682:
674:
544:
524:
269:
112:
1281:
2003:
1858:
1770:
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dominated by grasses with an overstorey of eucalypts and acacias. Acacia (particularly
709:
650:
588:
565:
493:
416:
364:
308:
287:
209:
are of the persistent evergreen type, in addition to the predominance of plants, even
2134:
1909:
801:
638:
370:
281:
275:
230:
132:
1494:. Meyers groĂźer physischer Weltatlas. Mannheim: Bibliograph. Inst. pp. 19, 43.
967:
2038:
1937:
611:
532:
458:
355:
263:
254:
221:
147:
136:
32:
17:
1173:
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are common). They require ample rainfall—at least 1000 mm (40 inches).
213:
ones, with "hard" leaves, which are covered by a thick leathery layer called the
2109:
1894:
1820:
1457:
1422:
957:
734:
607:
408:
187:
564:
forests of Borneo and on the Malay Peninsula, in coastal sandy areas along the
2119:
1968:
1931:
1833:
1447:
1412:
972:
921:
917:
762:
670:
634:
584:
504:
396:
258:
210:
1697:
1649:
The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people
1296:
Wildlife Division Technical Report 85/1- National Parks and Wildlife Services
1197:
2009:
1997:
1899:
1837:
1803:
1797:
1113:
896:
874:
822:
805:
778:
766:
686:
666:
471:
424:
412:
400:
226:
206:
198:
84:
36:
583:
The zone of the sclerophyll vegetation lies in the border area between the
885:
2071:
2066:
1942:
1889:
1824:
1792:
1138:
1128:
809:
790:
705:
592:
561:
536:
443:
439:
432:
167:
159:
151:
1294:
Duncan, F; Brown, M.J (1985). "Dry Sclerophyll vegetation in Tasmania".
749:
able to support woody plants are occupied by sclerophyll communities as
438:
In Chile, south of the desert areas, there is evergreen bushland called
1978:
1973:
1963:
1947:
1927:
1854:
1845:
1811:
1673:
1672:
Burrows, W. H.; Carter, J. O.; Scanlan, J. C.; Anderson, E. R. (1990).
1608:
1133:
976:
941:
831:
797:
786:
770:
754:
717:
698:
694:
690:
572:
404:
246:
214:
202:
100:
523:). Furthermore, other areas with sclerophyll flora would grade to the
1868:
1841:
1788:
1201:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment
1118:
961:
937:
782:
750:
619:
476:
428:
420:
359:
1689:
1600:
1514:
Klaus MĂĽller-Hohenstein: The geo-ecological zones of the Earth. In:
1242:. Springer-Lehrbuch. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 353–398.
358:, in the Cape region, there are Mediterranean open forests known as
2099:
2076:
1807:
774:
733:
649:
between 800 and 1800/2000 m or around 2000 m high plateaus of the
489:
163:
155:
31:
1595:(3). The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation: 202.
1042:
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
64:
1743:
936:
will die if fertilised incorrectly. The leaves are hard due to
1037:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
1452:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 121–177.
610:
or deserts. The Mediterranean areas, which have a very high
1417:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–120.
1449:
Zonal Vegetation of the Tropical Zone with Year-Round Rain
1362:. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. pp. 289–291.
1165:
Australian Rainforests: Islands of Green in a Land of Fire
1007:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
1168:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–67.
796:
The most common sclerophyll communities in Australia are
665:
While the winter rain areas of America, South Africa and
500:) and the upper limit 900–1,000 mm (35–39 in).
83:
in 1898 (translated in 1903), originally as a synonym of
1087:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
220:
The name sclerophyll derives from the highly developed
1360:
Vegetation der Erde: Grundlagen, Ă–kologie, Verbreitung
1240:
Allgemeine Geobotanik: Biogeosysteme und Biodiversität
197:
Plant species with this type of adaptation tend to be
395:
In most of Australia, sclerophyll vegetation such as
1414:
Fundamentals towards Understanding Global Vegetation
1047:
Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
591:, approximately between the 30th and 40th degree of
2087:
2049:
1987:
1956:
1918:
1882:
1781:
225:also used various strategies to adapt to frequent
1032:Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
1446:Pfadenhauer, Jörg S.; Klötzli, Frank A. (2020).
1411:Pfadenhauer, Jörg S.; Klötzli, Frank A. (2020).
629:Sclerophyll shrubland in southwestern Madagascar
1406:
1404:
87:, but the two words were later differentiated.
1626:(Repr ed.). French's Forest: Reed Books.
873:, and a soft-leaved, fairly dense understory (
503:Generally, the summers are dry and hot with a
1755:
8:
1555:Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests
1532:(Reprint ed.). Melbourne, Vic: Nelson.
2141:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1622:White, Mary E.; Frazier, Jim, eds. (1988).
1109:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
685:spread in the Mediterranean area since the
602:towards the poles, on the coasts also into
1762:
1748:
1740:
1358:Pfadenhauer, Jörg; Klötzli, Frank (2014).
1057:Mediterranean acacia–argania dry woodlands
1651:(1 ed.). New York, NY: Grove Press.
1067:Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
531:); particularly the eastern parts of the
492:and snow occur only occasionally and the
1310:"Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forests"
1052:Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
966:
951:
884:
624:
470:
240:
177:
45:
1154:
598:The sclerophyll zone often merges into
1333:"Chilean Wine Palm (Jubaea chilensis)"
1331:Hogan, C. Michael (October 17, 2012).
1280:(material included verbatim under the
1264:"California Chaparral & Woodlands"
1062:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
1266:. World Wildlife Fund. Archived from
1017:California coastal sage and chaparral
669:, with an unusually large variety of
7:
261:flora region include the holm oak (
2146:California chaparral and woodlands
1012:California chaparral and woodlands
992:Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland
25:
1162:Bowman, D. M. J. S., ed. (2000).
1097:Northwest Iberian montane forests
1002:Tasmanian dry sclerophyll forests
673:, were ideal gathering areas for
380:and proteas such as king protea (
1490:SchmithĂĽsen, Josef, ed. (1976).
1312:. NSW Environment & Heritage
442:. Typical species include Litre
325:San Gabriel Mountain liveforever
182:Sclerophyllous woodland in Spain
2156:Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
1027:Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
606:and towards the equator in hot
79:(leaf). The term was coined by
2026:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves
971:Hard-leaved vegetation in the
697:are predominantly a result of
641:, the lower edge areas of the
535:province in South Africa, and
257:of sclerophyllic trees in the
1:
2151:Flora of the Chilean Matorral
2034:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved
1213:Grabherr, Georg, ed. (1997).
997:Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub
895:) in a sclerophyll woodland,
56:(notice the short internodes)
1174:10.1017/cbo9780511583490.004
1072:Cyprus Mediterranean forests
761:. Common plants include the
1557:. Collingwood: CSIRO Publ.
1528:Simmons, Marion H. (1982).
1458:10.1007/978-3-030-49860-3_2
1423:10.1007/978-3-030-49860-3_1
1199:Leather Oak, Quercus durata
1077:Crete Mediterranean forests
812:consisting entirely of the
653:on the western edge of the
600:temperate deciduous forests
448:, Quillay or Soapbark Tree
2182:
1863:Scarcely vegetated areas,
1553:Florence, Ross G. (2007).
1518:. Issue 59, Bayreuth 1989.
956:Sclerophyll vegetation on
727:
643:Madrean pine-oak woodlands
475:A sclerophyll bushland in
456:, and bromeliads of genus
297:), the Italian buckthorn (
192:Mediterranean-type climate
1775:Vegetation classification
1647:Flannery, Tim F. (2002).
987:Cumberland Plain Woodland
701:(especially with goats).
513:humid subtropical climate
1624:The greening of Gondwana
1383:Schultz, JĂĽrgen (2000).
1196:C. Michael Hogan. 2010.
845:Even less extensive are
245:Sclerophyll woodland in
103:biogeographic region of
27:Type of plant/vegetation
1678:Journal of Biogeography
1492:Atlas zur Biogeographie
738:Bush around Eagle Bay,
2057:Terrestrial vegetation
1834:Herbaceous communities
1238:Pott, Richard (2005).
979:
964:
906:
742:
630:
484:
386:) and blushing bride (
339:), and the threatened
250:
183:
57:
43:
1723:"Sclerophyll forests"
1385:Handbuch der Ă–kozonen
1082:Cape Floristic Region
970:
955:
892:Eucalyptus melliodora
888:
842:, found 138 species.
737:
679:European colonization
628:
604:temperate rainforests
509:Mediterranean climate
474:
244:
229:, heavy rainfall and
181:
50:The hard leaves of a
49:
35:
2095:Biogeographic realms
1530:Acacias of Australia
1516:Geography and School
1282:CC BY-SA 3.0 license
1217:. Stuttgart: Ulmer.
867:messmate stringybark
747:Australian continent
479:(which falls in the
345:Streptanthus albidus
337:Cercocarpus traskiae
321:Aesculus californica
273:), strawberry tree (
117:Mediterranean biomes
53:Banksia integrifolia
2166:Sclerophyll forests
2006:, semicaducifolious
1725:. Australian Museum
1339:on October 17, 2012
445:(Lithraea venenosa)
294:Phillyrea latifolia
205:that make up these
144:Mediterranean basin
121:Mediterranean Basin
41:Southern California
2105:Floristic kingdoms
2062:Aquatic vegetation
1270:on October 8, 2012
980:
965:
907:
745:Most areas of the
743:
730:Flora of Australia
681:, agriculture and
637:, the dry half of
631:
485:
452:Quillaja saponaria
317:California buckeye
251:
184:
58:
44:
18:Sclerophyll forest
2128:
2127:
1873:Barren vegetation
1865:desert vegetation
1721:R. Major (2003).
1658:978-0-8021-3943-6
1633:978-0-7301-0154-3
1564:978-0-643-05799-9
1539:978-0-17-005779-0
1501:978-3-411-00303-7
1467:978-3-030-49859-7
1432:978-3-030-49859-7
1394:978-3-8252-8200-4
1369:978-3-642-41949-2
1249:978-3-540-23058-8
1224:978-3-8001-3489-2
1183:978-0-521-46568-7
1144:Barren vegetation
940:, which prevents
740:Western Australia
655:Arabian Peninsula
647:Mexican highlands
498:semi-arid climate
481:humid subtropical
383:Protea cynaroides
333:Catalina mahogany
329:Dudlea densiflora
300:Rhamnus alaternus
16:(Redirected from
2173:
2115:Plant life-forms
2012:, perennifolious
1827:, dwarf-scrubs,
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1684:(4/5): 503–512.
1669:
1663:
1662:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:. Archived from
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1203:. Washington, DC
1194:
1188:
1187:
1159:
1124:Maquis shrubland
1022:Chilean Matorral
675:hunter gatherers
616:overexploitation
389:Serruria florida
291:), mock privet (
21:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2083:
2045:
2000:, caducifolious
1994:Loss of leaves
1983:
1952:
1920:
1914:
1878:
1821:Dwarf-shrubland
1777:
1768:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1690:10.2307/2845383
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1601:10.2307/2989653
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
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950:
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847:wet sclerophyll
836:Dry sclerophyll
732:
726:
724:Australian bush
683:cattle breeding
663:
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558:
553:
545:New South Wales
525:oceanic climate
469:
279:), wild olive (
270:Myrtus communis
239:
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119:that cover the
81:A.F.W. Schimper
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2017:Leaf hardness
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2004:Semi-deciduous
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651:Asir Mountains
589:temperate zone
580:
577:
566:Gulf of Guinea
556:
552:
549:
547:in Australia.
494:growing season
468:
465:
464:
463:
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393:
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313:Quercus dumosa
288:Laurus nobilis
238:
235:
233:deficiencies.
175:
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39:vegetation in
26:
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2048:
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2037:Latifolious,
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
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1939:
1936:
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1926:
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1923:
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1862:
1860:
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1819:
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542:
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415:dominate the
414:
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133:Cape Province
130:
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115:, and in the
114:
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2110:Plant habits
2039:broad-leaved
2020:
1849:
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1729:February 14,
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1716:
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1681:
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1343:November 19,
1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
1326:
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1268:the original
1258:
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612:biodiversity
608:semi-deserts
597:
582:
579:Distribution
570:
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533:Eastern Cape
528:
520:
516:
502:
486:
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409:callistemons
387:
381:
375:
369:
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356:South Africa
348:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
264:Quercus ilex
262:
252:
222:sclerenchyma
219:
196:
188:woody plants
186:Sclerophyll
185:
141:
137:South Africa
89:
76:
72:
60:
59:
51:
29:
2021:Sclerophyll
1895:Subtropical
1782:Physiognomy
975:mountains,
958:Mount Meron
575:of Brazil.
377:Willdenowia
341:jewelflower
285:), laurel (
267:), myrtle (
174:Description
95:, parts of
75:(hard) and
61:Sclerophyll
2135:Categories
2120:Vegetation
2031:Leaf form
1969:Submontane
1838:grasslands
1816:fruticetum
1810:, scrubs,
1804:Shrublands
1711:Melbourne.
1589:Biotropica
1150:References
973:High Atlas
922:phosphorus
918:weathering
914:Aboriginal
875:tree ferns
855:alpine ash
806:shrublands
767:grevilleas
763:Proteaceae
759:heathlands
728:See also:
708:and olive
671:food crops
635:Madagascar
585:subtropics
505:dry season
413:grevilleas
401:melaleucas
397:eucalyptus
349:Peramoenus
259:Palearctic
211:herbaceous
207:ecosystems
131:, and the
125:California
69:internodes
2050:Substrate
2010:Evergreen
1998:Deciduous
1900:Temperate
1859:parklands
1798:arboretum
1793:woodlands
1698:0305-0270
1114:Chaparral
897:Melbourne
881:Evolution
871:manna gum
823:Melaleuca
810:phyllodes
791:eucalypts
779:tea-trees
706:vineyards
687:Neolithic
667:Australia
425:Melbourne
309:Scrub oak
227:wildfires
199:evergreen
97:Argentina
93:Australia
85:xeromorph
37:Chaparral
2088:See also
2072:Mangrove
2067:Riparian
1957:Altitude
1943:Seasonal
1919:Climatic
1905:Subpolar
1890:Tropical
1883:Latitude
1855:Savannas
1850:herbetum
1846:prairies
1812:thickets
1274:June 15,
1139:Matorral
1129:Garrigue
1103:See also
905:climate)
859:rose gum
840:Victoria
798:savannas
787:boronias
771:banksias
755:savannas
661:Land use
593:latitude
587:and the
562:kerangas
541:Victoria
537:Tasmania
440:matorral
433:Brisbane
405:banksias
303:), etc.
231:nutrient
203:thickets
168:lavender
160:rosemary
152:cork oak
148:holm oak
109:Paraguay
67:, short
2161:Ecology
1979:Coastal
1974:Lowland
1964:Montane
1948:Drought
1928:Pluvial
1842:steppes
1789:Forests
1609:2989653
1134:Kwongan
977:Morocco
948:Regions
942:wilting
832:forests
814:petiole
783:acacias
751:forests
718:garigue
699:grazing
695:Garigue
691:Macchie
645:of the
573:Cerrado
467:Climate
399:trees,
249:, Italy
247:Tuscany
237:Ecology
215:cuticle
142:In the
105:Bolivia
101:Cerrado
77:phyllon
73:sklēros
2100:Biomes
2077:Swampy
1988:Leaves
1938:Cloudy
1921:regime
1869:Desert
1696:
1655:
1630:
1607:
1561:
1536:
1498:
1464:
1429:
1391:
1366:
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1119:Fynbos
962:Israel
938:lignin
789:, and
775:hakeas
714:maquis
712:, the
710:groves
677:until
620:heaths
515:zone (
477:Sydney
429:Hobart
421:Sydney
417:mallee
374:, and
365:Elegia
360:fynbos
156:olives
113:Brazil
99:, the
65:leaves
1932:rainy
1910:Polar
1808:heath
1605:JSTOR
869:, or
863:karri
802:mulga
757:, or
551:Soils
490:Frost
483:zone)
347:ssp.
164:thyme
129:Chile
1731:2005
1694:ISSN
1653:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1345:2023
1318:2012
1276:2012
1244:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1178:ISBN
773:and
693:and
459:Puya
431:and
411:and
255:type
253:The
166:and
154:and
111:and
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1419:doi
1170:doi
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529:Cfb
521:Cwa
517:Cfa
354:In
331:),
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315:),
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
