1121:
Books of Samuel and Kings and the retelling of these in the Books of
Chronicles. All credible Bible scholars acknowledge that there are problems with the Biblical text as it has been received over the centuries. ... The question is not whether or not there are discrepancies and, yes, errors in the Bible, but whether or not these errors fundamentally undermine the credibility of the text. Even the most conservative, believing, faithful Biblical scholars acknowledge these problems with the text. This is why we don't find any scholars that subscribe to '
904:
1001:. The doctrine of clarity of the text does not mean that no interpretative principles are necessary, or that there is no gap between the culture in which the Bible was written and the culture of a modern reader. On the contrary, exegetical and interpretative principles come into play as part of the process of closing that cultural gap. The doctrine does deny that the Bible is a code to decipher, or that understanding it requires complex academic analysis as is typical in the
50:
693:
896:, taught that some parts of the Bible ought to be interpreted non-literally. Concerning the Genesis account of creation, he wrote: "who is so silly as to believe that God ... planted a paradise eastward in Eden, and set in it a visible and palpable tree of life ... anyone who tasted its fruit with his bodily teeth would gain life?" He also proposed that such
1009:
837:
1066:
WE AFFIRM the necessity of interpreting the Bible according to its literal, or normal, sense. The literal sense is the grammatical-historical sense, that is, the meaning which the writer expressed. Interpretation according to the literal sense will take account of all figures of speech and literary
1087:
I've never met anyone who actually believes the Bible is literally true. I know a bunch of people who say they believe the Bible is literally true but nobody is actually a literalist. Taken literally, the Bible says the earth is flat and setting on pillars and cannot move (1 Chr 16:30, Ps 93:1, Ps
1597:
Before the modern period, Jews, Christians and
Muslims all relished highly allegorical interpretations of scripture. The word of God was infinite and could not be tied down to a single interpretation. Preoccupation with literal truth is a product of the scientific revolution, when reason achieved
1120:
If I may be so bold, the reason you don't see many credible scholars advocating for the 'inerrancy' of the Bible is because, with all due respect, it is not a tenable claim. The Bible is full of contradictions and, yes, errors. Many of them are discrepancies regarding the numbers of things in the
1140:
The real problem is the particular biblicist theory about the Bible; it not only makes young believers vulnerable to being disabused of their naive acceptance of that theory but it also often has the additional consequence of putting their faith commitments at risk. Biblicism often paints smart,
1020:
Biblical literalists believe that, unless a passage is clearly intended by the writer as allegory, poetry, or some other genre, the Bible should be interpreted as literal statements by the author. Critics argue that allegorical intent can be ambiguous. Fundamentalists typically treat as simple
997:, and believe that the average person may understand the basic meaning and teachings of the Bible. The doctrine has resulted in an estimated 45,000 Protestant denominations, none of which hold exactly the same views. Such Christians often refer to the teachings of the Bible rather than to the
1107:
does not manifest itself only in conservative churches, private-school enclaves, television programs of the evangelical right, and a considerable amount of
Christian bookstore material; one often finds a literalist understanding of Bible and faith being assumed by those who have no religious
760:
technique that strives to uncover the meaning of the text by taking into account not just the grammatical words, but also the syntactical aspects, the cultural and historical background, and the literary genre. It emphasizes the referential aspect of the words in the text without denying the
1141:
committed youth into a corner that is for real reasons impossible to occupy for many of those who actually confront its problems. When some of those youth give up on biblicism and simply walk across the wet paint, it is flawed biblicism that is partly responsible for those losses of faith.
875:
became an important aspect in the formation of the separate religious identity for
Christianity. Ecclesiastical authorities used the acceptance or rejection of specific scriptural books as a major indicator of group identity, and it played a role in the determination of
812:
survey reports, "Three in 10 Americans interpret the Bible literally, saying it is the actual word of God. That is similar to what Gallup has measured over the last two decades, but down from the 1970s and 1980s. A 49% plurality of
Americans say the Bible is the
1515:"III. The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings." - See
1552:
Before the eighteenth century ecclesiastical writers were unaware of the critical historical problems of the biblical text. ... After the
Enlightenment, the question arose if a serious theologian can believe that the Bible reports real
761:
relevance of literary aspects, genre, or figures of speech within the text (e.g., parable, allegory, simile, or metaphor). It does not necessarily lead to complete agreement upon one single interpretation of any given passage. This
1610:
800:
Fundamentalists and evangelicals sometimes refer to themselves as literalists or biblical literalists. Sociologists also use the term in reference to conservative
Christian beliefs which include not just literalism but also
1996:
1108:
inclinations, or who are avowedly antireligious in sentiment. Even in educated circles the possibility of more sophisticated theologies of creation is easily obscured by burning straw effigies of biblical literalism.
817:
of God but that it should not be taken literally, consistently the most common view in Gallup's nearly 40-year history of this question. Another 17% consider the Bible an ancient book of stories recorded by man."
859:, which occurred over the course of a few centuries from approximately 200 BCE to 200 CE. In the Jewish tradition, the highly regarded written word represented a direct conduit to the mind of God, and the later
1665:
749:: "adherence to the exact letter or the literal sense", where literal means "in accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical".
1649:
The teachings of the Bible are not inaccessible to the average person, as some have suggested. Nor is the Bible written as a puzzle, a book of secrets and riddles given in jumbled incommunicable form.
376:
1989:
1798:
785:. Those who relate biblical literalism to the historical-grammatical method use the word "letterism" to cover interpreting the Bible according to the dictionary definition of literalism.
1982:
788:
Alternatively, used as a pejorative to describe or ridicule the interpretative approaches of fundamentalist or evangelical
Christians, it can equate to the dictionary definition of
1387:
Canonization and
Decanonization: Papers Presented to the International Conference of the Leiden Institute for the Study of Religions (Lisor), Held at Leiden 9–10 January 1997
1053:. Literalism does not deny that parables, metaphors and allegory exist in the Bible, but rather relies on contextual interpretations based on apparent authorial intention.
2178:
2053:
1470:
Augustine affirms that the creative work in view in
Genesis 2:7, along with the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in Genesis 2:22, belongs to God's creative work .
1660:
2651:
354:
864:
401:
2247:
2641:
2160:
2323:
2768:
960:
of 1646 demoted them to a status that denied their canonicity. American Protestant literalists and biblical inerrantists have adopted this smaller
2318:
1152:
1058:
721:
517:
423:
1344:
Dhyanchand Carr, 'Christian Council of Asia: Partnership in Mission, Conference on World Mission and the Role of Korean Churches, November 1995
323:
204:
199:
1968:
1951:
1834:
1410:
852:
191:
2071:
2773:
2666:
2117:
2076:
2005:
452:
1767:
227:
222:
2778:
2229:
2211:
1923:
1904:
1642:
1539:
1456:
370:
235:
1088:
96:10, 1 Sam 2:8, Job 9:6). Additionally, it says that great sea monsters are set to guard the edge of the sea (Job 41, Ps 104:26).
2283:
646:
127:
2671:
686:
556:
318:
1718:
2783:
2646:
2275:
2094:
1672:, Art Lindsley, Knowing & Doing; A Teaching Quarterly for Discipleship of Heart and Mind: C.S. LEWIS INSTITUTE, Fall 2004
1185:
395:
1070:
WE DENY the legitimacy of any approach to Scripture that attributes to it meaning which the literal sense does not support.
2742:
2620:
1736:
1129:
753:
522:
2565:
2393:
2265:
1581:
2656:
2132:
2028:
1080:
714:
561:
1861:"Beyond Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the Hermeneutic Interpretation of Scripture"
2763:
2681:
2489:
2367:
2288:
1022:
1002:
770:
2600:
2428:
2127:
1096:
641:
49:
903:
2722:
2605:
2575:
1516:
1205:
893:
762:
586:
407:
365:
209:
921:(354–430 CE) wrote of the need for reason in interpreting Jewish and Christian scripture, and of much of the
1359:
1215:
1026:
809:
611:
596:
546:
381:
181:
169:
150:
2702:
2615:
2355:
2338:
2196:
2043:
1034:
957:
934:
908:
872:
831:
707:
670:
662:
606:
576:
413:
386:
114:
769:
hermeneutical approach to scripture is used extensively by fundamentalist Christians, in contrast to the
2661:
2610:
2350:
2333:
2206:
2137:
2112:
742:
601:
591:
490:
1445:(14 July 2020). "Can we evolve on evolution without falling from the fall:Augustine on Adam and Eve".
2570:
2484:
2463:
2443:
2398:
2308:
2221:
1180:
1175:
1100:
994:
925:
being an extended metaphor. But Augustine also implicitly accepted the literalism of the creation of
863:
of Judaism encouraged the attendant scholarship that accompanied a literary religion. Similarly, the
814:
541:
527:
442:
349:
276:
1681:
2595:
2413:
2038:
2033:
965:
782:
571:
566:
551:
467:
462:
255:
2636:
2418:
2408:
2343:
2155:
1974:
1883:
1122:
949:
918:
802:
675:
657:
616:
432:
251:
145:
135:
2523:
2496:
841:
2438:
2433:
2188:
2170:
2122:
2048:
1964:
1947:
1919:
1900:
1830:
1824:
1638:
1535:
1452:
1406:
1400:
1195:
1162:
1050:
508:
447:
214:
1860:
1531:
Theology as History and Hermeneutics: A Post-critical Conversation with Contemporary Theology
1492:
1355:
2686:
2580:
2453:
1956:
1875:
1775:
1598:
such spectacular results that mythology was no longer regarded as a valid path to knowledge.
961:
860:
418:
359:
337:
266:
186:
140:
1517:
https://en.wikisource.org/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster
1305:
R.Kendall Soulen, Handbook of Biblical Criticism, Westminster John Knox Press (2001), p. 49
2732:
2727:
2676:
2506:
2388:
2372:
2362:
2328:
2201:
2086:
1722:
1669:
1113:
982:
922:
882:
877:
848:
977:
1826:
The Bible Made Impossible: Why Biblicism Is Not a Truly Evangelical Reading of Scripture
1335:
George Regas, 'Take Another Look At Your Good Book', Los Angeles Times, February 3, 2000
1238:
1134:
The Bible Made Impossible: Why Biblicism Is Not a Truly Evangelical Reading of Scripture
1012:
Biblical literalists believe that the story of Noah's ark (depicted in this painting by
2717:
2590:
2501:
2147:
2104:
1939:
1702:
Explaining Hermeneutics: A Commentary on the Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics
1200:
827:
766:
581:
457:
271:
62:
33:
2757:
2737:
2549:
1442:
1260:
1190:
1157:
1030:
945:
915:
868:
105:
100:
17:
985:
sees "reoccupation with literal truth" as "a product of the scientific revolution".
2712:
2707:
2585:
2539:
2516:
2511:
2313:
1713:
1615:
1448:
Retrieving Augustine's Doctrine of Creation: Ancient Wisdom for Current Controversy
1092:
1042:
1013:
953:
926:
897:
856:
757:
697:
313:
308:
297:
119:
74:
1529:
1446:
1116:
series explaining why academic scholarship rejects forms of biblical literalism:
2448:
2063:
1695:
1630:
1037:, as well as the strict historicity of the narrative accounts about the ancient
941:
789:
778:
746:
1744:
1697:
Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics With commentary by Norman L. Geisler
1021:
history, according to its plain sense, passages such as those that recount the
2544:
2479:
2458:
2423:
1038:
636:
286:
84:
971:
Biblical literalism first became an issue in the 18th century, enough so for
2257:
2239:
1168:
1635:
Basic Bible Interpretation: A Practical Guide to Discovering Biblical Truth
1567:
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
1704:, Oakland, California: International Council on Biblical Inerrancy, 1983.
2020:
1961:
The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance
998:
291:
956:, reflecting scholarly doubts that had continued for centuries, and the
1887:
972:
774:
503:
303:
89:
1008:
993:
The vast majority of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians regard
1210:
889:
498:
281:
1879:
964:
as a work not merely inspired by God but, in fact, representing the
1007:
930:
902:
836:
835:
79:
41:
1899:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Chicago: Moody Press. p. 224.
1033:, and the unnaturally long life-spans of the patriarchs given in
1944:
Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
1978:
1046:
1326:
Laurence Wood, 'Theology as History and Hermeneutics', (2005)
929:, and explicitly accepted the literalism of the virginity of
1451:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 196.
1062:, conservative Christian scholarship affirms the following:
741:
is a term used differently by different authors concerning
792:: "adherence to the exact letter or the literal sense".
1163:
Application of textual criticism to religious documents
1079:
Steve Falkenberg, professor of religious psychology at
1103:, criticizes biblical literalism as a mentality that:
1683:
The History and Impact of the Book, The Genesis Flood
1075:
Criticism by historical-critical methodology scholars
892:(184–253 CE), familiar with reading and interpreting
1768:"Biblical Literalism: Constricting the Cosmic Dance"
1356:"In U.S., 3 in 10 Say They Take the Bible Literally"
1112:
Robert Cargill responded to viewers' questions on a
2695:
2629:
2558:
2532:
2472:
2381:
2301:
2274:
2256:
2238:
2220:
2187:
2169:
2146:
2103:
2085:
2062:
2019:
2012:
1611:"Why does Christianity have so many denominations?"
900:should be applied to the gospel accounts as well.
851:tradition seems to relate in part to a process of
2179:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
1686:, John C. Whitcomb, Impact, Number 395, May 2006
847:The high regard for religious scriptures in the
745:. It can equate to the dictionary definition of
2054:General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
968:without possibility of error or contradiction.
2006:Evangelical Protestantism in the United States
1637:. Colorado Springs: David C Cook. p. 26.
1990:
715:
8:
1402:Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years
1233:
1231:
952:from the rest of the Old Testament books in
2044:Conservative Baptist Association of America
1715:The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
2248:Christian Reformed Church in North America
2016:
1997:
1983:
1975:
1293:
722:
708:
342:
28:
2652:Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus
2642:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
2161:Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
1405:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 151.
2319:Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
1227:
1153:Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
1095:, professor of comparative religion at
1059:Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
431:
40:
1281:
7:
2667:National Association of Evangelicals
2324:Fundamentalist–modernist controversy
2118:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
2077:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
1314:
1766:Hyers, Conrad (August 4–11, 1982).
1491:Herbermann, Charles George (1913).
1481:De Sacra Virginitate, 6,6, 18, 191.
840:Imaginative portrayal of Origen by
1916:Protestant Biblical Interpretation
1823:Smith, Christian (1 August 2012).
1569:. Vol. 2. Paris. p. 241.
1494:The Catholic encyclopedia Volume 3
1354:Jones, Jeffrey M. (July 8, 2011).
907:Portrait of Augustine of Hippo by
25:
2230:Christian and Missionary Alliance
2212:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
1829:. Baker Books. pp. 163–165.
2637:Christianity Today International
2284:Association of Vineyard Churches
2072:Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
1895:Ryrie, Charles Caldwell (1995).
1125:' (to my knowledge) on the show.
999:process of interpretation itself
691:
48:
2769:Christian theology of the Bible
2672:National Religious Broadcasters
1797:Ngo, Robin (19 December 2013).
1580:Armstrong, Karen (2005-08-11).
687:Outline of Bible-related topics
2647:Evangelical Climate Initiative
2095:Presbyterian Church in America
1186:Biblical literalist chronology
1172: — Islamic analogue
396:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
2621:Transformational Christianity
1774:. p. 823. Archived from
1399:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009).
1372:McDonald & Sanders, ed.,
948:(1483–1546 CE) separated the
754:historical-grammatical method
523:Historical-grammatical method
2566:Apostolic-Prophetic Movement
2394:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
2266:Seventh-day Adventist Church
1803:Biblical Archaeology Society
2774:Bible-related controversies
2657:Fuller Theological Seminary
2133:Pentecostal Holiness Church
2029:Southern Baptist Convention
1963:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1534:. Emeth Press. p. 27.
1081:Eastern Kentucky University
1016:) is historically accurate.
2800:
2682:World Vision United States
2490:Contemporary worship music
2368:Los Angeles Crusade (1949)
2289:Calvary Chapel Association
1735:Falkenberg, Steve (2002).
1528:Wood, Laurence W. (2005).
1003:historical-critical method
995:the Biblical text as clear
825:
771:historical-critical method
752:The term can refer to the
518:Allegorical interpretation
2601:New Apostolic Reformation
2429:Christianity and abortion
2128:Pentecostal Church of God
1859:Bartkowski, John (1996).
1097:Gustavus Adolphus College
886:in the Jewish tradition.
2779:Christian fundamentalism
2723:Charles Grandison Finney
2606:Neo-charismatic movement
2576:Christian fundamentalism
2276:Nondenominational Family
2171:Congregationalist Family
1799:"Bible Secrets Revealed"
1385:A Van Der Kooij, et al.
1132:wrote in his 2012 book,
1067:forms found in the text.
763:Christian fundamentalist
408:Novum Testamentum Graece
210:Composition of the Torah
1565:Diderot, Denis (1752).
1216:Young Earth creationism
1027:Genesis flood narrative
880:in Christianity and in
743:biblical interpretation
2703:Aimee Semple McPherson
2616:Seven Mountain Mandate
2356:Fourth Great Awakening
2339:Second Great Awakening
2197:Church of the Nazarene
1914:Ramm, Bernard (1970).
1035:genealogies of Genesis
1017:
958:Westminster Confession
912:
909:Philippe de Champaigne
894:Hellenistic literature
873:Early Christian Church
844:
832:Deuterocanonical books
783:Mainline Protestantism
671:Criticism of the Bible
414:Documentary hypothesis
2784:Christian terminology
2662:Moody Bible Institute
2611:Red-Letter Christians
2351:Third Great Awakening
2334:First Great Awakening
2207:Free Methodist Church
2148:Restorationist Family
2138:Apostolic Pentecostal
2113:Assemblies of God USA
1868:Sociology of Religion
1737:"Biblical Literalism"
1428:1:19–20, Chapt. 19 ,
1011:
975:to mention it in his
906:
839:
424:NT textual categories
18:Scriptural literalism
2571:Bapticostal movement
2485:Contemporary worship
2464:Second work of grace
2444:Evangelical theology
2309:Azusa Street Revival
1918:. Baker Book House.
1430:De Genesi ad literam
1426:De Genesi ad literam
1181:Biblical inspiration
1176:Biblical archaeology
1101:St. Peter, Minnesota
371:Internal consistency
277:Samaritan Pentateuch
2596:Post-evangelicalism
2414:Biblical patriarchy
2404:Biblical literalism
2087:Presbyterian Family
2039:Missionary Baptists
2034:Independent Baptist
1619:. 27 February 2021.
1582:"Unholy strictures"
1497:. pp. 269, 272
1296:, pp. 259–272.
1005:of interpretation.
989:Clarity of the text
735:Biblical literalism
205:New Testament canon
200:Old Testament canon
128:Chapters and verses
2419:Biblical womanhood
2409:Biblical inerrancy
2344:Cane Ridge Revival
2156:Churches of Christ
2105:Pentecostal Family
1721:2006-11-15 at the
1700:, Reproduced from
1668:2008-07-20 at the
1123:Biblical inerrancy
1018:
950:biblical apocrypha
919:Augustine of Hippo
913:
845:
803:biblical inerrancy
676:Biblical authority
557:Capital punishment
433:Biblical criticism
402:Rahlfs' Septuagint
106:New Testament (NT)
101:Old Testament (OT)
2764:Biblical exegesis
2751:
2750:
2439:Decision theology
2434:Christian Zionism
2399:Believers' Church
2297:
2296:
2222:Keswickian Family
2123:Foursquare Church
2049:Free Will Baptist
1969:978-0-198-26180-3
1957:Metzger, Bruce M.
1952:978-0-06-073817-4
1946:. HarperCollins.
1897:Dispensationalism
1836:978-1-4412-4151-1
1772:Christian Century
1662:Lewis on Miracles
1412:978-0-670-02126-0
1196:Demythologization
1056:As a part of the
1045:interventions of
861:rabbinical school
732:
731:
547:Conspiracy theory
476:
475:
215:Mosaic authorship
16:(Redirected from
2791:
2743:Jonathan Edwards
2687:Youth for Christ
2581:Evangelical left
2454:Kingdom theology
2258:Adventist Family
2017:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1929:
1910:
1891:
1865:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:on June 15, 2008
1743:. Archived from
1732:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
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1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1374:The Canon Debate
1370:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:. Dictionary.com
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1241:. Dictionary.com
1235:
1051:Jesus's miracles
1049:in history, and
1023:Genesis creation
962:Protestant Bible
878:excommunications
724:
717:
710:
698:Bible portal
696:
695:
694:
419:Synoptic problem
343:
338:Biblical studies
267:Dead Sea scrolls
228:Petrine epistles
223:Pauline epistles
52:
29:
21:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2733:Franklin Graham
2728:Dwight L. Moody
2691:
2677:Promise Keepers
2625:
2554:
2528:
2524:Sinner's prayer
2507:Revival meeting
2497:Mourner's bench
2468:
2389:Baptism by fire
2377:
2373:Revival of 1800
2363:Healing revival
2329:Great Awakening
2293:
2270:
2252:
2240:Reformed Family
2234:
2216:
2202:Wesleyan Church
2189:Holiness Family
2183:
2165:
2142:
2099:
2081:
2064:Lutheran Family
2058:
2008:
2003:
1940:Ehrman, Bart D.
1936:
1926:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1880:10.2307/3712156
1863:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1778:on June 4, 2011
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1741:New Reformation
1734:
1733:
1729:
1723:Wayback Machine
1712:
1708:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1670:Wayback Machine
1659:
1655:
1645:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:Bartkowski 1996
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1148:
1130:Christian Smith
1114:History Channel
1077:
991:
983:Karen Armstrong
923:Book of Genesis
849:Judeo-Christian
834:
824:
798:
728:
692:
690:
689:
681:
680:
667:
653:
631:
623:
622:
621:
537:
513:
486:
478:
477:
472:
391:
375:
364:
340:
330:
329:
328:
261:
260:
241:
240:
236:Johannine works
232:
196:
176:
175:
172:and development
159:
158:
157:
124:
110:
96:
69:
68:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:C. I. Scofield
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Jesus movement
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2502:Prayer warrior
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:Baptist Family
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1905:
1892:
1874:(3): 259–272.
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1815:
1789:
1758:
1727:
1706:
1688:
1674:
1653:
1643:
1622:
1602:
1572:
1557:
1540:
1520:
1508:
1483:
1474:
1457:
1443:Ortlund, Gavin
1434:
1418:
1411:
1391:
1378:
1365:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1307:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1252:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Parallelomania
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1127:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
990:
987:
954:his 1534 Bible
911:, 17th century
828:Biblical canon
823:
820:
797:
794:
773:of mainstream
730:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
701:
700:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
666:
665:
660:
654:
652:
651:
650:
649:
639:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
495:
494:
493:
487:
485:Interpretation
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
473:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
404:
399:
390:
389:
384:
379:
373:
368:
362:
357:
352:
346:
341:
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
319:English Bibles
316:
311:
306:
301:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:Masoretic Text
269:
263:
262:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
184:
178:
177:
174:
173:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
132:
131:
130:
123:
122:
117:
111:
109:
108:
103:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
71:
70:
67:
66:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2796:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Jerry Falwell
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:Major figures
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2550:Televangelism
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:0-8010-7600-5
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:0-8024-2187-3
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1644:9780781438773
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1541:9780975543559
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1458:9780830853250
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1317:, p. 48.
1316:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1284:, p. 81.
1283:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Book of Nepos
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Martin Anstey
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
979:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Martin Luther
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
916:Church father
910:
905:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
870:
869:New Testament
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
838:
833:
829:
821:
819:
816:
815:inspired word
811:
806:
804:
795:
793:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
703:
702:
699:
688:
685:
684:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:Infallibility
661:
659:
656:
655:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
627:
626:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Homosexuality
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
482:
481:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
437:
434:
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
374:
372:
369:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
333:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
257:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
237:
234:
233:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2713:Billy Sunday
2708:Billy Graham
2630:Institutions
2586:Exvangelical
2540:Bible church
2517:Tent revival
2512:Camp meeting
2403:
2314:Black church
1960:
1943:
1915:
1896:
1871:
1867:
1840:. Retrieved
1825:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1771:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1740:
1730:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1634:
1625:
1616:Live Science
1614:
1605:
1596:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:The Guardian
1585:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:. Retrieved
1530:
1523:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1493:
1486:
1477:
1469:
1464:10 September
1462:. Retrieved
1447:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1310:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:"Literalism"
1167:
1133:
1128:
1111:
1093:Conrad Hyers
1091:
1083:, observed:
1078:
1057:
1055:
1043:supernatural
1019:
1014:Edward Hicks
992:
978:Encyclopédie
976:
970:
939:
927:Adam and Eve
914:
898:hermeneutics
888:
881:
865:canonization
857:Hebrew Bible
853:canonization
846:
842:André Thévet
807:
799:
787:
751:
738:
734:
733:
630:Perspectives
532:
491:Hermeneutics
406:
394:
314:Luther Bible
309:Gothic Bible
298:Vetus Latina
296:
252:Translations
192:Hebrew canon
120:Antilegomena
115:Deuterocanon
26:
2449:Full Gospel
1631:Zuck, Roy B
966:Word of God
942:Reformation
779:Catholicism
767:evangelical
758:hermeneutic
528:Inspiration
366:Historicity
324:by language
256:manuscripts
2758:Categories
2545:Megachurch
2480:Altar call
2459:Quiverfull
2424:Born again
1934:Literature
1853:References
1842:2018-10-27
1782:9 November
1751:9 November
1592:2024-09-02
1547:2013-12-15
1282:Ryrie 1995
1039:Israelites
1031:Noah's ark
933:'s mother
826:See also:
796:Background
790:literalism
747:literalism
533:Literalism
443:Historical
350:Archeology
287:Septuagint
182:Authorship
170:Authorship
2559:Movements
2473:Practices
1633:(2002) .
1389:. p. 141.
1376:, page 4.
1315:Ramm 1970
1267:August 9,
1261:"Literal"
1245:August 9,
1223:Footnotes
1169:Bila Kayf
739:biblicism
658:Inerrancy
468:Canonical
463:Redaction
355:Artifacts
136:Apocrypha
65:and books
2013:Churches
1959:(1997).
1942:(2005).
1808:13 March
1719:Archived
1666:Archived
1588:. London
1553:history.
1501:13 March
1146:See also
607:Violence
592:Serpents
582:Prophecy
577:Muhammad
292:Peshitta
282:Targumim
34:a series
32:Part of
2382:Thought
2302:History
1888:3712156
973:Diderot
940:In the
871:by the
867:of the
855:of the
822:History
808:A 2011
775:Judaism
647:Quranic
642:Islamic
637:Gnostic
612:Warfare
602:Slavery
542:Alcohol
504:Midrash
448:Textual
304:Vulgate
90:Ketuvim
85:Nevi'im
1967:
1950:
1922:
1903:
1886:
1833:
1725:(1997)
1641:
1538:
1455:
1409:
1360:Gallup
1211:Peshat
1206:Pardes
1041:, the
1025:, the
890:Origen
883:cherem
810:Gallup
572:Incest
552:Ethics
509:Pardes
499:Pesher
453:Source
382:Places
377:People
360:Dating
187:Dating
141:Jewish
75:Tanakh
63:Canons
36:on the
2533:Forms
1884:JSTOR
1864:(PDF)
1432:, 2:9
931:Jesus
617:Women
567:Humor
387:Names
80:Torah
42:Bible
1965:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1810:2016
1784:2012
1753:2012
1639:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1503:2016
1466:2023
1453:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1269:2014
1247:2014
1029:and
935:Mary
830:and
765:and
756:, a
587:Rape
458:Form
254:and
1876:doi
1099:in
1047:God
781:or
737:or
597:Sex
2760::
1882:.
1872:57
1870:.
1866:.
1801:.
1770:.
1739:.
1647:.
1613:.
1595:.
1584:.
1550:.
1468:.
1358:.
1230:^
1136::
981:.
944:,
937:.
805:.
777:,
151:NT
146:OT
1998:e
1991:t
1984:v
1971:.
1928:.
1909:.
1890:.
1878::
1845:.
1812:.
1786:.
1755:.
1505:.
1415:.
1362:.
1271:.
1249:.
723:e
716:t
709:v
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