737:
147:
2385:
115:
1926:
4650:
4636:
4662:
2514:
1919:
1913:
4674:
2379:
634:
The premaxilla carries five incisors each, and maxillary bones hold the canine and three molars. Broom notes that there is evidence of a lost secondary canine on one of the maxillary bones, due to the apparent remains of its root, almost filled in with spongy bone. This second molar is later refuted
611:
were likely not endothermic for the lack of a secondary palate. The higher metabolic load associated with endothermy is associated with characters such as fur, increased aerobic capacity and the development of a secondary palate, which allows for airflow independent of oral food processing. It is,
1041:
Scheffler, Kay; Buehmann, Dieter; Schwark, Lorenz (2006-10-06). "Analysis of late
Palaeozoic glacial to postglacial sedimentary successions in South Africa by geochemical proxies – Response to climate evolution and sedimentary environment".
639:. The 3rd, 4th and 5th incisors have serrations, with increasing flatness toward the maxilla (5th being the flattest). The molars are sharp, flattened and have serrations on their posterior borders, suggesting a carnivorous diet.
664:
is possibly the largest
Therocephalian, as there is enough of its skull preserved to give a measurement of 210 mm (8.3 in) for preorbital length. It has also been moved to Lycosuchidae incertae sedis. The holotype of
477:
It is notable that throughout the 19th century, Broom was involved with the work done with therocephalians and their classifications, and re-classifications, with paper and book publications ranging from 1903 to 1950.
651:. There is no indication of a secondary palate. Broom notes only the anterior portion of the pterygoid is present in the holotype specimen. The palatine bone forms a crest and lacks palatal dentition.
3254:
2581:
543:, the climate changed from a warm-humid climate to warm-arid, and the environment became terrestrial, supporting the Therapsids that are now found in the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone.
702:
was initially described as an example of lycosuchidae, placed in
Scymnosauridae by Broom in 1915, to be returned to Lycosuchidae incertae sedis. The holotype fossil is BMNH R4100.
539:, creating a marine environment in the Karoo Basin. There is evidence this change in climate lead to a vegetation explosion, from soil acidity measurements. Moving into the middle
2964:
647:
The internal nares is visible on the specimen, formed by the prevomers and palatine bones. According to Broom, which has since been refuted, the prevomers are wider than in
2550:
612:
however, still unclear as to the order acquired characters that allowed the development of faster metabolisms, which happened at least twice with birds and mammals.
551:
In his 1903 publication, Broom argued for the establishment of a new taxon, Therocephalia, based on the palatal differences with
Therapsida of three similar genera,
4743:
4443:
3221:
3259:
3226:
1145:"Origin of Mammals Based Upon Cranial Morphology of the Therapsid Suborders. Geological Society of America Special Papers, Number 55.Everett C. Olson".
4730:
1235:
524:
The
Beaufort group is a portion of the Karoo Basin Super group in South Africa. It represents from between 270-mya and 265ya to the middle of the
1006:
Hancox, P.J; Rubidge, B.S (2001). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the
Beaufort group".
4799:
821:
Groenewald, D. P.; Kammerer, C. F. (2023). "Re-identification and updated stratigraphic context of the holotypes of the late
Permian tetrapods
871:
Abdala, Fernando; Kammerer, Christian F.; Day, Michael O.; Jirah, Sifelani; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2014). "Adult morphology of the therocephalian
2543:
4794:
532:
fossils and other therapsids are found is the thickest layer of the
Beaufort group. The Tapinocephalus AZ represents the middle Permian.
4804:
3065:
517:
specimens, (SAM-PK-9005 and SAM-PK-10556) are from
Beaufort West. Prince Albert, an area southeast of the Beaufort group, produced one
4448:
3000:
626:, SAM-PK-632, from Broom's 1903 description, is of a partial snout and lower jaw tip. This species has been moved to Lycosuchidae.
4666:
4545:
2536:
1208:
3830:
535:
Chemical analyses of the sediment in the
Beaufort group suggests that the climate changed from glacial to post-glacial in the
4500:
4438:
3835:
875:
from the middle Permian of South Africa and the taxonomy, paleobiogeography, and temporal distribution of the Lycosuchidae".
502:
4789:
3820:
3815:
3216:
3073:
2384:
4401:
4096:
3840:
3264:
146:
4091:
3825:
1228:
677:
The premaxillary bones have five incisors each, and maxillary bones hold two canines and one preserved post canine.
3119:
3109:
3083:
4520:
3045:
4141:
3010:
2661:
2597:
1925:
1918:
4784:
4490:
3970:
3078:
2793:
2747:
2671:
2559:
1099:
Clarke, Andrew; Portner, Hans-Otto (2010). "Temperature, metabolic power and the evolution of endothermy".
4698:
4505:
4433:
4396:
3088:
2969:
2732:
2517:
1912:
1221:
4756:
3015:
2027:
4577:
4535:
4485:
3191:
3182:
2879:
2622:
2378:
2055:
392:
1682:
1183:
Broom, Robert (1915). "On some new Carnivorous Therapsids in the Collection of the British Museum".
4680:
4654:
4540:
4381:
3135:
3028:
2984:
2959:
2830:
2808:
2696:
2686:
2646:
2111:
1844:
1583:
742:
722:
The most notable features are large temporal fenestrae, a narrow snout, and a high parietal crest.
2480:
2445:
1749:
1710:
4515:
4480:
3764:
3204:
3199:
3038:
3033:
2944:
2842:
2813:
2742:
2691:
2602:
2452:
2258:
1762:
1525:
1518:
1504:
1490:
1326:
1124:
988:
900:
750:
442:
141:
1468:
4761:
809:
Dissertation Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Stellenbosch
4748:
4605:
4510:
4186:
3779:
3209:
2874:
2869:
2847:
2803:
2798:
2766:
2754:
2676:
2607:
2355:
1724:
1162:
1116:
1059:
1023:
892:
3734:
3614:
3599:
3423:
3326:
2864:
2852:
2783:
2617:
2431:
2283:
2034:
1192:
1154:
1108:
1077:
Boonstra, L.D. (1969). "The Fauna Of The Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort Beds Of The Karoo)".
1051:
1015:
927:
884:
838:
4610:
4365:
4297:
4262:
4226:
4030:
4005:
3930:
3784:
3769:
3684:
3498:
3438:
3418:
3336:
2974:
2954:
2949:
2837:
2776:
2727:
2656:
2118:
2076:
2006:
1971:
1675:
1659:
1632:
1562:
1539:
1482:
1459:
1413:
421:
312:
114:
4640:
4530:
4360:
4282:
4236:
4211:
4156:
4075:
4000:
3985:
3965:
3955:
3905:
3860:
3799:
3714:
3644:
3604:
3398:
3285:
3114:
3104:
2939:
2934:
2788:
2771:
2737:
2348:
2341:
2307:
2251:
2097:
1851:
1738:
1731:
1717:
1598:
1475:
1295:
1196:
918:
Kammerer, C. F. (2023). "Revision of the Scylacosauridae (Therapsida: Therocephalia)".
714:, it has five incisors, with a single canine followed by three preserved post canines.
581:
is still a name used for specimen today because it is the name that was applied to the
506:
412:
30:
1019:
399:
today and based upon specimens belonging to two separate families of therocephalians.
369:
based upon various fossils of large early therocephalians. The genus was described by
4778:
4464:
4391:
4329:
4201:
4196:
4171:
4121:
4040:
4025:
4015:
3940:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3865:
3749:
3724:
3694:
3639:
3589:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3503:
3493:
3458:
3428:
3403:
3377:
3316:
3177:
3172:
2612:
2417:
2292:
2272:
2104:
2090:
2013:
1999:
1858:
1830:
1782:
1668:
1641:
1612:
1546:
1388:
1375:
1338:
1244:
1112:
904:
765:
464:
428:
363:
220:
130:
72:
4635:
4525:
4495:
4287:
4277:
4241:
4166:
4146:
4126:
4070:
4055:
3950:
3935:
3890:
3789:
3739:
3719:
3689:
3679:
3629:
3619:
3584:
3563:
3543:
3483:
3468:
3346:
3331:
3311:
3055:
2494:
2487:
2459:
2404:
2327:
2299:
2231:
2204:
2193:
2179:
2170:
2125:
2020:
1978:
1865:
1837:
1773:
1703:
1689:
1448:
1432:
755:
437:
408:
370:
356:
271:
1128:
1055:
4355:
4292:
4267:
4246:
4231:
4161:
4136:
4065:
4060:
4010:
3995:
3980:
3945:
3885:
3875:
3774:
3759:
3754:
3709:
3704:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3609:
3478:
3463:
3448:
3413:
3341:
3050:
3005:
2929:
2897:
2820:
2681:
2641:
2438:
2424:
2143:
2132:
2069:
2062:
1992:
1814:
1803:
1796:
1648:
1591:
1532:
1511:
1497:
47:
4721:
486:
Unfortunately, in his initial description, Broom states the holotype fossil of
4386:
4350:
4221:
4206:
4191:
4181:
4131:
4050:
4035:
4020:
3960:
3920:
3880:
3870:
3674:
3649:
3624:
3513:
3508:
3473:
3453:
3433:
3280:
3167:
2825:
2706:
2265:
2213:
2083:
2041:
1957:
1944:
1880:
1823:
1620:
1441:
1420:
1406:
1286:
732:
536:
204:
92:
57:
1166:
1063:
1027:
896:
4334:
4313:
4272:
3990:
3975:
3794:
3744:
3729:
3699:
3654:
3634:
3594:
3488:
3443:
3408:
3393:
3372:
3356:
3295:
3290:
2979:
2473:
2318:
2186:
2152:
1985:
1789:
1696:
1311:
1277:
760:
564:
366:
191:
158:
97:
41:
1120:
2528:
4715:
4176:
4151:
4116:
3568:
3518:
3351:
3321:
3023:
2244:
2220:
1605:
1576:
1268:
582:
525:
178:
122:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
34:
992:
4735:
4615:
3925:
2159:
1209:
The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
932:
843:
770:
540:
102:
77:
4216:
2334:
2048:
1262:
168:
4692:
563:. Therocephalia is still used as a descriptor to place some extinct
1158:
888:
455:
is estimated to have been approximately the size of the modern day
456:
359:
490:
is from an unknown locality. This specimen, like many fossils of
1213:
4696:
4594:
4566:
4422:
3243:
3156:
2918:
2570:
2532:
2401:
1942:
1373:
1255:
1217:
350:
344:
338:
333:
607:
Despite having only a partial fossil, it has been said that
501:
fossils have been recovered and recorded as coming from the
16:
Extinct genus of therapsids from middle Permian South Africa
979:
LYDEKKER, R. (1908). "The Year's Vertebrate Palæontology".
960:
Broom, Robert (1903). "On Some New Primitive Theriodonts".
459:, and possessed teeth suggesting that it was carnivorous.
441:
as a valid species in 1932 but now is recognised as being
3255:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
2582:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
591:
was first classified coming from Lycosuchia, renamed as
635:
as the remains of a baby tooth, which is also seen in
981:
Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1906-1916)
300:
281:
259:
4705:
4473:
4457:
4374:
4343:
4322:
4306:
4255:
4109:
4084:
3853:
3808:
3577:
3386:
3365:
3304:
3273:
3128:
3097:
3064:
2993:
2965:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
2890:
2717:
2631:
2590:
2317:
2282:
2230:
2203:
2169:
2142:
1955:
1879:
1813:
1772:
1748:
1658:
1631:
1560:
1458:
1431:
1386:
1337:
1310:
1044:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
494:, is only of the anterior portion of the skull.
685:There are minimal notes on skull characters as
4444:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
3222:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
474:, which is likely the largest therocephalian.
463:was initially described as the second largest
395:in 1954. Each of these species are considered
3260:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
2544:
1229:
427:. Broom named a fourth species in 1907 from
8:
528:. The Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone where
4693:
4673:
4591:
4563:
4454:
4419:
4081:
3805:
3270:
3240:
3227:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
3153:
2990:
2915:
2587:
2567:
2551:
2537:
2529:
2398:
2236:
1963:
1952:
1939:
1754:
1568:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1370:
1316:
1307:
1252:
1236:
1222:
1214:
113:
20:
1079:Annals of the South African Museum Africa
931:
842:
782:
1178:
1176:
1140:
1138:
1094:
1092:
7:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
4449:Geological Society of South Africa
1197:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.tb07409.x
962:Annals of the South African Museum
14:
3001:List of volcanoes in South Africa
1008:Journal of African Earth Sciences
509:in South Africa. One specimen of
435:, though he later referred it to
4672:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4634:
4546:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
2513:
2512:
2383:
2377:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1113:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00122.x
735:
145:
3831:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
1147:The Quarterly Review of Biology
595:, before being re-described as
4439:Evolutionary Studies Institute
3836:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1153:(3): 269–270. September 1945.
689:skulls are "badly weathered".
503:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1:
4800:Fossil taxa described in 1903
3821:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
3816:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
3217:Minerals Council South Africa
3074:1620 Robben Island earthquake
1020:10.1016/s0899-5362(01)00081-1
505:, many specifically from the
4424:Research and administration
4097:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
3841:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
1056:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.059
351:
339:
4795:Permian synapsids of Africa
4092:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
3826:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
4821:
4805:Taxa named by Robert Broom
3120:Vredefort impact structure
3110:Morokweng impact structure
3084:2006 Mozambique earthquake
807:J. Van Den Heever (1987),
345:
334:
4628:
4601:
4590:
4573:
4562:
4521:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
4429:
4418:
4402:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3265:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3250:
3239:
3163:
3152:
3046:Barberton Greenstone Belt
2925:
2914:
2577:
2566:
2508:
2412:
2397:
2375:
2239:
1966:
1951:
1938:
1909:
1757:
1571:
1401:
1397:
1382:
1369:
1319:
1306:
1251:
467:, until the discovery of
256:
251:
142:Scientific classification
140:
121:
112:
23:
4142:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
3011:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
2662:Table Mountain Sandstone
2598:Bushveld Igneous Complex
571:has been moved into the
4655:South Africa portal
4491:Charles Kimberlin Brain
3079:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
2794:Abrahamskraal Formation
2748:Sundays River Formation
2672:Abrahamskraal Formation
2560:Geology of South Africa
920:Palaeontologia Africana
877:Journal of Paleontology
831:Palaeontologia africana
407:represent specimens of
4506:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
4434:Council for Geoscience
4397:West Coast Fossil Park
3089:2014 Orkney earthquake
2970:Terra Australis Orogen
2920:Tectonics and orogeny
2733:Buffelskloof Formation
521:fossil (SAM-PK-3430).
513:(SAM-PK-9084) and two
4757:Paleobiology Database
3016:Prince Edward Islands
2572:Geological formations
829:from KwaZulu-Natal".
385:in 1915 and a third,
4790:Therocephalia genera
4578:Geology of Cape Town
4536:John Talbot Robinson
4486:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
3192:Coal in South Africa
3183:Banket (mining term)
2880:Normandien Formation
2623:Transvaal Supergroup
827:Scymnosaurus warreni
393:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
4541:George William Stow
4382:Cradle of Humankind
3136:Bellsbank meteorite
3029:Finsch diamond mine
2985:Witwatersrand Basin
2960:Makhonjwa Mountains
2831:Whitehill Formation
2809:Middleton Formation
2697:Whitehill Formation
2687:Ganigobis Formation
2647:Ganigobis Formation
743:Paleontology portal
718:Palate/Post-orbital
4641:Geology portal
4516:Alfred W. Crompton
4481:Andrew Geddes Bain
3765:Pristerognathoides
3205:Titanium in Africa
3200:Platinum in Africa
3196:Iron ore in Africa
3039:Koffiefontein mine
3034:Jagersfontein Mine
2945:Gondwanide orogeny
2843:Bushveld Sandstone
2814:Teekloof Formation
2743:Kirkwood Formation
2692:Teekloof Formation
2603:Fig Tree Formation
1185:Journal of Zoology
1101:Biological Reviews
873:Simorhinella baini
751:List of therapsids
4772:
4771:
4699:Taxon identifiers
4690:
4689:
4624:
4623:
4606:Pothole (geology)
4586:
4585:
4568:Regional articles
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4511:H. Basil S. Cooke
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4187:Heterodontosaurus
4105:
4104:
3849:
3848:
3780:Promoschorhynchus
3235:
3234:
3210:Uranium in Africa
3158:Mineral deposits
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2875:Molteno Formation
2870:Katberg Formation
2848:Clarens Formation
2804:Katberg Formation
2799:Balfour Formation
2767:Drakensberg Group
2755:Kalahari Deposits
2677:Balfour Formation
2608:Komatii Formation
2526:
2525:
2504:
2503:
2393:
2392:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2356:Traversodontoides
2028:Jiucaiyuangnathus
1934:
1933:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1875:
1874:
1725:Promoschorhynchus
1556:
1555:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
325:
324:
319:
297:
292:) (=Lycosuchidae
278:
247:
4812:
4765:
4764:
4752:
4751:
4739:
4738:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4694:
4676:
4675:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4592:
4564:
4455:
4420:
4082:
3806:
3735:Macroscelesaurus
3615:Cistecephaloides
3600:Blattoidealestes
3424:Cistecephaloides
3327:Deltacephalaspis
3271:
3241:
3154:
2991:
2916:
2865:Elliot Formation
2853:Elliot Formation
2784:Karoo Supergroup
2618:Onverwacht Group
2588:
2568:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2432:Blattoidealestes
2399:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2284:Ericiolacertidae
2237:
2035:Macroscelesaurus
1964:
1953:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1755:
1569:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1371:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1050:(1–2): 184–203.
1038:
1032:
1031:
1014:(3–4): 563–577.
1003:
997:
996:
976:
970:
969:
957:
938:
937:
935:
915:
909:
908:
883:(6): 1139–1153.
868:
849:
848:
846:
823:Dicynodon ingens
818:
812:
811:
804:
745:
740:
739:
738:
599:incertae sedis.
575:incertae sedis.
354:
348:
347:
342:
337:
336:
306:
302:
288:Boonstra, 1954 (
287:
283:
265:
261:
239:
232:
219:
150:
149:
117:
107:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4760:
4755:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4649:
4647:
4633:
4620:
4611:Steep structure
4597:
4582:
4569:
4550:
4474:Paleontologists
4469:
4453:
4425:
4406:
4370:
4366:Vulpes skinneri
4339:
4318:
4302:
4298:Ptychoceratodus
4263:Acanthohoplites
4251:
4227:Ptychoceratodus
4101:
4080:
4031:Ptychoceratodus
4006:Platycraniellus
3931:Ictidosuchoides
3845:
3804:
3785:Scalopocephalus
3770:Pristerognathus
3685:Homodontosaurus
3573:
3499:Ictidosuchoides
3439:Dicynodontoides
3419:Charassognathus
3382:
3361:
3337:Gondwanascorpio
3300:
3269:
3246:
3231:
3159:
3140:
3124:
3093:
3060:
2989:
2975:Transvaal Basin
2955:Kalahari Craton
2950:Kaapvaal Craton
2921:
2902:
2886:
2838:Stormberg Group
2777:Uitenhage Group
2728:Uitenhage Group
2713:
2657:Bokkeveld Group
2627:
2586:
2573:
2562:
2557:
2527:
2522:
2500:
2408:
2389:
2382:
2361:
2313:
2278:
2226:
2199:
2165:
2138:
2119:Silphictidoides
2077:Scalopocephalus
2056:Nanictocephalus
2007:Ictidosuchoides
1972:Homodontosaurus
1960:
1947:
1930:
1923:
1895:
1871:
1809:
1768:
1744:
1676:Annatherapsidus
1660:Akidnognathidae
1654:
1633:Chthonosauridae
1627:
1565:
1563:Eutherocephalia
1552:
1540:Pristerognathus
1483:Biarmosuchoides
1460:Scylacosauridae
1454:
1427:
1414:Porosteognathus
1391:
1378:
1353:
1333:
1302:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1205:
1204:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1005:
1004:
1000:
978:
977:
973:
959:
958:
941:
917:
916:
912:
870:
869:
852:
820:
819:
815:
806:
805:
784:
779:
766:Therocephalians
741:
736:
734:
731:
725:
720:
708:
697:
683:
675:
659:
649:Scylacosauridae
645:
632:
620:
605:
549:
484:
422:Scylacosauridae
355:'lizard') is a
313:Scylacosauridae
241:
238:
230:
217:
144:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4785:Scylacosaurids
4777:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4740:
4727:
4711:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4658:
4644:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4531:James Kitching
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4361:Panthera shawi
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Macroscaphites
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Sefapanosaurus
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Massospondylus
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Erythrotherium
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4076:Zorillodontops
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:Plateosauravus
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Olivierosuchus
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:Microgomphodon
3963:
3958:
3956:Melanorosaurus
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Erythrotherium
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Batrachosuchus
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3800:Uranocentrodon
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Lanthanostegus
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3645:Cynariognathus
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:Brachyprosopus
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3578:Beaufort Group
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Alopecognathus
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Onychopterella
3283:
3277:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3115:Tswaing crater
3112:
3107:
3105:Kalkkop crater
3101:
3099:
3098:Impact craters
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Ellisras Basin
2937:
2935:Cape Fold Belt
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2789:Beaufort Group
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:Enon Formation
2769:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Enon Formation
2735:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2638:Carboniferous
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2591:Palaeoarchaean
2585:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2349:Scalopognathus
2345:
2342:Microgomphodon
2338:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2308:Silphedosuchus
2304:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2252:Nothogomphodon
2248:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2098:Scalopolacerta
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1852:Moschowhaitsia
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1739:Zorillodontops
1735:
1732:Shiguaignathus
1728:
1721:
1718:Olivierosuchus
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1683:Cerdosuchoides
1679:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1599:Perplexisaurus
1595:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1476:Alopecognathus
1472:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:Eutheriodontia
1289:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1191:(2): 163–173.
1172:
1159:10.1086/394899
1134:
1107:(4): 703–727.
1088:
1069:
1033:
998:
987:(7): 501–524.
971:
939:
910:
889:10.1666/13-186
850:
813:
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
746:
730:
727:
719:
716:
707:
704:
696:
691:
682:
679:
674:
671:
669:is SAM-10566.
658:
653:
644:
641:
631:
628:
619:
614:
604:
601:
548:
545:
507:Beaufort Group
483:
480:
465:therocephalian
425:incertae sedis
413:incertae sedis
379:, followed by
364:therocephalian
323:
322:
321:
320:
316:incertae sedis
298:
294:incertae sedis
279:
275:incertae sedis
254:
253:
249:
248:
228:
224:
223:
215:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
134:incertae sedis
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
31:Middle Permian
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4817:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4565:
4561:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4465:Hans Merensky
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Scylacorhinus
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Africanacetus
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Litargosuchus
4200:
4198:
4197:Lesothosaurus
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Gigantoscelus
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Abrictosaurus
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Scaloposaurus
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Proterosuchus
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Progalesaurus
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Lepidodendron
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Euskelosaurus
3914:
3912:
3911:Eucnemesaurus
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Erythrosuchus
3899:
3897:
3896:Ericiolacerta
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Blikanasaurus
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Pelictosuchus
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Lepidodendron
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Ictidochampsa
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Cryptocynodon
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Anomocephalus
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Thliptosaurus
3557:
3555:
3554:Theriognathus
3552:
3550:
3549:Stereosternum
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Scylacosaurus
3532:
3530:
3529:Procynosuchus
3527:
3525:
3524:Odontocyclops
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Lepidodendron
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Ictidognathus
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Dwykaselachus
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Crapartinella
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Anomocephalus
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3378:Lepidodendron
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:Carboniferous
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Antarctilamna
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3245:Paleontology
3242:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:Witwatersrand
3176:
3174:
3173:Merensky Reef
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Moodies Group
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:Alopecorhinus
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2380:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:Ericiolacerta
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2273:Scaloposaurus
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:Scaloposuchus
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:Scaloporhinus
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:Scalopodontes
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:Ictidosuchops
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:Ictidognathus
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:Theriognathus
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1845:Microwhaitsia
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:Ictidochampsa
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:Gorochovetzia
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1669:Akidnognathus
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:Chthonosaurus
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:Scylacosuchus
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:Kotelcephalon
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:Scylacosaurus
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:Therocephalia
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Therocephalia
1372:
1368:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1339:Therocephalia
1336:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Therocephalia
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
940:
934:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
814:
810:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
783:
776:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
733:
728:
726:
723:
717:
715:
713:
705:
703:
701:
695:
692:
690:
688:
680:
678:
672:
670:
668:
663:
657:
654:
652:
650:
642:
640:
638:
629:
627:
625:
622:The first of
618:
615:
613:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Scylacosaurus
546:
544:
542:
538:
537:Early Permian
533:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
481:
479:
475:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
429:KwaZulu-Natal
426:
423:
419:
415:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
373:in 1903 with
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
353:
343:'lion cub' +
341:
331:
330:
317:
314:
310:
307:Broom, 1915 (
305:
299:
295:
291:
286:
280:
276:
273:
269:
266:Broom, 1903 (
264:
258:
257:
255:
250:
245:
237:
236:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:Therocephalia
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
135:
132:
131:scylacosaurid
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:265–250
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4707:Scymnosaurus
4706:
4679:
4665:
4646:
4632:
4526:Andre Keyser
4501:Alfred Brown
4496:Robert Broom
4288:Nqwebasaurus
4278:Kangnasaurus
4242:Sphenosuchus
4167:Geranosaurus
4147:Dracovenator
4127:Antetonitrus
4071:Ufudocyclops
4056:Tetracynodon
4046:Scymnosaurus
4045:
3951:Lystrosaurus
3936:Kannemeyeria
3891:Elliotherium
3790:Silpholestes
3740:Moschorhinus
3720:Leontosaurus
3690:Icticephalus
3680:Euchambersia
3630:Colobodectes
3620:Choerosaurus
3585:Aelurosaurus
3564:Trochosaurus
3544:Simorhinella
3539:Scymnosaurus
3538:
3484:Glossopteris
3469:Eunotosaurus
3347:Serenichthys
3332:Diplacanthus
3312:Africanaspis
3056:Karoo-Ferrar
2495:Trochosuchus
2493:
2488:Trochosaurus
2486:
2481:Trochorhinus
2479:
2472:
2467:Scymnosaurus
2466:
2465:
2460:Ictidosaurus
2458:
2451:
2446:Hyaenasuchus
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2405:Nomina dubia
2403:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2328:Antecosuchus
2326:
2306:
2300:Pedaeosaurus
2298:
2291:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2232:Bauriamorpha
2219:
2212:
2205:Regisauridae
2194:Tetracynodon
2192:
2185:
2180:Choerosaurus
2178:
2171:Lycideopidae
2158:
2151:
2131:
2126:Silpholestes
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2021:Ictidosuchus
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1979:Icticephalus
1977:
1970:
1916:
1866:Viatkosuchus
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1838:Megawhaitsia
1836:
1829:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:Hofmeyriidae
1761:
1750:Whaitsioidea
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1711:Notaelurodon
1709:
1704:Moschorhinus
1702:
1695:
1690:Euchambersia
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1647:
1640:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1449:Simorhinella
1447:
1440:
1433:Lycosuchidae
1419:
1412:
1405:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1188:
1184:
1150:
1146:
1104:
1100:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1011:
1007:
1001:
984:
980:
974:
965:
961:
923:
919:
913:
880:
876:
872:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
808:
756:Lycosuchidae
724:
721:
711:
709:
699:
698:
693:
686:
684:
676:
666:
661:
660:
655:
648:
646:
637:Lycosuchidae
636:
633:
623:
621:
616:
608:
606:
603:Paleobiology
597:Lycosuchidae
596:
592:
588:
587:
579:Scymnosaurus
578:
577:
573:Lycosuchidae
572:
569:Scymnosaurus
568:
561:Scymnosaurus
560:
557:Ictidosaurus
556:
552:
550:
534:
530:Scymnosaurus
529:
523:
518:
514:
510:
499:Scymnosaurus
498:
496:
492:Scymnosaurus
491:
487:
485:
476:
471:
468:
460:
453:Scymnosaurus
452:
451:
447:M. kitchingi
446:
438:Moschorhinus
436:
432:
424:
417:
411:
409:Lycosuchidae
404:
400:
396:
387:
386:
381:
380:
375:
374:
371:Robert Broom
329:Scymnosaurus
328:
327:
326:
315:
309:nomen dubium
308:
303:
293:
290:nomen dubium
289:
284:
274:
272:Lycosuchidae
268:nomen dubium
267:
262:
244:nomen dubium
243:
235:Scymnosaurus
234:
233:
211:
198:
185:
133:
126:
25:Scymnosaurus
24:
18:
4356:Homo naledi
4344:Pleistocene
4293:Paranthodon
4268:Algoasaurus
4247:Tritheledon
4232:Pulanesaura
4162:Fabrosaurus
4137:Coelophysis
4085:Assemblages
4066:Trirachodon
4061:Thrinaxodon
4011:Procolophon
3996:Pentasaurus
3981:Noteosuchus
3971:Micropholis
3946:Lydekkerina
3886:Dinanomodon
3876:Cynognathus
3809:Assemblages
3775:Procolophon
3760:Pristerodon
3755:Polycynodon
3710:Ictidostoma
3705:Ictidodraco
3670:Eohyosaurus
3665:Eodicynodon
3660:Dinanomodon
3610:Broomistega
3479:Glanosuchus
3464:Endothiodon
3449:Dinanomodon
3414:Bulbasaurus
3342:Priscomyzon
3066:Earthquakes
3051:Drakensberg
3006:Pilanesberg
2930:Algoa Basin
2898:Algoa Group
2821:Dwyka Group
2724:Cretaceous
2703:Ordovician
2682:Dwyka Group
2642:Dwyka Group
2453:Ictidoparia
2439:Dongusaurus
2425:Arnognathus
2259:Notictoides
2144:Karenitidae
2133:Yikezhaogia
2070:Rhigosaurus
2063:Polycynodon
1993:Ictidodraco
1815:Whaitsiidae
1804:Mirotenthes
1797:Ictidostoma
1763:Ophidostoma
1649:Ichibengops
1592:Nanictidops
1533:Pardosuchus
1526:Maraisaurus
1519:Koksharovia
1512:Julognathus
1505:Hyorhynchus
1498:Glanosuchus
1491:Eutheriodon
933:10539/35700
844:10539/37143
837:: 171–179.
609:Scymnosaurs
567:, However,
397:nomen dubia
240:Broom, 1903
4779:Categories
4458:Geologists
4387:Planolites
4351:Boskop Man
4256:Cretaceous
4222:Pegomastax
4207:Lycorhinus
4192:Ledumahadi
4182:Gyposaurus
4132:Arcusaurus
4051:Shansiodon
4036:Regisaurus
4021:Prolacerta
3961:Mesosuchus
3921:Galesaurus
3881:Diademodon
3871:Bolotridon
3675:Emyduranus
3650:Cynosaurus
3625:Clelandina
3514:Mesosaurus
3509:Lycosuchus
3474:Galechirus
3454:Dinogorgon
3434:Cynosaurus
3281:Notiodella
3274:Ordovician
3168:Kimberlite
3129:Meteorites
3020:Diatremes
2826:Ecca Group
2707:Soom Shale
2266:Ordosiodon
2214:Regisaurus
2084:Scalopodon
2042:Malasaurus
1958:Baurioidea
1945:Baurioidea
1890:see below↓
1881:Baurioidea
1824:Dalongkoua
1621:Cynodontia
1469:Alopecodon
1442:Lycosuchus
1421:Cynodontia
1407:Gorynychus
1348:see below↓
1287:Therapsida
777:References
761:Therapsids
700:S. watsoni
694:S. watsoni
593:S. Watsoni
589:S. watsoni
565:Therapsids
443:synonymous
433:S. warreni
418:S. watsoni
382:S. watsoni
367:therapsids
304:S. watsoni
205:Therapsida
127:S. watsoni
4335:Nummulite
4314:Nummulite
4307:Paleogene
4273:Baculites
3991:Orosaurus
3976:Myosaurus
3795:Tamboeria
3745:Paliguana
3730:Lycideops
3700:Ictidodon
3655:Diictodon
3635:Compsodon
3595:Basilodon
3489:Hofmeyria
3444:Diictodon
3409:Basilodon
3394:Abdalodon
3373:Dadoxylon
3357:Umzantsia
3296:Soomaspis
3291:Promissum
2994:Volcanism
2980:Witteberg
2861:Triassic
2763:Jurassic
2653:Devonian
2632:Paleozoic
2474:Tamboeria
2319:Bauriidae
2187:Lycideops
2153:Karenites
1986:Ictidodon
1790:Hofmeyria
1697:Jiufengia
1327:Synapsida
1312:Synapsida
1278:Synapsida
1261:Kingdom:
1167:0033-5770
1085:: 50, 56.
1064:0031-0182
1028:1464-343X
926:: 51–87.
905:129323281
897:0022-3360
706:Dentition
673:Dentition
630:Dentition
192:Synapsida
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
125:skull of
4722:Q7439658
4716:Wikidata
4681:Glossary
4667:Category
4177:Gryponyx
4152:Eocursor
4117:Aardonyx
4110:Jurassic
3854:Triassic
3569:Youngina
3519:Moschops
3352:Tutusius
3322:Bainella
3305:Devonian
3024:Big Hole
2891:Cenozoic
2718:Mesozoic
2668:Permian
2518:Category
2245:Hazhenia
2221:Urumchia
1606:Purlovia
1577:Caodeyao
1269:Chordata
1267:Phylum:
1263:Animalia
1121:20105154
993:43776634
729:See also
712:S. ferox
687:S. major
667:S. major
662:S. major
656:S. major
624:S. ferox
617:S. ferox
585:fossil.
583:holotype
526:Triassic
519:S. ferox
515:S. major
511:S. ferox
488:S. ferox
461:S. ferox
416:, while
405:S. major
401:S. ferox
388:S. major
376:S. ferox
285:S. major
263:S. ferox
252:Species
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
123:Holotype
35:Triassic
4749:1318106
4736:4822523
4616:Swazian
4323:Neogene
3926:Howesia
3387:Permian
2160:Mupashi
771:Permian
547:History
541:Permian
482:Geology
357:dubious
340:skymnos
335:σκύμνος
227:Genus:
4217:Ngwevu
2335:Bauria
2049:Muchia
1165:
1129:313909
1127:
1119:
1062:
1026:
991:
903:
895:
681:Palate
643:Palate
497:Later
352:sauros
346:σαῦρος
4762:56800
4744:IRMNG
4596:Other
4375:Other
1292:Clade
1283:Clade
1274:Clade
1125:S2CID
989:JSTOR
901:S2CID
710:Like
472:major
457:hyena
445:with
391:, by
360:genus
212:Clade
199:Clade
186:Clade
4731:GBIF
1325:see
1163:ISSN
1117:PMID
1060:ISSN
1024:ISSN
893:ISSN
825:and
559:and
403:and
311:) (=
270:) (=
48:PreꞒ
1193:doi
1155:doi
1109:doi
1052:doi
1048:240
1016:doi
928:hdl
885:doi
839:hdl
420:is
362:of
4781::
4759::
4746::
4733::
4718::
1294::
1285::
1276::
1189:85
1187:.
1175:^
1161:.
1151:20
1149:.
1137:^
1123:.
1115:.
1105:85
1103:.
1091:^
1083:56
1081:.
1058:.
1046:.
1022:.
1012:33
1010:.
983:.
964:.
942:^
924:56
922:.
899:.
891:.
881:88
879:.
853:^
835:56
833:.
785:^
555:,
469:S.
449:.
431:,
349:,
214::
201::
188::
136:)
98:Pg
42:Ma
37:,
2552:e
2545:t
2538:v
2303:?
1624:?
1616:?
1587:?
1486:?
1424:?
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
1199:.
1195::
1169:.
1157::
1131:.
1111::
1066:.
1054::
1030:.
1018::
995:.
985:2
968:.
966:4
936:.
930::
907:.
887::
847:.
841::
332:(
318:)
301:†
296:)
282:†
277:)
260:†
246:)
242:(
231:†
218:†
129:(
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
33:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
