351:
152:
295:
809:
107:, of which the spores are formed in a large mass enclosed in an outer skin. However, in spite of this apparently very great difference in form, recent mycological research, both at microscopic and molecular level has shown that sometimes species of open mushrooms are much more closely related to particular species of gasteroid fungi than they are to each other. Fungi which do not open up to let their spores be dispersed in the air, but which show a clear
20:
775:
Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Yang ZL, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2007).
139:
It can at times be disadvantageous for a mushroom to open up and free its spores in the usual way. If this development is aborted, a secotioid form arises, perhaps to be followed eventually by an evolutionary progression to a fully gasteroid form. This type of progression is called
135:
On a microscopic scale, secotioid fungi do not expel their spores forcibly from the basidium; their spores are "statismospores". Like gasteroid fungi, secotioid species rely on animals such as rodents or insects to distribute their spores.
132:, which is the type species. In the following years numerous secotioid species were added to this genus, including ones which according to modern taxonomy belong to other genera or families.
144:
and seems to have happened several times independently starting from various genera of "normal" mushrooms. This means that the secotioid and also the gasteroid fungi are
182:. This is found by DNA analysis and also indicated on a microscopic scale by the resemblance of the spores and basidia. According to a current classification system,
148:. According to the paper by Thiers, in certain climates and certain seasons, it may be an advantage to remain closed, because moisture can be conserved in that way.
65:
are not forcibly discharged or otherwise prevented from being dispersed (e.g. gills completely inclosed and never exposed as in the secotioid form of
350:
913:
243:
there may be recognizable gills (though oriented in all directions and very convoluted), or the fertile interior may be uniform like the
53:
has started but not run to completion. Secotioid fungi may or may not have opening caps, but in any case they often lack the vertical
230:
causes it to have a closed fruiting body. This suggests that the emergence of a secotioid species may not require many mutations.
151:
347:
genus where the fruiting bodies may or may not open, but in any case the tubes are not aligned vertically as in a true bolete.
309:
is a secotioid species found early in the year at high altitude in the western United States. It was originally assigned to
734:"Historical and current perspectives in the systematics of Australian cortinarioid sequestrate (truffle-like) fungi"
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233:
There is a spectrum of secotioid species ranging from the open form to the closed form in the following respects:
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there may be an evident stipe, or there may be only a remnant consisting of a column of non-fertile tissue,
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have been assigned to a new (presumably more appropriate) genus and which remain under that taxon, see
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522:(22). Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 12002–12006.
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if there is a stipe the edge of the cap may separate from it (partially opening), or may not,
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is a very widespread genus of agarics, but also contains some secotioid species, such as
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371:(the genus of common cultivated mushrooms) which at one time was placed in the genus
339:
213:
72:
71:)—note—some mycologists do not consider a species to be secotioid unless it has lost
62:
687:
512:"Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences"
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It has been found that a change in a single locus of a gene of the gilled mushroom
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145:
125:
42:
41:
fungi produce an intermediate fruiting body form that is between the mushroom-like
619:
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198:
58:
793:
688:"Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors"
266:" is sometimes used as a general term to mean "either secotioid or gasteroid".
111:
relation to agarics or boletes, constitute an intermediate form and are called
255:
100:
54:
536:
30:
888:
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The following 1984 article provides a good introduction to sectioid fungi:
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of gills or tubes respectively) were classified quite separately from the
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587:(2). New York: The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. NY 10458: 94–104.
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435:
88:
84:
698:(1). New York: The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. NY 10458: 85–98.
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332:
872:
703:
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482:
477:(1). New York: The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. NY 10458: 1–8.
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Hibett DS; Tsuneda A; Shigeyuki M. (1994). "The
Secotioid Form of
349:
293:
244:
150:
18:
510:; Pine, E. M; Langer, E; Langer, G; Donoghue, M. J (1997-10-28).
414::Genetics and Development of a Fungal Morphological Innovation".
778:"Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview"
168:
has been shown to be closely related to agaric genera such as
196:
fungi than, for instance, to the ordinary mushrooms in genus
61:
needed to allow the spores to be dispersed by wind, and the
79:
Explanation of secotioid development and gasteromycetation
190:, and is considered more narrowly related to the closed
574:"The Structure and Development of Secotium agaricoides"
205:
A similar case is the well-known "Deceiver" mushroom
331:itself, although the latter consists primarily of
389:analysis revealed it to be closely aligned with
118:The word is derived from the name of the genus
250:the spore-bearing tissue may be above ground (
315:and later to a more specific secotioid genus
8:
851:Vellinga EC; de Kok RPJ; Bruns TD. (2003).
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453:
451:
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174:, which were formerly placed in family
319:, but in fact it is closely allied to
7:
765:, which shows rudimentary lamellae.
635:Then select "genus" and search for
325:and it has now been moved to genus
49:, where an evolutionary process of
620:"the Species Fungorum search page"
14:
162:For example, the gasteroid genus
807:
211:which is now classified in the
124:, which was defined in 1840 by
28:, a secotioid form of a bluing
91:(which bear their spores on a
1:
914:Fungal morphology and anatomy
128:for a South African example,
853:"Phylogeny and taxonomy of
833:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
665:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
626:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
940:
794:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982
416:American Journal of Botany
365:is a secotioid species of
45:and the closed bag-shaped
34:in the cyanescens complex.
462:(January–February 1984).
763:Nivatogastrium nubigenum
613:To see which species of
537:10.1073/pnas.94.22.12002
464:"The Secotioid Syndrome"
221:being a gastroid genus.
741:Australasian Mycologist
686:; Bresinsky, A (2002).
247:of gasteroid fungi, and
381:was formerly known as
357:
301:
186:now belongs to family
159:
35:
383:Endoptychum depressum
353:
297:
154:
22:
362:Agaricus deserticola
355:Agaricus deserticola
258:), or partly buried.
528:1997PNAS...9412002H
254:), or underground (
57:orientation of the
747:(3): 81–116. 2002.
378:Agaricus inapertus
358:
322:Pholiota squarrosa
302:
160:
157:Hymenogaster tener
36:
825:Pholiota nubigena
759:this Mykoweb page
412:Lentinus tegrinus
306:Pholiota nubigena
299:Pholiota nubigena
227:Lentinus tigrinus
155:Cross-section of
142:gasteromycetation
68:Lentinus tigrinus
51:gasteromycetation
25:Psilocybe weraroa
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289:C. cartilagineus
281:C. leucocephalus
208:Laccaria laccata
188:Hymenogastraceae
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934:
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924:Secotioid fungi
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593:10.2307/3753132
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570:Conard, Henry S
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483:10.2307/3792830
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460:Thiers, Harry D
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343:is a secotioid
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262:The adjective "
97:gasteroid fungi
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17:
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5:
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919:Mushroom types
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857:(Agaricaceae)"
843:
814:
767:
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663:Index Fungorum
641:
606:
572:(March 1915).
561:
496:
441:
422:(4): 466–478.
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317:Nivatogastrium
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180:Strophariaceae
176:Cortinariaceae
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47:gasteromycetes
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867:(3): 442–56.
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788:(6): 982–95.
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375:. Similarly,
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109:morphological
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83:Historically
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73:ballistospory
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63:basidiospores
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:hymenomycetes
40:
33:
32:
27:
26:
21:
16:Type of fungi
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855:Macrolepiota
854:
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835:. Retrieved
830:
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667:. Retrieved
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146:polyphyletic
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82:
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50:
38:
37:
29:
23:
659:Kunze page"
652:, also see
276:Cortinarius
264:sequestrate
199:Cortinarius
130:S. gueinzii
59:hymenophore
903:Categories
837:2020-05-24
669:2022-06-18
648:For genus
630:2022-06-18
397:References
219:Hydnangium
101:puff-balls
99:, such as
861:Mycologia
782:Mycologia
692:Mycologia
684:Binder, M
581:Mycologia
471:Mycologia
387:molecular
285:C. coneae
256:hypogeous
113:secotioid
55:geotropic
39:Secotioid
31:Psilocybe
909:Mycology
889:21156633
802:17486974
720:21156480
657:Secotium
650:Secotium
637:Secotium
615:Secotium
391:Agaricus
373:Secotium
368:Agaricus
328:Pholiota
312:Secotium
270:Examples
252:epigeous
184:Hebeloma
171:Hebeloma
121:Secotium
105:truffles
93:hymenium
881:3761886
712:3761848
601:3753132
556:9342352
524:Bibcode
491:3792830
436:2445497
333:agarics
89:boletes
85:agarics
887:
879:
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385:until
345:bolete
877:JSTOR
827:page"
823:"the
737:(PDF)
708:JSTOR
655:"the
597:JSTOR
577:(PDF)
547:23683
487:JSTOR
467:(PDF)
432:JSTOR
245:gleba
126:Kunze
885:PMID
798:PMID
757:See
716:PMID
552:PMID
516:PNAS
287:and
103:and
87:and
869:doi
790:doi
761:of
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589:doi
542:PMC
532:doi
479:doi
424:doi
178:or
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