Truffle - Knowledge (XXG)

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fungi and very strict control of the formation of mycorrhizae are necessary to ensure the success of a plantation. Total investment per hectare for an irrigated and barrier-sealed plantation (against wild boars) can cost up to €10,000. Considering the level of initial investment and the maturity delay, farmers who have not taken care of both soil conditions and seedling conditions are at high risk of failure.

1459:(in western France), who began to cultivate truffles around 1790. Mauléon saw an "obvious symbiosis" between the oak tree, the rocky soil, and the truffle and attempted to reproduce such an environment by taking acorns from trees known to have produced truffles and sowing them in chalky soil. His experiment was successful, with truffles found in the soil around the newly grown oak trees years later. In 1847, 552: 1660: 634: 1120: 4452:" (the farmer then had the idea, around 1790 — because there is an obvious symbiosis between the oak tree, the rocky soil, and truffles — of inducing the formation of truffle patches, by reproducing their natural environment by sowing acorns in his rocky soils. With "the acorns came from the oak trees producing truffles, sowings were made in the neighbouring chalky plots") 1974: 1384: 1065:. Bacteria feed on the exudates released by mycelium and colonise the soil surrounding them. Microscopic arthropods such as mites feed directly on mycelium and release valuable nutrients for the uptake of other organisms. Thus, truffle fungi and other ectomycorrhizal fungi facilitate a complex system of nutrient exchange between plants, animals, and microbes. 458: 417:, the Oregon brown truffle, has also been commercially harvested and is of culinary note. The Oregon white truffle is increasingly harvested due to its high quality and also exported to other countries. Oregon celebrates its traditional truffle harvesting with a 'truffle festival', combined with culinary shows and wine tastings. 1526:

alone. Knowledge of truffle cultivation, the soil and the seasons was lost along with the people. Another consequence was no more grazing sheep or shepherds who pruned trees for feed and fuelwood, so former truffle plantations turned into closed forests that no longer produced truffles. Truffles were

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The most learned men have sought to ascertain the secret and fancied they discovered the seed. Their promises, however, were vain, and no planting was ever followed by a harvest. This perhaps is all right, for as one of the great values of truffles is their dearness, perhaps they would be less highly

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After ascospores are dispersed, they remain dormant until germination is initiated by exudates excreted from host plant roots. Following germination, hyphae form and seek out the roots of host plants. Arriving at roots, hyphae begin to form a mantle or sheath on the outer surface of root tips. Hyphae

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animal vectors for spore dispersal. This is analogous to the dispersal of seeds in fruit of angiosperms. When the ascospores are fully developed, the truffle exudes volatile compounds that attract animal vectors. For successful dispersal, these spores must survive passage through the digestive tracts

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The situation changed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with researchers in France and Italy establishing mycorrhizas with truffle spores. Beginning from the 1980s, truffle plantations are compensating for some of the decline in wild truffles, and exist in various countries including France, Italy,

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le paysan, a alors l'idée, vers 1790 — puisqu'il y a symbiose évidente entre le chêne, les galluches et la truffe — de provoquer la formation de truffières, en reproduisant leur environnement naturel par des semis de glands dans ses "terres galluches". Avec "les glands venus sur les chênes donnant

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Because more aromatic molecules in truffles are soluble in alcohol, they can carry a more complex and accurate truffle flavour than oil without synthetic flavourings. Many commercial producers use 2,4-dithiapentane regardless, as it has become the dominant flavour most consumers, unexposed to fresh

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A critical phase of the cultivation is the quality control of the mycorrhizal plants. Between 7 and 10 years are needed for the truffles to develop their mycorrhizal network, and only after that do the host plants come into production. Complete soil analysis to avoid contamination by other dominant

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trees. Chefs who have experimented with them agree "they are very good and have potential as a food commodity". Although pecan farmers used to find them along with pecans and discard them, considering them a nuisance, they sell for about $ 160 a pound and have been used in some gourmet restaurants.

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trees useless. Trufficulture became an important source of income for those affected. The calcareous and exposed vineyard soils were well-suited to the cultivation of truffles. By 1890, truffières (truffle plantations) covered 750 km of land in France, and 2,000 tonnes of truffles were produced in

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almost entirely wiped out the hazel trees by 2013 and production dropped, essentially ending the business. Eastern filbert blight similarly destroyed the orchards of other once-promising commercial farms in East Tennessee, while newer farms in California, North Carolina, Oregon, and Arkansas were

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Plant community structure is often affected by the availability of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. In arid-land ecosystems, these fungi become essential for the survival of their host plants by enhancing the ability to withstand drought. A foundation species in arid-land ecosystems of the Southwest

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Truffle fungi are ecologically important in nutrient cycling. Plants obtain nutrients via their fine roots. Mycorrhizal fungi are much smaller than fine roots, so they have a higher surface area and a greater ability to explore soils for nutrients. Acquisition of nutrients includes the uptake of

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during the digging that dropped the production rate of the area for some years. An alternative to truffle pigs are dogs. Dogs offer an advantage because they do not have a strong desire to eat truffles, so they can be trained to locate sporocarps without digging them up. Pigs attempt to dig up

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for nutrient exchange. Hyphae can spread to other root tips colonising the entire root system of the host. Over time, the truffle fungus accumulates sufficient resources to form fruiting bodies. Rate of growth is correlated with increasing photosynthetic rates in the spring as trees leaf out.

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Phylogenetic evidence suggests that most subterranean fruiting bodies evolved from above-ground mushrooms. Over time mushroom stipes and caps were reduced, and caps began to enclose reproductive tissue. The dispersal of sexual spores then shifted from wind and rain to utilising animals.

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that form sporocarps similar to true truffles. These fungi form mycelial mats of vegetative hyphae that may cover 25–40% of the forest floor in Douglas fir forests, thereby contributing to a significant portion of the biomass present in soils. Like other ectomycorrhizal fungi,

1054:. Many ectomycorrhizal fungi form fungal mats in the upper layers of soils surrounding host plants. These mats have significantly higher carbon and fixed nitrogen concentrations than surrounding soils. Because these mats are nitrogen sinks, leaching of nutrients is reduced. 1022:. In truffle fungi, as in all ectomycorrhizae, the majority of nutrient exchange occurs in the Hartig net, the intercellular hyphal network between plant root cells. A unique feature of ectomycorrhizal fungi is the formation of the mantle on the outer surface of fine roots. 1773:

While chefs once peeled truffles, in modern times, most restaurants brush the truffle carefully and shave it or dice it with the skin on to make the most of the valuable ingredient. Some restaurants stamp out circular discs of truffle flesh and use the skins for sauces.

1918:, where the coastal climate was less dry in ancient times. Their substance is pale, tinged with rose. Unlike truffles, terfez have little inherent flavour. The Romans used the terfez as a flavour carrier because the terfez tends to absorb surrounding flavours. Because 4729: 972:

is particularly adapted to finding truffles using its refined sense of smell, visual clues, and long-term memory of prosperous populations of truffles. This intimacy between animals and truffles indirectly influences the success of mycorrhizal plant species.

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Truffle oil is used as a lower-cost and convenient substitute for truffles, to provide flavouring, or to enhance the flavour and aroma of truffles in cooking. Some products called "truffle oils" contain no truffles or include pieces of inexpensive, unprized

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Spain and Australia. About 80% of the truffles now produced in France come from specially planted truffle groves. Investments in cultivated plantations are underway in many parts of the world using controlled irrigation for regular and resilient production.

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truffles but familiar with oils, associate with them. Because most Western nations do not have ingredient labelling requirements for spirits, consumers often do not know if artificial flavourings have been used. It is used as a spirit in its own right, a

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necessary for obtaining carbon through other means. For example, truffle fungi have lost their ability to degrade the cell walls of plants, limiting their capacity to decompose plant litter. Plant hosts can also depend on their associated truffle fungi.

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The truffle habit has evolved independently among several basidiomycete genera. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that basidiomycete subterranean fruiting bodies, like their ascomycete counterparts, evolved from above ground mushrooms. For example,

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Griffiths, Robert P.; Caldwell, Bruce A.; Cromack, Kermit Jr.; Morita, Richard Y. (February 1990). "Douglas-fir forest soils colonized by ectomycorrhizal mats. I. Seasonal variation in nitrogen chemistry and nitrogen cycle transformation rates".

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Bungten, Ulf; Egli, Simon; Schneider, Loic; Von Arx, Georg; Rigling, Andreas; Camarero, Julio; Sangüesa, Gabriel; Fischer, Christine; Oliach, Daniel; Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Colinas, Carlos; Tegel, Willy; Ruiz, Jose; Martinez, Fernando (2015).

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Olivera, Antoni; Fischer, Christine; Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Martinez de Aragon, Juan; Oliach, Daniel; Colinas, Carlos (2011). "Weed management and irrigation are key treatments in emerging black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) cultivation".

918:). Conidia can be produced more readily and with less energy than ascospores and can disperse during disturbance events. Production of ascospores is energy intensive because the fungus must allocate resources to the production of large 762:. The Magnatum and Macrosporum clades were distinguished as distinct from the Aestivum clade. The Gibbosum clade was resolved as distinct from all other clades, and the Spinoreticulatum clade was separated from the Rufum clade. 4714: 4924: 3778: 683:

site. This indicates that the soft bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi do not easily fossilize. Molecular clockwork has suggested the evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungi occurred approximately 130 million years ago.

649:, containing the order Pezizales, is approximately 400 million years old. Within the order Pezizales, subterranean fungi evolved independently at least fifteen times. Contained within Pezizales are the families 3192: 4648: 2743:

Kluber, Laurel A.; Tinnesand, Kathryn M.; Caldwell, Bruce A.; Dunham, Susie M.; Yarwood, Rockie R.; Bottomley, Peter J.; Myrold, David D. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal mats alter forest soil biogeochemistry".

1471:) planted 7 hectares (17 acres) of oak trees (again from acorns found on the soil around truffle-producing oak trees), and he subsequently obtained large harvests of truffles. He received a prize at the 616:. Members of this genus have low host specificity, associating with a variety of plants including hardwoods, forbs, shrubs, and grasses. These fungi commonly occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere. 2596:

Flores-Rentería, Lluvia; Lau, Matthew K.; Lamit, Louis J.; Gehring, Catherine A. (2014). "An elusive ectomycorrhizal fungus reveals itself: a new species of Geopora (Pyronemataceae) associated with

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Albee-Scott, Steven (2007). "The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae, using morphological and molecular data".

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As global temperatures rise, so does the occurrence of severe droughts, detrimentally affecting the survival of aridland plants. This variability in climate has increased the mortality of

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derivatives appear to be produced by bacterial symbionts living in the truffle body. The most abundant of these, 3-methyl, 4-5 dihydrothiophene, contributes to the white truffle's aroma.

4862: 1286:, which occur in all truffle species, such as dimethyl mono- (DMS), di- (DMDS) and tri- (DMTS) sulfides, as well as 2-methyl-4,5-dihydrothiophene, characteristic of the white truffle 1198:

have been used to extract truffles. Both the female pig's natural truffle-seeking and her intent to eat the truffle were thought to be due to a compound within the truffle similar to

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Because of their high price and their strong aroma, truffles are used sparingly. Supplies can be found commercially as unadulterated fresh produce or preserved, typically in a light

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As the volatile aromas dissipate quicker when heated, truffles are generally served raw and shaved over warm, simple foods where their flavour will be highlighted, such as buttered

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Haskins, Kristin E.; Gehring, Catherine A. (2005). "Evidence for mutualist limitation: the impacts of conspecific density on the mycorrhizal inoculum potential of woodland soils".

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Moldenke, A.R., 1999. Soil-dwelling arthropods: their diversity and functional roles. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. 33-44.

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can also detect the volatile compounds associated with subterranean fruiting bodies. These flies lay their eggs above truffles to provide food for their young. At ground level,

776:, a mushroom-forming genus. Studies have suggested that selection for subterranean fruiting bodies among ascomycetes and basidiomycetes occurred in water-limited environments. 4893: 3510:

Jaillard, B; Barry-Etienne, D; Colinas, C; de Miguel, AM; Genola, L; Libre, A; Oliach, D; Saenz, W; Saez, M; Salducci, X; Souche, G; Sourzat, P; Villeneuve, M (2014).

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Trappe, James M.; Molina, Randy; Luoma, Daniel L.; Cázares, Efren; Pilz, David; Smith, Jane E.; Castellano, Michael A.; Miller, Steven L.; Trappe, Matthew J. (2009).

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See: Thérèse Dereix de Laplane (2010) "Des truffes sauvages aux truffes cultivées en Loudunais" (From wild truffles to cultivated truffles in the area of Loudun),

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Hibbett, David S. (2007). "After the gold rush, or before the flood? Evolutionary morphology of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) in the early 21st century".

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of Basidiomycota both form subterranean fruiting bodies and play similar ecological roles as truffle forming ascomycetes. The ancestors of the Ascomycota genera

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Jeandroz, S.; Murat, C.; Wang, Y.; Bonfante, P.; Le Tacon, F. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Tuber, the true truffles".

257:, but the same species) are harvested in autumn until December and have aromatic flesh of a darker colour. These are associated with various trees and shrubs. 1579:

with the truffle fungus to create a local truffle industry. Their success and the value of the resulting truffles has encouraged a small industry to develop.

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Because truffle fungi produce their sexual fruiting bodies underground, spores cannot be spread by wind and water. Therefore, nearly all truffles depend on

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of boar saliva, to which the sow is keenly attracted. Studies in 1990 demonstrated that the compound actively recognised by both truffle pigs and dogs is

1962:(1825) noted that they were so expensive they appeared only at the dinner tables of great nobles and kept women. They were sometimes served with turkey. 5059: 3561: 3799:

Cromack, Kermit; Fichter, B.L.; Moldenke, A.M.; Entry, J.A.; Ingham, E.R. (1988). "Interactions between soil animals and ectomycorrhizal fungal mats".

225:, cherry, and other deciduous trees and are harvested in late autumn and winter. The genome sequence of the black truffle was published in March 2010. 2263:

Martin, F.; Kohler, A.; Murat, C.; Balestrini, R.; Coutinho, P.M.; Jaillon, O.; Montanini, B.; Morin, E.; Noel, B.; Percudani, R.; Porcel, B. (2010).

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spp. play a role in nutrient exchange in the nitrogen cycle by accessing nitrogen unavailable to host plants and acting as nitrogen sinks in forests.

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Périgord truffles were first farmed in Tennessee in 2007. At its peak in the 2008–2009 season, one farm produced about 200 pounds of truffles, but

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New Zealand's first burgundy truffle was found in July 2012 at a Waipara truffle farm. It weighed 330 g and was found by the farm owner's beagle.

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The mycelia or fruiting bodies release the volatile constituents responsible for the natural aroma of truffles or derive from truffle-associated

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Truffle fungi receive carbohydrates from their host plants, providing them with valuable micro- and macronutrients. Plant macronutrients include

5145: 3416:...it has been known for more than a century that truffles were mycorrhizal on various trees such as oak, beech, birch, hazels, and a few others 4870: 3536: 1805:, which have no culinary value, simply for show. The vast majority is oil that has been artificially flavoured using a synthetic agent such as 4107:

Ogle, Kiona; Whitham, Thomas G.; Cobb, Neil S. (2000). "Tree-ring variation in pinyon predicts likelihood of death following severe drought".

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From the 19th century to the present, truffle production fell by 97–99% to 20–50 tonnes annually. Reasons given for this decline include the

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Talou, T.; G aset, A.; Delmas, M.; Kulifaj, M.; Montant, C. (1990). "Dimethyl sulphide: the secret for black truffle hunting by animals?".

2507: 1602: 1452:, had the idea of transplanting some seedlings that he had collected at the foot of oak trees known to host truffles in their root system. 571:, a group of fungi that typically form mushrooms. Like their ascomycete counterparts, these fungi can create truffle-like fruiting bodies. 1539:

today have weekly truffle markets. Prices have increased so that truffles, once seen as a food of the middle class, have become a luxury.

4820: 4753: 4495: 3703:"Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer" 3491:

Frank, J.L.; Barry, S.; Southworth, D. (2006). "Mammal mycophagy and dispersal of mycorrhizal inoculum in Oregon white oak woodlands".

5275: 5204: 1958:. They were popular in Parisian markets in the 1780s, imported seasonally from truffle grounds, where peasants had long enjoyed them. 754:(Aestivum, Excavatum, Rufum, Melanosporum and Puberulum); this was later improved and expanded in 2010 to nine major clades using 28S 3884:

Hartnett, David C.; Wilson, Gail W. T. (1999). "Mycorrhizae influence plant community structure and diversity in tallgrass prairie".

2149: 5256: 3859: 3616: 1699: 1313:(produced by mycelia of white truffles affecting root architecture of host tree), as well as 2-methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal, and 4885: 3599:

Chevalier, Gérard; Sourzat, Pierre (2012), "Soils and Techniques for Cultivating Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum in Europe",

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Splivallo, R; Ebeler, SE (Mar 2015). "Sulfur volatiles of microbial origin are key contributors to human-sensed truffle aroma".

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that also occurs in humans. As of 2010, the volatile profiles of seven black and six white truffle species have been studied.

2011: 1802: 1681: 3775:"Acta Biologica Szegediensis - Could orchids indicate truffle habitat? Mycorrhizal association between orchids and truffles" 1256: 5037: 4947: 5327: 2135: 1959: 1472: 1410: 4778: 2383: 2110: 1594:. In 2014, over 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds) of truffles were harvested by Truffle Hill, Manjimup, Western Australia. 1213:

In Italy, the use of pigs to hunt truffles has been prohibited since 1985 because of damage caused by animals to truffle

844:. Ectomycorrhizal fungi cannot survive in the soil without their plant hosts. In fact, many of these fungi have lost the 5342: 4975: 3400: 1061:. Often, these networks of mycelium provide support for smaller organisms in the soil, such as bacteria and microscopic 2933:

LePage, B. A.; Currah, R. S.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (1997). "Fossil ectomycorrhizae from the middle Eocene".

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Rousseau, "Truffes obtenues par la culture de chênes verts" (Truffles obtained by the cultivation of green oaks) in:

3064:"A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: species diversity, host associations and long-distance dispersal" 2422: 1428:, were successful. People had long observed that truffles were growing among the roots of certain trees, and in 1808, 743: 4040:

Gehring, Catherine A.; Sthultz, Christopher M.; Flores-Rentería, Lluvia; Whipple, Amy V.; Whitham, Thomas G. (2017).

2658:"Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon. I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses" 4581: 4320: 1099:. Therefore, the availability of compatible mycorrhizal inoculum can greatly affect the successful establishment of 2404:

Bencivenga, M.; Di Massimo, G.; Donnini, D.; Baciarelli Falini, L. (2009). "The cultivation of truffles in Italy".

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Most commercial truffle oils are concocted by mixing olive oil with one or more compounds like 2,4-dithiapentane

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Reddy, M. S.; Satyanarayana, T. (2006). "Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizospheric microbes".

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For discovering how to cultivate truffles, some sources now give priority to Pierre II Mauléon (1744–1831) of

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Mycelial mats can also help maintain the structure of soils by holding organic matter in place and preventing

5055: 3572: 955:, are dependent on the dispersal of sporocarps to inoculate isolated individuals. For example, the acorns of 5337: 5322: 4162: 1731:

Their chemical compounds infuse well with fats such as butter, cream, cheeses, avocados, and coconut cream.

1135: 395: 4952: 2423:"Oregon Native Truffles: A primer for commercial production on small forestlands in the Pacific Northwest" 1942:

were without equal in hunting truffles, but they should be muzzled to prevent them from eating the prize.

1283: 840:. Mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi such as truffles provide valuable nutrients to plants in exchange for 433: 5006: 3439:(2003). "Ecology of ycorrhizae: A conceptual framework for complex interactions among plants and fungi". 1190:

Because truffles are subterranean, they are often located with the help of an animal (sometimes called a

922:. Ascospores are borne within sac-like structures called asci, which are contained within the sporocarp. 575:

spp. are ecologically important in coniferous forests where they associate with various pines, firs, and

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Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi

5116: 3127: 2984:

Berbee, Mary L.; Taylor, John W. (August 1993). "Dating the evolutionary radiations of the true fungi".

2878:(4). Nature Genetics: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy: 410–5. 1919: 1892: 1637: 1562: 1511: 1494:

Others imitated these successful attempts in France and Italy. In the late 19th century, an epidemic of

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Several truffle species and varieties are differentiated based on their relative contents or absence of

1027: 868: 609: 510: 2868:"Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists" 146:

fungi, so they are found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through

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The scientific name is included on the ingredient list of truffle oils infused with natural truffles.

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and the multiple European wars of the 20th century, which reduced the rural population. For example,

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The term "truffle" has been applied to several other genera of similar underground fungi. The genera

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Annales de la Société d'Agriculture Sciences, Arts, et Belles-lettres du Départment d'Indre-et-Loire

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Splivallo, R; et al. (2010). "Truffle Volatiles: from chemical ecology to aroma biosynthesis".

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Læssøe, Thomas; Hansen, Karen (September 2007). "Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?".

1298:. Some very aromatic white truffles are notably pungent, even irritating the eye when cut or sliced. 1272:

of truffle volatiles is complex, interacting with plants, insects, and mammals, which contribute to

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spp. are important ectomycorrhizal partners of trees in woodlands and forests throughout the world.

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Truffles Have Never Been Modern: An Actor-Network Theorization of 150 Years of French Trufficulture

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Lehto, Tarja; Zwiazek, Janusz J. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizas and water relations of trees: a review".

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seedlings. Associated ectomycorrhizal fungi will likely play a significant role in the survival of

393:, several species of truffle are harvested both recreationally and commercially, most notably, the 59: 4461: 3638:"Novel aspects in the life cycle and biotrophic interactions in Pezizomycetes (Ascomycota, Fungi)" 2197:

Trappe, Jim (2009). "Taming the truffle—the history, lore, and science of the ultimate mushroom".

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truffles fruit throughout the year, depending on the species, and can be found buried between the

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Paolocci, Francesco; Rubini, Andrea; Riccioni, Claudia; Topini, Fabiana; Arcioni, Sergio (2004).

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Truffles can be cultivated. As early as 1808, attempts to cultivate truffles, known in French as

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contain truffles, as well. Truffles are also used for producing truffle salt and truffle honey.

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spp. are commonly used to inoculate coniferous seedlings in nurseries and during reforestation.

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in the 4th century BCE. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many;

1482: 796:, meaning "swelling" or "lump". This then entered other languages through Old French dialects. 5271: 5252: 5229: 5200: 5175: 4810: 4804: 4757: 4492: 4399: 4354: 4300: 4243: 4208: 4124: 4089: 4071: 4011: 4003: 3960: 3952: 3901: 3855: 3824: 3732: 3724: 3675: 3667: 3612: 3464: 3456: 3436: 3281: 3273: 3238: 3230: 3176: 3168: 3103: 3001: 2958: 2907: 2899: 2769: 2722: 2679: 2625: 2617: 2356: 2348: 2304: 2243: 2235: 2214: 2083: 2075: 2001: 1806: 1591: 1536: 1291: 959:

may be carried to new territory that lacks the necessary mycorrhizal fungi for establishment.

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Some mycophagous animals depend on truffles as their dominant food source. Flying squirrels,

251:) is found across Europe and is prized for its culinary value. Burgundy truffles (designated 5290: 4687: 4638: 4630: 4558: 4391: 4346: 4290: 4235: 4200: 4116: 4079: 4061: 3995: 3944: 3893: 3847: 3816: 3714: 3657: 3604: 3526: 3512:"Alkalinity and structure of soils determine the truffle production in the Pyrenean Regions" 3448: 3265: 3222: 3158: 3150: 3093: 3083: 3036: 2993: 2942: 2889: 2879: 2821: 2813: 2761: 2714: 2669: 2609: 2448: 2338: 2294: 2284: 2206: 2067: 1858:

and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth, and water in the soil, while

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Splivallo, R; Deveau, A; Valdez, N; Kirchhoff, N; Frey-Klett, P; Karlovsky, P (Aug 2015).

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Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle fungi in forests of the Pacific Northwest

2265:"Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis" 968:, of North America play a three-way symbiosis with truffles and their associated plants. 5197:

Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas — A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians

5084: 4683: 4626: 4608:"Long-term irrigation effects on Spanish holm oak growth and its black truffle symbiont" 4286: 4057: 3940: 3812: 3653: 3146: 3079: 3032: 2757: 2280: 1922:

used many spices and flavourings, the terfez may have been appropriate in that context.

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destroyed many of the vineyards in southern France. Another epidemic killed most of the

579:. In addition to their ecological importance, these fungi hold economic value, as well. 471:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

4084: 4041: 3098: 3063: 2674: 2657: 2343: 2326: 2139: 1898: 1108: 673: 658: 646: 592: 401: 308: 271: 266: 234: 162: 143: 129: 92: 4204: 5306: 4350: 3820: 3774: 3719: 3702: 3325: 3040: 2637: 2165: 1433: 1332: 755: 696: 692: 687:

The evolution of subterranean fruiting bodies has occurred numerous times within the

662: 421: 328: 168: 121: 4699: 4413: 4255: 4151: 4042:"Tree genetics defines fungal partner communities that may confer drought tolerance" 4023: 3687: 3048: 2970: 2919: 2825: 2781: 2468: 1597:

In June 2014, a grower harvested Australia's largest truffle from their property at

551: 5244: 4863:"Australia's largest truffle, worth $ 2,000 a kilo, grown in NSW town of Robertson" 4381:

Zambonelli, Alessandra; Bonito, Gregory M. (2013-01-30). "Laying the Foundations".

3972: 3188: 1993: 1903: 1881: 1873: 1851: 1839: 1522:

resulted in the mobilisation of 65% of the agricultural workers from the region of

1515: 1328: 1306: 1276:

dispersal. Depending on the truffle species, lifecycle, or location, they include:

1076: 915: 888: 841: 735: 707: 587: 548:, also known as pine truffle or fuzzy truffle, is an edible species of this genus. 534:

for nutrient and water acquisition in arid environments. Like other truffle fungi,

505: 472: 174: 96:. More than one hundred other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including 4841: 3587:

Generally, truffles seems to prefer warm, fairly dry climates and calcareous soils

2765: 3608: 3269: 3226: 3088: 2071: 1979: 1954:, truffles regained popularity in Europe and were honoured at the court of King 1951: 1931: 1867: 1795: 1659: 1576: 1528: 1519: 1365: 1199: 1128: 747: 633: 621: 576: 214: 110: 4634: 3531: 365:. It is reportedly not as aromatic as those from Piedmont, although those from 5285: 4691: 4576: 4574: 4395: 4271:"Bacteria associated with truffle-fruiting bodies contribute to truffle aroma" 4239: 3999: 3948: 3126:

Bruns, Thomas D.; Fogel, Robert; White, Thomas J.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (1989).

2375: 2102: 2005: 1969: 1495: 1487: 1464: 1376:

This section focuses on the cultivation of truffles in the narrow sense, i.e.

1320: 1302: 1252: 1119: 995: 978: 872: 812:, mycorrhizal relationships with the roots of several tree species, including 701: 688: 654: 650: 613: 563: 296: 134: 116: 84: 4212: 4128: 4075: 4007: 3956: 3905: 3851: 3846:. Soil Biology. Vol. 7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 245–263. 3828: 3728: 3671: 3460: 3277: 3234: 3172: 3005: 2903: 2773: 2726: 2683: 2621: 2352: 2218: 2210: 2079: 1758: 1361:, respectively. The sweaty-musky aroma of truffles is similar to that of the 4563: 4295: 4270: 4066: 3603:, Soil Biology, vol. 34, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 163–189, 3350: 1752: 1532: 1362: 1342: 1203: 1144: 1062: 1047: 991: 926: 911: 809: 731: 568: 147: 125: 4358: 4304: 4093: 4015: 3964: 3736: 3679: 3468: 3285: 3242: 3107: 2962: 2911: 2629: 2360: 2308: 2087: 665:. All of these families contain lineages of subterranean or truffle fungi. 457: 4489:

Exposition universelle de 1855 : Rapports du jury mixte international

4247: 3375: 3180: 1906:, also sometimes called a "desert truffle". Terfez used in Rome came from 1383: 4317: 3163: 1911: 1855: 1822: 1763: 1572: 1503: 1499: 1468: 1445: 1324: 1310: 1019: 999: 946: 942: 907: 880: 825: 805: 500: 494: 300: 4806:

Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

4643: 4449:

les truffes, des semis furent faits dans les terrains calcaires voisins"

4384:

Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

3299: 2817: 2289: 2264: 1294:

occurring in all species but mostly characteristic of the white truffle

17: 4428:

Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Touraine

2954: 2460: 2299: 1877: 1859: 1843: 1684: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1350: 1265: 1214: 1058: 837: 784:

Most sources agree that the term "truffle" derives from the Latin term

772: 522: 515: 350: 346: 342: 98: 4136: 3913: 3662: 3637: 2894: 1973: 637:

Evolution of subterranean fruiting bodies from above-ground mushrooms.

3154: 2327:"Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum: two morphotypes or two species?" 1907: 1863: 1767: 1456: 1449: 1280: 1011: 1003: 931: 845: 669: 362: 358: 354: 316: 292: 213:), the second-most commercially valuable species, is named after the 157:

Some truffle species are prized as food. Edible truffles are used in

104: 87: 3435:

Allen, M.F.; Swenson, W.; Querejeta, J.I.; Egerton-Warburton, L.M.;

2997: 2946: 2884: 2867: 2718: 645:

of the ectomycorrhizal trophic mode in diverse fungi. The subphylum

591:

spp. are ectomycorrhizal members of the Basidiomycota and the order

567:

spp. are ectomycorrhizal members of the Basidiomycota and the order

4120: 3897: 3128:"Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor" 2613: 2452: 1938:, the papal historian, in 1481, when he recorded that the sows of 1915: 1776: 1735: 1725: 1717: 1711: 1527:

once sold at weekly markets (bi-weekly in the case of a market in

1481: 1476: 1397: 1382: 1354: 1273: 1134: 1118: 1025:

Truffles have been suggested to co-locate with the orchid species

892: 821: 817: 813: 751: 632: 550: 508:

are known as the "desert truffles" of Africa and the Middle East.

437: 304: 270: 238: 222: 200: 43: 1838:

The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the

1531:) and in quantities of two to six tonnes in good weeks, but only 1253:"The Chemistry of Truffles, the Most Expensive Food in the World" 530:, a widespread pine species of the Southwest US, is dependent on 275:

A white truffle washed and with a corner cut to show the interior

1747: 1743: 1015: 1007: 938: 833: 312: 4715:"Estudi tècnic i econòmic del cultiu de la tòfona (in catalan)" 150:, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have ecological roles in 4889: 1739: 1653: 1561:) to be produced in the Southern Hemisphere were harvested in 1195: 1140: 1124: 1051: 906:

Most truffle fungi produce both asexual spores (mitospores or

829: 451: 315:. A large percentage of Italy's white truffles also come from 218: 1862:

thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin.

307:, and most famously, in the countryside around the cities of 3636:

Tedersoo, Leho; Arnold, A. Elizabeth; Hansen, Karen (2013).

3755:

Pacioni, G. (1989). "Biology and ecology of the truffles".

2170:

Traditional French Food Regional Recipes From Around France

1582:

Truffle production has expanded into the colder regions of

876: 5223: 2482:

Trappe, J. M.; Jumpponen, A. M. & Cázares, E. (1996).

4803:

Zambonelli, Alessandra; Bonito, Gregory M., eds. (2013).

4491:, volume 1 (Paris, France: Imprimerie Impériale, 1856), 2439:

Butters, Fred K. (1903). "A Minnesota Species of Tuber".

1571:

In 1999, the first Australian truffles were harvested in

4948:"Has the American-Grown Truffle Finally Broken Through?" 4390:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 3–16. 3062:

Bonito GM, Gryganskyi AP, Trappe JM, Vilgalys R (2010).

937:

Animal vectors include birds, deer, and rodents such as

861:

spp. are vital in the establishment of oak communities.

672:

about 50 million years ago. The specimens are preserved

5195:

Benjamin, D. R. (1995), "Historical uses of truffles",

3300:"Truffle – Podictionary Word of the Day, July 3rd 2008" 2591: 2589: 1623: oz) and was valued at over $ 2,000 per kilogram. 977:

then enter the root cortex intercellularly to form the

1194:) possessing a refined sense of smell. Traditionally, 4582:"History and curiosities of the truffle – FoodsCross" 1902:. The Romans instead used a variety of fungus called 5199:, New York: WH Freeman and Company, pp. 48–50, 2554:

Smith, M. E.; et al. (2012). "Pecan Truffles (

934:

to help them endure the environment of animal guts.

930:

of animals. Ascospores have thick walls composed of

5119:. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. 5038:"America's Next Food Craze Is Buried in Appalachia" 1409:Truffles long eluded techniques of cultivation, as 1241: 5225:Truffle Farming Today, a Comprehensive World Guide 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4150: 3562:"Basidiomycota truffles: Cup fungi go underground" 902:The lifecycle of the order Pezizales in Ascomycota 891:and the soil. Most fungal biomass is found in the 770:species likely arose from an ancestor shared with 4917:"Truffles Have Taken Tom Michaels On A Wild Ride" 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 723:originated in Laurasia during the Paleozoic era. 27:Fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus 5222:Morcillo, M.; Sanchez, M.; Vilanova, X. (2015). 5078: 5076: 5056:"Truffles: The Most Expensive Food in the World" 3631: 3629: 3627: 1609:fungus weighing in at 1.1172 kg (2 lb 1575:, the result of eight years of work. Trees were 668:The oldest ectomycorrhizal fossils are from the 217:region in France. Black truffles associate with 5007:"Why Haven't American Truffles Taken Root Yet?" 4600: 4598: 4462:"Culture de la truffe à Loudun et à Richelieu," 4046:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4035: 4033: 3750: 3748: 3746: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2320: 2318: 3701:Ashkannejhad, Sara; Horton, Thomas R. (2005). 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2738: 2736: 2656:Molina, Randy; Trappe, James M. (April 1994). 2651: 2649: 2647: 2230: 2228: 4327:. Truffle Aroma. Retrieved December 19, 2015. 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3121: 3119: 3117: 2192: 2190: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2008:named for its similar appearance to a truffle 1646:) was being developed as a potential market. 612:of the phylum Glomeromycota within the order 209:The black truffle or black Périgord truffle ( 8: 4557:(Thesis). Florida International University. 4446: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 1850:, 2nd century BCE) and later in writings of 1437: 1423: 166: 5251:. Natural History Series. Ten Speed Press. 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 2558:): What We Know and What We Need to Know". 1884:period identified three kinds of truffles: 1742:. Thin truffle slices may be inserted into 1331:and 2-octenal). The former is derived from 1327:with a characteristic fungal odor, such as 791: 785: 641:Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated the 514:, which was historically eaten in parts of 380:A less common truffle is "garlic truffle" ( 5180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4434: : 215–241. Available on-line at: 1605:of New South Wales. It was a French black 518:, is sometimes called "Bohemian truffle". 4844:. Australian Truffle Industry Association 4756:. Southern_truffles.co.nz. Archived from 4642: 4562: 4478: : 300–302 (1869); see p. 300. 4294: 4083: 4065: 3801:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 3718: 3661: 3530: 3162: 3097: 3087: 2893: 2883: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2812:. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service. 2673: 2342: 2298: 2288: 2130: 2128: 1866:deemed them children of the earth, while 1700:Learn how and when to remove this message 1231:flies can be seen flying above truffles. 177:and harvested from natural environments. 5117:"Beverage Alcohol Labeling Requirements" 4886:"Truffles Take Root In Appalachian Soil" 2484:"NATS truffle and truffle-like fungi 5: 1305:constituents (simple and branched-chain 1150: 897: 66: 58: 5085:"Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles" 4615:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 3569:Newsletter of the FRIENDS of the FARLOW 2562:. No. Spring 2012. pp. 52–58. 2031: 1084:associates with the subterranean fungi 1046:phosphorus, nitrate or ammonium, iron, 132:are excluded from Pezizales, including 5173: 5166:Chiera, E. (1934), "Nos. 58 and 112", 5144:. Mycorrhizalsystems.com. 2010-04-21. 3453:10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095518 3306:. Oxford University Press. 3 July 2008 2841: 2831: 1716:Shaved Périgord truffle with pasta at 1238: 1037:, though this is not always the case. 1006:. In contrast, micronutrients include 5228:. Micología Forestal & Aplicada. 2113:from the original on 14 November 2016 1930:Truffles were rarely used during the 1335:and produced by mature white truffle 1176:Innate ability to sniff out truffles 205:Black Périgord truffle, cross-section 7: 5286:"Why Real Truffles Are So Expensive" 5036:Jacobson, Rowan (January 19, 2022). 5017:from the original on August 19, 2018 4976:"How to Start Your Own Truffle Farm" 4896:from the original on August 19, 2018 4779:"Beagle digs up a New Zealand first" 4171:participating institution membership 3844:Microbial Activity in the Rhizoshere 3571:. Harvard University. Archived from 3401:"Non-cultivated Edible Fleshy Fungi" 1682:adding citations to reliable sources 1323:-derived volatiles (C8-alcohols and 1184:Tendency to eat truffles once found 625:are commonly mistaken for truffles. 5005:Bamman, Mattie John (Jun 8, 2017). 4927:from the original on August 9, 2020 4915:Jones, John M. Jr. (Mar 19, 2016). 4713:Oliach, Daniel; Muxi, Pere (2012). 2707:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2107:Australian National Botanic Gardens 910:) and sexual spores (meiospores or 542:as a means of sexual reproduction. 405:, Oregon spring white truffle; and 120:. These genera belong to the class 4884:Burnham, Ted (February 29, 2012). 4809:. Germany: Springer. p. 193. 2675:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02961.x 2492:), with a key to the spiny-spored 2344:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09574.x 1934:. Truffle hunting is mentioned by 1870:thought they were tuberous roots. 1152:Comparison of truffle dog and hog 1069:Importance in arid-land ecosystems 744:internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 90:, one of the species of the genus 25: 4519:"perigord.co // Truffes L&Co" 1502:there, too, making the fields of 1080:, commonly known as pinyon pine. 949:. Many species of trees, such as 341:) is a similar species native to 243:Summer truffles in a shop in Rome 5298:from the original on 2021-12-12. 5083:Daniel Patterson (16 May 2007). 4974:Krader, Kate (25 October 2016). 4351:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03523.x 3720:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x 3601:Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms 3041:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01851.x 1986: 1972: 1658: 1247: 875:soils that are well drained and 456: 5270:. The Edible Series. Reaktion. 5148:from the original on 2013-11-04 5123:from the original on 2018-12-05 5095:from the original on 2011-09-25 5062:from the original on 2017-01-07 4986:from the original on 2019-04-10 4823:from the original on 2021-08-27 4785:from the original on 2012-07-21 4735:from the original on 2016-03-05 4651:from the original on 2021-08-27 3781:from the original on 2021-08-27 3542:from the original on 2016-08-06 3441:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3407:from the original on 2021-03-15 3195:from the original on 2021-08-27 2510:from the original on 2015-09-23 2386:from the original on 2009-10-16 2176:from the original on 2017-01-07 1669:needs additional citations for 1317:(also common in baker's yeast). 742:was investigated in 2008 using 411:, Oregon winter white truffle. 279:Tuber magnatum, the high-value 71:Black truffles from San Miniato 63:White truffles from San Miniato 4869:. 30 June 2014. Archived from 2136:Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme 1418:esteemed if they were cheaper. 369:are said to come quite close. 1: 4946:Jacobsen, Rowen (June 2021). 4781:. stuff.co.nz. 18 July 2012. 4205:10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80630-8 2766:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.06.001 2746:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2103:"Spore release and dispersal" 1746:, under the skins of roasted 1411:Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin 5243:Trappe, Matt; Evans, Frank; 3821:10.1016/0167-8809(88)90063-1 3609:10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6_10 3270:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.020 3227:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.012 3089:10.1371/journal.pone.0052765 2072:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.004 1781:Truffle oil (olive oil with 1402:Planted truffle groves near 128:order. Several truffle-like 3380:Online Etymology Dictionary 895:and litter layers of soil. 5361: 4635:10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.016 2986:Canadian Journal of Botany 2935:American Journal of Botany 2580:Mushrooms & Toadstools 2429:. Accessed 8 October 2023. 2376:"White truffles from Alba" 2240:The Complete Mushroom Book 1825:mix or a food flavouring. 1793: 1555:The first black truffles ( 1375: 1139:A trained truffle hunting 1123:A trained truffle hunting 699:. For example, the genera 436:, usually associated with 326: 264: 247:The black summer truffle ( 232: 194: 36: 29: 5268:Truffle: A Global History 4754:"Truffles in New Zealand" 4692:10.1007/s11056-011-9249-9 4445:From pp. 224–225: " 4396:10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6 4240:10.1007/s00253-014-6360-9 4228:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 4158:Oxford English Dictionary 4000:10.1007/s00572-010-0348-9 3949:10.1007/s00442-005-0115-3 2331:FEMS Microbiology Letters 1946:Renaissance and modernity 1636:started. As of 2022, the 1551:New Zealand and Australia 1301:Metabolites of nonsulfur 1246: 1221:Fly species of the genus 678:Eocene Okanagan Highlands 291:) is found mainly in the 5168:Sumerian Epics and Myths 4553:Van Vleet, Eric (2018). 3852:10.1007/3-540-29420-1_13 3532:10.5424/fs/2014232-04933 2866:Kohler, Annegre (2015). 2826:2027/umn.31951d02938269i 2374:Demetri, Justin (2012). 2211:10.1525/gfc.2009.9.1.116 1034:Cephalanthera damasonium 750:and revealed five major 399:, Oregon black truffle; 39:Truffle (disambiguation) 30:Not to be confused with 5266:Nowak, Zachary (2015). 5142:"Truffle vodka article" 4564:10.25148/etd.fidc006559 4296:10.1111/1462-2920.12521 4163:Oxford University Press 4067:10.1073/pnas.1704022114 3021:Journal of Biogeography 2578:Ramsbottom, J. (1953). 2406:Acta Botanica Yunnanica 1846:enemy's eating habits ( 1107:with continuing global 469:about taste and flavor. 396:Leucangium carthusianum 154:and drought tolerance. 4447: 3560:Hansen, Karen (2006). 2560:Georgia Pecan Magazine 2528:Tim Brenneman (2010). 1786: 1721: 1633:Eastern filbert blight 1491: 1438: 1424: 1420: 1406: 1395: 1393:Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt 1148: 1132: 903: 792: 786: 638: 610:arbuscular mycorrhizae 559: 538:produces subterranean 467:is missing information 434:Southern United States 288: 276: 244: 206: 167: 72: 64: 56: 2144:. Paris: Charpentier. 1920:Ancient Roman cuisine 1780: 1720:in Las Vegas, Nevada. 1715: 1563:Gisborne, New Zealand 1512:Industrial Revolution 1485: 1415: 1401: 1386: 1235:Volatile constituents 1138: 1122: 1028:Epipactis helleborine 901: 636: 619:Members of the genus 554: 511:Pisolithus tinctorius 274: 242: 204: 70: 62: 47: 5328:Fungi in cultivation 5216:Additional resources 4867:ABC News (Australia) 4193:Mycological Research 3258:Mycological Research 3215:Mycological Research 2412:(Suppl 16): 100–102. 2060:Mycological Research 1678:improve this article 1486:A truffle market in 1168:Keen sense of smell 1165:Keen sense of smell 790:or the Vulgar Latin 756:large subunits (LSU) 643:convergent evolution 37:For other uses, see 5343:Fungus common names 4921:The Greeneville Sun 4684:2011NewFo..42..227O 4627:2015AgEE..202..148B 4436:Academy of Touraine 4287:2015EnvMi..17.2647S 4161:(Online ed.). 4058:2017PNAS..11411169G 4052:(42): 11169–11174. 3941:2005Oecol.145..123H 3813:1988AgEE...24..161C 3654:2013MolEc..22.1488T 3147:1989Natur.339..140B 3080:2013PLoSO...852765B 3033:2008JBiog..35..815J 2818:10.2737/pnw-gtr-772 2758:2010SBiBi..42.1607K 2382:. Lifeinitaly.com. 2290:10.1038/nature08867 2281:2010Natur.464.1033M 2275:(7291): 1033–1038. 2147:English translation 2141:Physiologie du goût 1956:Francis I of France 1848:Third Dynasty of Ur 1643:Tuber canaliculatum 1404:Beaumont-du-Ventoux 1153: 303:region in northern 165:and other national 4842:"Growing Truffles" 4498:2016-05-18 at the 4467:2017-04-03 at the 4441:2016-05-06 at the 4323:2015-11-13 at the 3757:Acta Medica Romana 2236:Carluccio, Antonio 2152:2008-07-06 at the 1936:Bartolomeo Platina 1887:Tuber melanosporum 1787: 1783:Tuber melanosporum 1766:. Some speciality 1722: 1603:Southern Highlands 1558:Tuber melanosporum 1492: 1407: 1396: 1181:Easier to control 1151: 1149: 1133: 965:Glaucomys sabrinus 904: 639: 560: 277: 245: 229:Summer or Burgundy 211:Tuber melanosporum 207: 197:Tuber melanosporum 83:of a subterranean 73: 65: 57: 53:Tuber melanosporum 5235:978-84-617-1307-3 4405:978-3-642-33823-6 4275:Environ Microbiol 4169:(Subscription or 3663:10.1111/mec.12224 3642:Molecular Ecology 3493:Northwest Science 3141:(6220): 140–142. 2441:Botanical Gazette 2249:978-1-84400-040-1 2002:Chocolate truffle 1914:, and especially 1807:2,4-dithiapentane 1803:truffle varietals 1756:preparations, in 1710: 1709: 1702: 1592:Western Australia 1514:, the subsequent 1473:1855 World's Fair 1292:2,4-Dithiapentane 1262: 1261: 1188: 1187: 1074:United States is 986:Nutrient exchange 808:of truffles form 760:mitochondrial DNA 490: 489: 391:Pacific Northwest 383:Tuber macrosporum 367:Città di Castello 181:Taxonomic details 32:Chocolate truffle 16:(Redirected from 5350: 5313:Truffles (fungi) 5299: 5291:Business Insider 5281: 5262: 5245:Trappe, James M. 5239: 5210: 5209: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4816:978-3-64233822-9 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4719: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4612: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4550: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4515: 4502: 4485: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4389: 4378: 4363: 4362: 4334: 4328: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4188: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4069: 4037: 4028: 4027: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3807:(1–3): 161–168. 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3752: 3741: 3740: 3722: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3665: 3648:(6): 1488–1493. 3633: 3622: 3621: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3577: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3516: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3221:(9): 1001–1018. 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3166: 3155:10.1038/339140a0 3132: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3091: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2992:(8): 1114–1127. 2981: 2975: 2974: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2897: 2887: 2863: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2805: 2786: 2785: 2752:(9): 1607–1613. 2740: 2731: 2730: 2701: 2688: 2687: 2677: 2653: 2642: 2641: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2575: 2564: 2563: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2532:. Archived from 2530:"Pecan Truffles" 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2436: 2430: 2427:Know Your Forest 2420: 2414: 2413: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2346: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2292: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2162: 2156: 2145: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2066:(9): 1075–1099. 2055: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1842:regarding their 1829:Cultural history 1705: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1662: 1654: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1461:Auguste Rousseau 1443: 1427: 1270:chemical ecology 1255:, Sarah Everts, 1251: 1250: 1239: 1208:dimethyl sulfide 1173:Must be trained 1154: 1041:Nutrient cycling 952:Quercus garryana 795: 789: 485: 482: 476: 460: 452: 432:is found in the 414:Kalapuya brunnea 408:Tuber oregonense 172: 152:nutrient cycling 21: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5333:Italian cuisine 5303: 5302: 5284: 5278: 5265: 5259: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5098: 5096: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4817: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4652: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4552: 4551: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4523:www.perigord.co 4517: 4516: 4505: 4500:Wayback Machine 4486: 4482: 4474:, 10th series, 4469:Wayback Machine 4460: 4456: 4443:Wayback Machine 4425: 4421: 4406: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4366: 4339:New Phytologist 4336: 4335: 4331: 4325:Wayback Machine 4316: 4312: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4190: 4189: 4178: 4168: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4039: 4038: 4031: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3754: 3753: 3744: 3707:New Phytologist 3700: 3699: 3695: 3635: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3490: 3489: 3476: 3434: 3433: 3422: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3330:Merriam-Webster 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3115: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3018: 3017: 3013: 2998:10.1139/b93-131 2983: 2982: 2978: 2947:10.2307/2446014 2932: 2931: 2927: 2885:10.1038/ng.3223 2872:Nature Genetics 2865: 2864: 2853: 2840: 2830: 2807: 2806: 2789: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2719:10.1139/x90-030 2703: 2702: 2691: 2662:New Phytologist 2655: 2654: 2645: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2577: 2576: 2567: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2496:species groups" 2481: 2480: 2476: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2154:Wayback Machine 2134: 2133: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2057: 2056: 2033: 2029: 2021:Specialty foods 1992: 1987: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1960:Brillat-Savarin 1948: 1928: 1836: 1831: 1818: 1798: 1792: 1706: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1675: 1663: 1652: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1588:New South Wales 1553: 1381: 1374: 1315:2-phenylethanol 1248: 1242:External videos 1237: 1117: 1071: 1043: 988: 867:species prefer 802: 782: 681:Princeton chert 676:in-situ in the 631: 545:Geopora cooperi 486: 480: 477: 470: 461: 450: 378: 335:whitish truffle 331: 325: 269: 263: 254:Tuber uncinatum 237: 231: 199: 193: 188: 183: 173:. Truffles are 144:ectomycorrhizal 142:. Truffles are 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5338:Mushroom types 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323:French cuisine 5320: 5315: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5294:. 2019-10-26. 5282: 5277:978-1780234366 5276: 5263: 5257: 5240: 5234: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206:978-0716726005 5205: 5187: 5158: 5133: 5108: 5089:New York Times 5072: 5047: 5028: 4997: 4966: 4938: 4907: 4876: 4873:on 2014-06-30. 4854: 4833: 4815: 4795: 4770: 4745: 4705: 4678:(2): 227–239. 4661: 4594: 4584:. October 2015 4570: 4534: 4503: 4480: 4454: 4419: 4404: 4364: 4345:(3): 688–699. 4329: 4310: 4281:(8): 2647–60. 4261: 4234:(6): 2583–92. 4218: 4199:(2): 277–278. 4176: 4142: 4121:10.2307/177414 4099: 4029: 3978: 3935:(1): 123–131. 3919: 3898:10.2307/177066 3876: 3867: 3860: 3834: 3791: 3766: 3742: 3713:(2): 345–354. 3693: 3623: 3617: 3591: 3552: 3525:(2): 364–377. 3519:Forest Systems 3502: 3474: 3447:(1): 271–303. 3437:Treseder, K.K. 3420: 3392: 3367: 3355:Dictionary.com 3342: 3317: 3291: 3264:(6): 653–662. 3248: 3205: 3113: 3054: 3027:(5): 815–829. 3011: 2976: 2941:(3): 410–412. 2925: 2851: 2787: 2732: 2713:(2): 211–218. 2689: 2668:(4): 653–675. 2643: 2614:10.3852/13-263 2608:(3): 553–563. 2585: 2565: 2546: 2520: 2474: 2453:10.1086/328364 2447:(6): 427–431. 2431: 2415: 2396: 2366: 2337:(1): 109–115. 2314: 2255: 2248: 2224: 2205:(1): 116–117. 2186: 2157: 2124: 2093: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2009: 1998: 1997: 1983: 1967: 1964: 1947: 1944: 1927: 1924: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1817: 1814: 1794:Main article: 1791: 1788: 1708: 1707: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1628: 1625: 1552: 1549: 1448:) in southern 1413:(1825) noted: 1373: 1370: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1318: 1299: 1260: 1259: 1244: 1243: 1236: 1233: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1116: 1113: 1109:climate change 1070: 1067: 1042: 1039: 987: 984: 801: 798: 781: 778: 674:permineralized 647:Pezizomycotina 630: 627: 593:Hysterangiales 504:of the family 488: 487: 464: 462: 455: 449: 443: 402:Tuber gibbosum 377: 371: 327:Main article: 324: 321: 289:tartufo bianco 267:Tuber magnatum 265:Main article: 262: 259: 249:Tuber aestivum 235:Tuber aestivum 233:Main article: 230: 227: 195:Main article: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 169:haute cuisines 130:basidiomycetes 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5356: 5355: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5258:9781580088626 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5159: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5029: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4998: 4985: 4982:. Bloomberg. 4981: 4980:Bloomberg.com 4977: 4970: 4967: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4796: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4760:on 2013-05-04 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4662: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3861:3-540-29182-2 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3618:9783642338229 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3578:on 2008-11-21 3574: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3164:2027.42/62545 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074:(1): e52765. 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2536:on 2010-06-09 2535: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2385: 2381: 2380:Life in Italy 2377: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2242:. Quadrille. 2241: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101:Lepp, Heino. 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1893:T. magnificus 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840:neo-Sumerians 1833: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1704: 1701: 1693: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1667:This section 1665: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1627:United States 1626: 1624: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1425:trufficulture 1419: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333:linoleic acid 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 985: 983: 980: 974: 971: 967: 966: 960: 958: 954: 953: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 928: 923: 921: 917: 916:basidiospores 913: 909: 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 860: 856: 852: 847: 843: 842:carbohydrates 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 799: 797: 794: 788: 779: 777: 775: 774: 769: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 738:of the genus 737: 733: 728: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 704: 703: 698: 697:Glomeromycota 694: 693:Basidiomycota 690: 685: 682: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 663:Morchellaceae 660: 659:Pyronematacae 656: 652: 648: 644: 635: 628: 626: 624: 623: 617: 615: 611: 607: 606: 601: 599: 594: 590: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565: 557: 553: 549: 547: 546: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 524: 519: 517: 513: 512: 507: 503: 502: 497: 496: 484: 481:February 2022 474: 468: 465:This section 463: 459: 454: 453: 448: 444: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:pecan truffle 418: 416: 415: 410: 409: 404: 403: 398: 397: 392: 387: 385: 384: 376: 372: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:Tuber borchii 336: 330: 329:Tuber borchii 322: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299:areas of the 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:white truffle 273: 268: 260: 258: 256: 255: 250: 241: 236: 228: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 203: 198: 190: 185: 180: 178: 176: 171: 170: 164: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 123: 122:Pezizomycetes 119: 118: 113: 112: 107: 106: 101: 100: 95: 94: 89: 86: 82: 81:fruiting body 78: 69: 61: 54: 50: 49:Black truffle 46: 40: 33: 19: 5318:Edible fungi 5289: 5267: 5248: 5224: 5196: 5190: 5167: 5161: 5150:. Retrieved 5136: 5125:. Retrieved 5111: 5103: 5097:. Retrieved 5088: 5064:. Retrieved 5050: 5041: 5031: 5019:. Retrieved 5000: 4988:. Retrieved 4979: 4969: 4957:. Retrieved 4951: 4941: 4929:. Retrieved 4910: 4898:. Retrieved 4879: 4871:the original 4866: 4857: 4846:. Retrieved 4836: 4825:. Retrieved 4805: 4798: 4787:. Retrieved 4773: 4762:. Retrieved 4758:the original 4748: 4737:. Retrieved 4725: 4722:Silvicultura 4721: 4708: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4653:. Retrieved 4644:10261/113281 4618: 4614: 4586:. Retrieved 4554: 4526:. Retrieved 4522: 4493:pp. 173-174. 4488: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4457: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4383: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4318:Delectations 4313: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4196: 4192: 4156: 4145: 4115:(11): 3237. 4112: 4108: 4102: 4049: 4045: 3994:(2): 71–90. 3991: 3987: 3981: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3843: 3837: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3783:. Retrieved 3769: 3760: 3756: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3645: 3641: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3580:. Retrieved 3573:the original 3568: 3555: 3544:. Retrieved 3522: 3518: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3444: 3440: 3415: 3409:. Retrieved 3395: 3383:. Retrieved 3379: 3370: 3358:. Retrieved 3354: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3329: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3303: 3294: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3197:. Retrieved 3138: 3134: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2875: 2871: 2809: 2749: 2745: 2710: 2706: 2665: 2661: 2605: 2601: 2598:Pinus edulis 2597: 2579: 2559: 2556:Tuber lyonii 2555: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2534:the original 2523: 2512:. Retrieved 2503: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2486:Tuber lyonii 2485: 2477: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2426: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2388:. Retrieved 2379: 2369: 2334: 2330: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2239: 2202: 2199:Gastronomica 2198: 2178:. Retrieved 2169: 2160: 2140: 2115:. Retrieved 2106: 2096: 2063: 2059: 2013: 1994:Fungi portal 1949: 1929: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1872: 1852:Theophrastus 1837: 1819: 1811: 1799: 1782: 1772: 1757: 1751: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1696: 1687: 1676:Please help 1671:verification 1668: 1641: 1630: 1596: 1581: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1541: 1516:rural flight 1509: 1493: 1454: 1430:Joseph Talon 1421: 1416: 1408: 1389:Joseph Talon 1377: 1348: 1336: 1329:1-octen-3-ol 1307:hydrocarbons 1295: 1287: 1263: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1191: 1189: 1160:Truffle hog 1157:Truffle dog 1104: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077:Pinus edulis 1075: 1072: 1056: 1050:, and other 1044: 1032: 1026: 1024: 989: 975: 969: 963: 961: 956: 950: 936: 924: 905: 884: 869:argillaceous 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 803: 783: 771: 767: 764: 739: 736:biogeography 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708:Hysterangium 706: 700: 686: 667: 640: 620: 618: 603: 602: 598:Hysterangium 597: 588:Hysterangium 586: 585: 580: 572: 562: 561: 555: 543: 535: 531: 528:Pinus edulis 527: 521: 520: 509: 506:Terfeziaceae 499: 493: 491: 478: 466: 446: 429: 426:Tuber lyonii 425: 419: 412: 406: 400: 394: 389:In the U.S. 388: 381: 379: 374: 338: 332: 280: 278: 252: 248: 246: 210: 208: 156: 139: 133: 115: 109: 103: 97: 91: 76: 74: 52: 4953:Smithsonian 4672:New Forests 4621:: 148–159. 3892:(4): 1187. 2842:|work= 2506:: 365–372. 2300:2318/100278 1980:Food portal 1952:Renaissance 1950:During the 1932:Middle Ages 1926:Middle Ages 1899:T. magnatum 1868:Dioscorides 1796:Truffle oil 1638:Appalachian 1529:Martel, Lot 1520:World War I 1507:that year. 1440:département 1372:Cultivation 1366:androstenol 1296:T. magnatum 1200:androstenol 1129:Gignac, Lot 970:G. sabrinus 957:Q. garryana 927:mycophagous 889:leaf litter 748:nuclear DNA 622:Elaphomyces 577:Douglas fir 111:Choiromyces 5307:Categories 5152:2012-06-16 5127:2018-12-04 5099:2008-05-17 5066:2017-01-06 5021:August 18, 4931:August 18, 4900:August 18, 4848:2021-08-29 4827:2020-09-05 4789:2012-07-26 4764:2012-07-19 4739:2016-07-27 4655:2019-09-24 4588:2022-08-18 4528:2022-08-18 4173:required.) 4152:"truffler" 3988:Mycorrhiza 3785:2018-12-19 3763:: 104–117. 3582:2008-05-17 3546:2016-07-27 3499:: 264–273. 3411:2008-05-17 3199:2019-09-01 2895:1942/18722 2582:. Collins. 2540:2010-06-03 2514:2010-06-04 2490:T. texense 2390:2012-06-16 2180:2017-01-06 2166:"Truffles" 2117:5 December 2027:References 2006:confection 1577:inoculated 1496:phylloxera 1488:Carpentras 1465:Carpentras 1387:Statue of 1337:T. borchii 1321:Fatty acid 1309:) such as 1303:amino acid 1288:T. borchii 1257:CEN Online 1218:truffles. 1202:, the sex 1115:Extraction 1090:Rhizopogon 1063:arthropods 996:phosphorus 979:Hartig net 920:sporocarps 912:ascospores 873:calcareous 768:Rhizopogon 721:Leucangium 702:Rhizopogon 689:Ascomycota 655:Pezizaceae 651:Tuberaceae 614:Glomerales 581:Rhizopogon 573:Rhizopogon 564:Rhizopogon 556:Rhizopogon 540:sporocarps 297:Montferrat 175:cultivated 148:fungivores 135:Rhizopogon 117:Leucangium 85:ascomycete 5170:, Chicago 4213:0953-7562 4129:0012-9658 4076:0027-8424 4008:0940-6360 3957:0029-8549 3929:Oecologia 3906:0012-9658 3829:0167-8809 3729:0028-646X 3672:0962-1083 3461:0066-4286 3376:"truffle" 3351:"truffle" 3326:"truffle" 3278:0953-7562 3235:0953-7562 3173:0028-0836 3006:0008-4026 2904:946824824 2844:ignored ( 2834:cite book 2774:0038-0717 2727:0045-5067 2684:0028-646X 2638:207630013 2622:0027-5514 2602:Mycologia 2500:Mycotaxon 2353:0378-1097 2219:1529-3262 2138:(1838) . 2080:0953-7562 1882:Classical 1834:Antiquity 1764:stuffings 1753:foie gras 1690:July 2021 1640:truffle ( 1601:, in the 1599:Robertson 1565:in 1993. 1533:Lalbenque 1500:silkworms 1363:pheromone 1343:Thiophene 1325:aldehydes 1284:volatiles 1204:pheromone 1145:Mons, Var 1105:P. edulis 1101:P. edulis 1097:P. edulis 1082:P. edulis 1048:magnesium 992:potassium 947:chipmunks 943:squirrels 810:symbiotic 780:Etymology 732:phylogeny 629:Phylogeny 608:spp. are 569:Boletales 473:talk page 126:Pezizales 5296:Archived 5247:(2007). 5176:citation 5146:Archived 5121:Archived 5093:Archived 5060:Archived 5015:Archived 4990:10 April 4984:Archived 4925:Archived 4894:Archived 4821:Archived 4783:Archived 4730:Archived 4728:: 8–10. 4700:11586599 4649:Archived 4496:Archived 4465:Archived 4439:Archived 4414:25454181 4359:21287717 4321:Archived 4305:24903279 4256:16749990 4094:28973879 4024:20983637 4016:21140277 3965:15891858 3779:Archived 3737:16411937 3688:45317735 3680:23599958 3537:Archived 3469:12730396 3405:Archived 3385:12 March 3360:12 March 3335:12 March 3310:12 March 3304:OUP Blog 3286:17604150 3243:17964768 3193:Archived 3108:23300990 3068:PLOS ONE 3049:84381208 2971:29913925 2963:21708594 2920:20914242 2912:25706625 2782:85720492 2630:24871594 2508:Archived 2469:84500806 2384:Archived 2361:15158269 2309:20348908 2238:(2003). 2174:Archived 2172:. 2017. 2150:Archived 2111:Archived 2088:18022534 2012:List of 1966:See also 1912:Carthage 1856:Plutarch 1823:cocktail 1762:, or in 1607:périgord 1584:Victoria 1573:Tasmania 1504:mulberry 1490:, France 1469:Vaucluse 1446:Vaucluse 1359:alcohols 1351:sulfides 1311:ethylene 1266:microbes 1192:truffler 1147:, France 1131:, France 1020:chloride 1000:nitrogen 881:alkaline 826:hornbeam 758:rRNA of 501:Tirmania 495:Terfezia 301:Piedmont 223:hazelnut 215:Périgord 124:and the 18:Truffles 5042:Outside 4680:Bibcode 4623:Bibcode 4283:Bibcode 4248:2557347 4109:Ecology 4085:5651740 4054:Bibcode 3973:3102834 3937:Bibcode 3886:Ecology 3809:Bibcode 3650:Bibcode 3189:4312286 3181:2716834 3143:Bibcode 3099:3534693 3076:Bibcode 3029:Bibcode 2955:2446014 2754:Bibcode 2461:2556357 2277:Bibcode 2016:species 1880:in the 1878:Thracia 1860:Juvenal 1844:Amorite 1768:cheeses 1618:⁄ 1537:Limogne 1432:, from 1268:. The 1215:mycelia 1086:Geopora 1059:erosion 908:conidia 877:neutral 851:Geopora 846:enzymes 806:mycelia 800:Ecology 773:Suillus 713:Geopora 558:truffle 536:Geopora 532:Geopora 523:Geopora 516:Germany 445:Beyond 430:texense 428:) syn. 351:Romagna 347:Abruzzo 343:Tuscany 323:Whitish 285:Italian 186:Species 159:Italian 99:Geopora 79:is the 77:truffle 5274: 5255: 5232: 5203: 4959:2 June 4813: 4698: 4412: 4402: 4357: 4303: 4254: 4246: 4211: 4137:177414 4135: 4127: 4092: 4082: 4074: 4022: 4014: 4006: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3914:177066 3912: 3904: 3858: 3827: 3735: 3727: 3686: 3678: 3670: 3615: 3467: 3459: 3284: 3276: 3241: 3233: 3187: 3179: 3171: 3135:Nature 3106: 3096: 3047: 3004: 2969: 2961: 2953: 2918: 2910: 2902: 2780: 2772: 2725: 2682: 2636: 2628: 2620: 2467: 2459: 2359: 2351: 2307: 2269:Nature 2246: 2217: 2086: 2078: 1908:Lesbos 1904:terfez 1896:, and 1864:Cicero 1457:Loudun 1450:France 1355:ethers 1281:Sulfur 1229:Suilla 1224:Suilla 1018:, and 1012:copper 1004:sulfur 1002:, and 945:, and 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