Burn - Knowledge (XXG)

729: 6213: 1944:, about 700,000 to 800,000 people per year sustain significant burns, though very few are looked after in specialist burn units. The highest rates occur in women 16–35 years of age. Part of this high rate is related to unsafe kitchens and loose-fitting clothing typical to India. It is estimated that one-third of all burns in India are due to clothing catching fire from open flames. Intentional burns are also a common cause and occur at high rates in young women, secondary to domestic violence and self-harm. 686: 1801: 648: 1193: 1315:

involvement of specific anatomical zones, the age of the person, and associated injuries. Minor burns can typically be managed at home, moderate burns are often managed in a hospital, and major burns are managed by a burn center. Severe burn injury represents one of the most devastating forms of trauma. Despite improvements in burn care, patients can be left to suffer for as many as three years post-injury.

1061: 404: 1215:, and estimations based on a person's palm size. The rule of nines is easy to remember but only accurate in people over 16 years of age. More accurate estimates can be made using Lund and Browder charts, which take into account the different proportions of body parts in adults and children. The size of a person's handprint (including the palm and fingers) is approximately 1% of their TBSA. 6254: 782: 1324:

Experts recommend setting water heaters below 48.8 °C (119.8 °F). Other measures to prevent scalds include using a thermometer to measure bath water temperatures, and splash guards on stoves. While the effect of the regulation of fireworks is unclear, there is tentative evidence of benefit with recommendations including the limitation of the sale of fireworks to children.

1025:, and business disputes. An immersion injury or immersion scald may indicate child abuse. It is created when an extremity, or sometimes the buttocks are held under the surface of hot water. It typically produces a sharp upper border and is often symmetrical, known as "sock burns", "glove burns", or "zebra stripes" - where folds have prevented certain areas from burning. Deliberate 598: 552: 1923:

accidents in the kitchen or domestic violence. In children, deaths from burns occur at more than ten times the rate in the developing than the developed world. Overall, in children it is one of the top fifteen leading causes of death. From the 1980s to 2004, many countries have seen both a decrease in the rates of fatal burns and in burns generally.

1784:. Scarring may also result in a disturbance in body image. To treat hypertrophic scars (raised, tense, stiff and itchy scars) and limit their effect on physical function and everyday activities, silicone sheeting and compression garments are recommended. In the developing world, significant burns may result in social isolation, 473:

entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture. While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black. Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive. More worrisome signs include:

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An estimated 500,000 burn injuries receive medical treatment yearly in the United States. They resulted in about 3,300 deaths in 2008. Most burns (70%) and deaths from burns occur in males. The highest incidence of fire burns occurs in those 18–35 years old, while the highest incidence of scalds

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Risk of thromboembolism is high and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that does not resolve with maximal ventilator use is also a common complication. Scars are long-term after-effects of a burn injury. Psychological support is required to cope with the aftermath of a fire accident, while to

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Burn patients require support and care – both physiological and psychological. Respiratory failure, sepsis, and multi-organ system failure are common in hospitalized burn patients. To prevent hypothermia and maintain normal body temperature, burn patients with over 20% of burn injuries should be kept

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Burns can be classified by depth, mechanism of injury, extent, and associated injuries. The most commonly used classification is based on the depth of injury. The depth of a burn is usually determined via examination, although a biopsy may also be used. It may be difficult to accurately determine the

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The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days. Individuals with more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be

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is of poor quality. While it might be beneficial in reducing pain, and a review from 2007 found tentative evidence of improved healing times, a subsequent review from 2012 did not find improved healing over silver sulfadiazine. There were only three randomized controlled trials for the use of plants

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Burns are caused by a variety of external sources classified as thermal (heat-related), chemical, electrical, and radiation. In the United States, the most common causes of burns are: fire or flame (44%), scalds (33%), hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemicals (3%). Most (69%) burn injuries

1582:, which may include applications of eggs, mud, leaves or cow dung. Surgical management is limited in some cases due to insufficient financial resources and availability. There are a number of other methods that may be used in addition to medications to reduce procedural pain and anxiety including: 1414:

Early cooling (within 30 minutes of the burn) reduces burn depth and pain, but care must be taken as over-cooling can result in hypothermia. It should be performed with cool water 10–25 °C (50.0–77.0 °F) and not ice water as the latter can cause further injury. Chemical burns may require

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may be required. This is followed by care of the burn wound itself. People with extensive burns may be wrapped in clean sheets until they arrive at a hospital. As burn wounds are prone to infection, a tetanus booster shot should be given if an individual has not been immunized within the last five

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Historically, about half of all burns were deemed preventable. Burn prevention programs have significantly decreased rates of serious burns. Preventive measures include: limiting hot water temperatures, smoke alarms, sprinkler systems, proper construction of buildings, and fire-resistant clothing.

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are a common cause of burns during holiday seasons in many countries. This is a particular risk for adolescent males. In the United States, for non-fatal burn injuries to children, white males under the age of 6 comprise most cases. Thermal burns from grabbing/touching and spilling/splashing

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formula based on body weight and surface area (BSA) damaged. The first 24 hours of treatment entails 1ml/kg/% BSA of crystalloids plus 1 ml/kg/% BSA colloids plus 2000ml glucose in water, and in the next 24 hours, crystalloids at 0.5 ml/kg/% BSA, colloids at 0.5 ml/kg/% BSA, and the same amount of

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can help determine the volume of intravenous fluids required over the first 24 hours. The formula is based on the affected individual's TBSA and weight. Half of the fluid is administered over the first 8 hours, and the remainder over the following 16 hours. The time is calculated

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solutions, which significantly reduced mortality. In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed. In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic

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has historically been used to determine prognosis of major burns. However, with improved care, it is no longer very accurate. The score is determined by adding the size of the burn (% TBSA) to the age of the person and taking that to be more or less equal to the risk of death. Burns in 2013

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in baths or showers, hot cooking oil, or steam. Scald injuries are most common in children under the age of five and, in the United States and Australia, this population makes up about two-thirds of all burns. Contact with hot objects is the cause of about 20–30% of burns in children. Generally,

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injury, other significant injuries such as long bone fractures, and serious co-morbidities (e.g. heart disease, diabetes, psychiatric illness, and suicidal intent) also influence prognosis. On average, of those admitted to the United States burn centers, 4% die, with the outcome for individuals

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should be given. In children with more than 10–20% TBSA (Total Body Surface Area) burns, and adults with more than 15% TBSA burns, formal fluid resuscitation and monitoring should follow. This should be begun pre-hospital if possible in those with burns greater than 25% TBSA. The

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Metabolism in burn patients proceeds at a higher than normal speed due to the whole-body process and rapid fatty acid substrate cycles, which can be countered with an adequate supply of energy, nutrients, and antioxidants. Enteral feeding a day after resuscitation is required to reduce risk of

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To determine the need for referral to a specialized burn unit, the American Burn Association devised a classification system. Under this system, burns can be classified as major, moderate, and minor. This is assessed based on a number of factors, including total body surface area affected, the

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In the developed world, adult males have twice the mortality as females from burns. This is most probably due to their higher risk occupations and greater risk-taking activities. In many countries in the developing world, however, females have twice the risk of males. This is often related to

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Skin grafts can involve temporary skin substitutes, derived from animal (human donor or pig) skin or synthesized. They are used to cover the wound as a dressing, preventing infection and fluid loss, but will eventually need to be removed. Alternatively, human skin can be treated to be left on

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In the management of first and second-degree burns, little quality evidence exists to determine which dressing type to use. It is reasonable to manage first-degree burns without dressings. While topical antibiotics are often recommended, there is little evidence to support their use.

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years. In the United States, 95% of burns that present to the emergency department are treated and discharged; 5% require hospital admission. With major burns, early feeding is important. Protein intake should also be increased, and trace elements and vitamins are often required.

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dependent on the extent of the burn injury. For example, admittees with burn areas less than 10% TBSA had a mortality rate of less than 1%, while admittees with over 90% TBSA had a mortality rate of 85%. In Afghanistan, people with more than 60% TBSA burns rarely survive. The

1419:, and application of dressings are important aspects of wound care. If intact blisters are present, it is not clear what should be done with them. Some tentative evidence supports leaving them intact. Second-degree burns should be re-evaluated after two days. 1760:

and respiratory failure. Risk factors for infection include: burns of more than 30% TBSA, full-thickness burns, extremes of age (young or old), or burns involving the legs or perineum. Pneumonia occurs particularly commonly in those with inhalation injuries.

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is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children. Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury. Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.

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occurs in children less than five years old and adults over 65. Electrical burns result in about 1,000 deaths per year. Lightning results in the death of about 60 people a year. In Europe, intentional burns occur most commonly in middle aged men.

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most often found on the face, or the back of the hands and feet. Other high-risk signs of potential abuse include: circumferential burns, the absence of splash marks, a burn of uniform depth, and association with other signs of neglect or abuse.

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prevent scars and long-term damage to the skin and other body structures consulting with burn specialists, preventing infections, consuming nutritious foods, early and aggressive rehabilitation, and using compressive clothing are recommended.

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In 2015, fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 176,000 deaths. Among women in much of the world, burns are most commonly related to the use of open cooking fires or unsafe

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There is no evidence that the use of copper sulphate to visualise phosphorus particles for removal can help with wound healing due to phosphorus burns. Meanwhile, absorption of copper sulphate into the blood circulation can be harmful.

1367:. Additionally, those with inhalation injuries require more fluid. While inadequate fluid resuscitation may cause problems, over-resuscitation can also be detrimental. The formulas are only a guide, with infusions ideally tailored to a 281:), solids, or fire. Burns occur mainly in the home or the workplace. In the home, risks are associated with domestic kitchens, including stoves, flames, and hot liquids. In the workplace, risks are associated with fire and chemical and 52: 1072:

and start breaking down. This results in cell and tissue damage. Many of the direct health effects of a burn are caused by failure of the skin to perform its normal functions, which include: protection from bacteria, skin sensation,

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may also result in electrical burns. Risk factors for being struck include involvement in outdoor activities such as mountain climbing, golf and field sports, and working outside. Mortality from a lightning strike is about 10%.

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In the United States, fire and hot liquids are the most common causes of burns. Of house fires that result in death, smoking causes 25% and heating devices cause 22%. Almost half of injuries are due to efforts to fight a fire.

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In 2015 fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 238,000 dying. This is down from 300,000 deaths in 1990. This makes it the fourth leading cause of injuries after

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Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management. The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys, and the 1500 BCE

1001:, redness seen after 10 Gy, wet skin peeling after 20 Gy, and necrosis after 30 Gy. Redness, if it occurs, may not appear until some time after exposure. Radiation burns are treated the same as other burns. 1204:(TBSA) affected by partial thickness or full thickness burns. First-degree burns that are only red in color and are not blistering are not included in this estimation. Most burns (70%) involve less than 10% of the TBSA. 750:

Burn injuries occur more commonly among the poor. Smoking and alcoholism are other risk factors. Fire-related burns are generally more common in colder climates. Specific risk factors in the developing world include

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or flaps (typically anything more than a small full thickness burn) should be dealt with as early as possible. Circumferential burns of the limbs or chest may need urgent surgical release of the skin, known as an

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Honey has been used since ancient times to aid wound healing and may be beneficial in first- and second-degree burns. There is moderate evidence that honey helps heal partial thickness burns. The evidence for

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Jeschke MG, Gauglitz GG, Kulp GA, Finnerty CC, Williams FN, Kraft R, Suman OE, Mlcak RP, Herndon DN: Long-term persistence of the pathophysi-ologic response to severe burn injury.PLoS One6:E21245,

936:. In high voltage injuries, most damage may occur internally and thus the extent of the injury cannot be judged by examination of the skin alone. Contact with either low voltage or high voltage may produce 2413:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 2359:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 391:. While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults. In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a 351:. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as 5912:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1603:

infection, recovery time, non-infectious complications, hospital stay, long-term damage, and mortality. Controlling blood glucose levels can have an impact on liver function and survival.

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Barayan D, Vinaik R, Auger C, Knuth CM, Abdullahi A, Jeschke MG. Inhibition of Lipolysis With Acipimox Attenuates Postburn White Adipose Tissue Browning and Hepatic Fat Infiltration.

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is estimated to occur in 6 to 25% of people. The hypermetabolic state that may persist for years after a major burn can result in a decrease in bone density and a loss of muscle mass.

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via dehydration (i.e. water in the body evaporated away). Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium.

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Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R (September 2014). "Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review".

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Kearns RD, Cairns CB, Holmes JH, Rich PB, Cairns BA (January 2013). "Thermal burn care: a review of best practices. What should prehospital providers do for these patients?".

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Forjuoh SN (August 2006). "Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention".

304:. They appear red without blisters, and pain typically lasts around three days. When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or 443:

The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England, and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s. During World War I,

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may form subsequent to a burn, particularly in those who are young and dark skinned. Following a burn, children may have significant psychological trauma and experience

989:). Sun exposure is the most common cause of radiation burns and the most common cause of superficial burns overall. There is significant variation in how easily people 728: 1196:

Burn severity is determined through, among other things, the size of the skin affected. The image shows the makeup of different body parts, to help assess burn size.

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are recommended before surgery for those with extensive burns (>60% TBSA). As of 2008, guidelines do not recommend their general use due to concerns regarding

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level falls below 60-80 g/L (6-8 g/dL) due to the associated risk of complications. Intravenous catheters may be placed through burned skin if needed or

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may be used to aid with itching. Antihistamines, however, are only effective for this purpose in 20% of people. There is tentative evidence supporting the use of

5888: 685: 5988:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 4497:

Eljaiek R, Heylbroeck C, Dubois MJ (February 2017). "Albumin administration for fluid resuscitation in burn patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Maenthaisong R, Chaiyakunapruk N, Niruntraporn S, Kongkaew C (September 2007). "The efficacy of aloe vera used for burn wound healing: a systematic review".

1427:(a type of antibiotic) is not recommended as it potentially prolongs healing time. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of dressings containing 420:

of resin. Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE, pig fat and vinegar by

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Maguire S, Moynihan S, Mann M, Potokar T, Kemp AM (December 2008). "A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in children".

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Resuscitation begins with the assessment and stabilization of the person's airway, breathing and circulation. If inhalation injury is suspected, early

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Wijesinghe M, Weatherall M, Perrin K, Beasley R (May 2009). "Honey in the treatment of burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its efficacy".

647: 2564: 3414: 316:, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. Often there is no pain and the burnt area is stiff. Healing typically does not occur on its own. A 2616:"The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013" 6806: 1363:

from when the burn occurred, and not from the time that fluid resuscitation began. Children require additional maintenance fluid that includes

5139: 1545:. This is done to treat or prevent problems with distal circulation, or ventilation. It is uncertain if it is useful for neck or digit burns. 6801: 6153: 5720: 5686: 5617: 5180: 5023: 4949: 4385: 4197: 4166: 4112: 4074: 3989: 3945: 3883: 3765: 3735: 3633: 3386: 3313: 3208: 3089: 3003: 2941: 2824: 2799: 2793: 2693: 2589: 2289: 2243: 2143: 1518:(rhGH) in those with burns that involve more than 40% of their body appears to speed healing without affecting the risk of death. The use of 4252:

Cianci P, Slade JB, Sato RM, Faulkner J (January–February 2013). "Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of thermal burns".

1040:, occurs in some cultures, such as India where women have been burned in revenge for what the husband or his family consider an inadequate 5692: 4779:

Storm-Versloot MN, Vos CG, Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H (March 2010). Storm-Versloot MN (ed.). "Topical silver for preventing wound infection".

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Zachariah JR, Rao AL, Prabha R, Gupta AK, Paul MK, Lamba S (August 2012). "Post burn pruritus--a review of current treatment options".

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helps with keloids or scarring. Butter is not recommended. In low income countries, burns are treated up to one-third of the time with

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Burns are generally preventable. Treatment depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than

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Edlich RF, Farinholt HM, Winters KL, Britt LD, Long WB (2005). "Modern concepts of treatment and prevention of lightning injuries".

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were the most common type of burn and mechanism, while the bodily areas most impacted were hands and fingers followed by head/neck.

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Edlich RF, Farinholt HM, Winters KL, Britt LD, Long WB (2005). "Modern concepts of treatment and prevention of electrical burns".

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Hardwicke J, Hunter T, Staruch R, Moiemen N (May 2012). "Chemical burns--an historical comparison and review of the literature".

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Rousseau AF, Losser MR, Ichai C, Berger MM (August 2013). "ESPEN endorsed recommendations: nutritional therapy in major burns".

6243: 1915:. This has been attributed partly to overcrowding and an unsafe cooking situation. Overall, nearly 60% of fatal burns occur in 1432: 6177: 2722: 6480: 4859:

Chaganti P, Gordon I, Chao JH, Zehtabchi S (June 2019). "A systematic review of foam dressings for partial thickness burns".

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Curinga G, Jain A, Feldman M, Prosciak M, Phillips B, Milner S (August 2011). "Red blood cell transfusion following burn".

1804: 1379: 912:. The most common causes of electrical burns in children are electrical cords (60%) followed by electrical outlets (14%). 6816: 5145: 1172:

depth of a burn on a single examination and repeated examinations over a few days may be necessary. In those who have a

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scalds are first- or second-degree burns, but third-degree burns may also result, especially with prolonged contact.

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occur at home or at work (9%), and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1–2% resulting from a

551: 6627: 3550:"Maggot debridement therapy for an electrical burn injury with instructions for the use of Lucilia sericata larvae" 2744:

Pećanac M, Janjić Z, Komarcević A, Pajić M, Dobanovacki D, Misković SS (2013). "Burns treatment in ancient times".

756: 752: 4069:(1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1516. 6473: 1177: 395:

survive their injuries. The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.

383:. Among men, they are more likely a result of unsafe workplace conditions. Most deaths due to burns occur in the 1919:

with a rate of 11.6 per 100,000. The number of fatal burns has changed from 280,000 in 1990 to 176,000 in 2015.

1502:. Tentative evidence, however, shows that they may improve survival rates in those with large and severe burns. 6431: 6391: 1757: 1435:. Silver sulfadiazine does not appear to differ from silver containing foam dressings with respect to healing. 867: 3132:

Peck MD (November 2011). "Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: Distribution and risk factors".

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Makarovsky I, Markel G, Dushnitsky T, Eisenkraft A (May 2008). "Hydrogen fluoride--the protoplasmic poison".

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has not been found effective to prevent or treat anemia in burn cases. In burns caused by hydrofluoric acid,

805: 308:. Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful. Healing can require up to eight weeks and 6652: 1904: 1583: 1201: 115: 6347: 6339: 6274: 3792:

Peck MD (August 2012). "Epidemiology of burns throughout the World. Part II: intentional burns in adults".

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Anemia secondary to full thickness burns of greater than 10% TBSA is common. Electrical burns may lead to

1372: 1338: 1212: 1121: 1077:, and prevention of evaporation of the body's water. Disruption of these functions can lead to infection, 429: 73: 822:

is caused by hot liquids or gases and most commonly occurs from exposure to hot drinks, high temperature

5953: 5741:"ACI Statewide Burn Injury Service. Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice Guidelines" 1495: 1403: 1208: 1093: 636: 31: 6622: 3170:

Lloyd EC, Rodgers BC, Michener M, Williams MS (January 2012). "Outpatient burns: prevention and care".

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The prognosis is worse in those with larger burns, those who are older, and females. The presence of a

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attempt. These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.

6219: 6212: 5681:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1077. 1773: 1765: 1579: 444: 343:. Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in 1800: 1009:. While exposures as short as two seconds may cause injury, overall this is an uncommon occurrence. 794: 6796: 6734: 6376: 5207:

Orgill DP, Piccolo N (September–October 2009). "Escharotomy and decompressive therapies in burns".

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Herndon D, ed. (2012). "Chapter 64: Management of pain and other discomforts in burned patients".

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can cause particularly deep burns that may not become symptomatic until some time after exposure.

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Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, Naghavi M, Higashi H, Mullany EC, et al. (February 2016).

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Electrical burns or injuries are classified as high voltage (greater than or equal to 1000

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Goutos I, Dziewulski P, Richardson PM (March–April 2009). "Pruritus in burns: review article".

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Monstrey S, Middelkoop E, Vranckx JJ, Bassetto F, Ziegler UE, Meaume S, Téot L (August 2014).

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Enoch S, Roshan A, Shah M (April 2009). "Emergency and early management of burns and scalds".

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Jutla RK, Heimbach D (March–April 2004). "Love burns: An essay about bride burning in India".

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Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Evans DJ, Butler AR, Alderson P, Smith AF, Roberts I (August 2018).

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Herndon D, ed. (2012). "Chapter 31: Etiology and prevention of multisystem organ failure".

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and its use may be reasonable in those who do not improve with antihistamines. Intravenous

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Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

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Juckett G, Hartman-Adams H (August 2009). "Management of keloids and hypertrophic scars".

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Wasiak J, Mahar PD, McGuinness SK, Spinks A, Danilla S, Cleland H, Tan HB (October 2014).

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In those hospitalized from scalds or fire burns, 3–10% are from assault. Reasons include:

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Chemical burns can be caused by over 25,000 substances, most of which are either a strong

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Norman G, Christie J, Liu Z, Westby MJ, Jefferies JM, Hudson T, et al. (July 2017).

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Herndon D, ed. (2012). "Chapter 10: Evaluation of the burn wound: management decisions".

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Barajas-Nava LA, López-Alcalde J, Roqué i Figuls M, Solà I, Bonfill Cosp X (June 2013).

6791: 5936: 5911: 5475: 5423: 5398: 5374: 5349: 5298: 5273: 5116: 5089: 5065: 5040: 4991: 4966: 4836: 4811: 4709: 4684: 4660: 4635: 4606: 4571: 4474: 4449: 4040: 4015: 3912: 3436:"Children Younger Than 18 Years Treated for Nonfatal Burns in US Emergency Departments" 2640: 2615: 2496: 2437: 2412: 2383: 2358: 2322: 1769: 1503: 1468: 1391: 1368: 1148: 1136: 1129: 1125: 1002: 958: 953: 941: 879: 388: 372: 209: 6119: 6094: 6003: 5927: 5272:

Barqouni L, Abu Shaaban N, Elessi K, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (June 2014).

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber R, Bhutta Z, Carter A, et al. (October 2016).

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3549: 3469: 2857: 2232:"Chapter 3: Epidemiological, Demographic, and Outcome Characteristics of Burn Injury" 1537: 1452: 1383: 1097: 1048:

represent 13% of intentional burns, and are frequently related to domestic violence.

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6765: 6711: 6693: 6602: 6545: 6186: 6039: 5638:"Medically Sound: Treating and Caring for Burn, Electricity, and Radiation Victims" 5466: 5414: 5365: 5289: 5056: 4982: 4827: 4788: 4746: 4700: 4587: 4465: 4434: 4192:(5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 422. 3053: 2714: 2631: 1113: 1078: 1060: 909: 768: 403: 17: 5774:"Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-invasive and invasive measures" 4636:"Prophylactic antibiotics for burns patients: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4135:

2020;53(2):137-145. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001439, 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001439

790: 6396: 6242: 5220: 4418: 4031: 3565: 3037: 2681: 2136:

Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))

1092:

In large burns (over 30% of the total body surface area), there is a significant

407:

Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835), who developed the degree classification of burns

6760: 6755: 6657: 6647: 6437: 6301: 5511: 5450: 4915: 4545: 4510: 3805: 3496: 3434:

Mitchell M, Kistamgari S, Chounthirath T, McKenzie LB, Smith GA (January 2020).

3353: 3255: 3145: 1916: 1542: 1416: 1156: 1109: 1101: 1082: 1022: 1018: 998: 970: 875: 451:

developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using

421: 392: 347:. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by 344: 340: 274: 254: 173: 154: 69: 6185:. Dataset Version 8.0. Chicago: American Burn Association. 2012. Archived from 5790: 5773: 5397:

Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, Westby MJ, Deshpande S, Walker N (March 2015).

4967:"Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain" 4872: 4450:"Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people" 4230: 3203:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1109. 2179: 1748:

being the most common. In order of frequency, potential complications include:

300:

Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or

6739: 6683: 6592: 6465: 6407: 5675:

King C, Henretig FM, King BR, Loiselle J, Ruddy RM, Wiley II JF, eds. (2008).

5546: 4565: 4563: 1984:"Burns - British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons" 1753: 1724: 1546: 1528:(Stratagraft) was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2021. 1491: 1480: 1399: 1333: 1152: 1006: 905: 721: 589: 336: 286: 199: 183: 6110: 5850: 4342: 3452: 3435: 2163: 6729: 6720: 6662: 6607: 6448: 6366: 6362: 1958: 1749: 1745: 1575: 1567: 1484: 1464: 1448: 1443:

Burns can be very painful and a number of different options may be used for

994: 921: 913: 855: 828: 823: 525: 368: 360: 290: 266: 258: 166: 158: 120: 6128: 6074: 6031: 5945: 5858: 5823:

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Forensic pathology for police, death investigators, and forensic scientists

3608: 3573: 3534: 3504: 3461: 3361: 3263: 3183: 3153: 3045: 2892: 2765: 2649: 2446: 2392: 2187: 1526:

Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in murine collagen

332:. The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part. 5841: 5824: 2865: 6688: 6588: 5800: 5140:"FDA Approves StrataGraft for the Treatment of Adults with Thermal Burns" 4107:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–219. 1963: 1908: 1587: 1519: 1511: 1173: 1140: 1117: 920:

While electrical injuries primarily result in burns, they may also cause

819: 530: 486: 482: 309: 294: 278: 262: 162: 93: 6262:

was created from a revision of this article dated 26 July 2014

5825:"Management of scars: updated practical guidelines and use of silicones" 289:

and smoking are other risk factors. Burns can also occur as a result of

51: 6532: 4596: 1953: 1777: 1499: 1472: 1456: 1364: 990: 744: 620: 569: 478: 270: 6318: 6217:

Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the

4327:"Initial management of a major burn: II--assessment and resuscitation" 4295: 1599:

in an environment with the temperature at or above 30 degree Celsius.

1068:

At temperatures greater than 44 °C (111 °F), proteins begin

789:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

6639: 6580: 6501: 6426: 6357: 6330: 6297: 5910:

GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015).

5041:"Recombinant human growth hormone for treating burns and donor sites" 4651: 1428: 982: 715: 703: 696:

Extends through entire skin, and into underlying fat, muscle and bone

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Avni T, Levcovich A, Ad-El DD, Leibovici L, Paul M (February 2010).

4014:

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2844:

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2715:"Burn Incidence and Treatment in the United States: 2012 Fact Sheet" 5090:"Clinical review: the critical care management of the burn patient" 1207:

There are a number of methods to determine the TBSA, including the

436:

was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s.

339:, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized 6706: 6697: 6497: 1941: 1799: 1398:

are rarely required. They are typically only recommended when the

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Marx J (2010). "Chapter 140: Electrical and Lightning Injuries".

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Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice

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Rate of deaths (per 100,000) due to fire between 1990 and 2017.

724:, significant functional impairment and, in some cases, death. 681:

Scarring, contractures, amputation (early excision recommended)

4066:

Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states

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expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.

5088:

Snell JA, Loh NH, Mahambrey T, Shokrollahi K (October 2013).

4812:"Negative pressure wound therapy for partial-thickness burns" 3682:"Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents" 432:

documented to the 1st century CE. French barber-surgeon

6240: 4734:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing burn wound infection" 1809: 1590:, and behavioral approaches such as distraction techniques. 1371:

of >30 mL/h in adults or >1mL/kg in children and

4405:

Endorf FW, Ahrenholz D (December 2011). "Burn management".

1487:

requires more study before it can be recommended for pain.

1382:

is often used, there is no evidence that it is superior to

1147:

that can last for years. This is associated with increased

459:

The "Evans formula", described in 1952, was the first burn

5778:

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

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Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F, Spinks A (March 2013).

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additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as

138:

First degree, second degree, third degree, fourth degree

4572:"Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns" 3878:(4th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. pp. 689–698. 3305:

Training in paediatrics : the essential curriculum

2138:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 1374–1386. 277:). Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids (called 27:

Injury to flesh or skin, often caused by excessive heat

3832:"Child abuse: skin markers and differential diagnosis" 30:

This article is about the injury. For other uses, see

2788:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 393.e1. 1341:

may be useful in addition to traditional treatments.

6308: 2816:

The life and times of Guillaume Dupuytren, 1777–1835

1415:

extensive irrigation. Cleaning with soap and water,

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These include simple analgesics (such as 759:in children and chronic diseases in adults. 678:Prolonged (months) and unfinished/incomplete 6088: 6086: 6084: 5704: 5702: 5609:The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders 5574: 5572: 5455:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5444: 5442: 5403:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5354:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5278:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5172:Handbook of Burns Volume 1: Acute Burn Care 5045:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4971:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4935: 4933: 4816:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4781:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4738:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4689:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4629: 4627: 4625: 4576:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4454:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4377:Handbook of Burns Volume 1: Acute Burn Care 4158:Handbook of Burns Volume 1: Acute Burn Care 3869: 3867: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2164:"Management of local burn wounds in the ED" 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 1176:or are dizzy and have a fire-related burn, 6488: 6474: 6466: 6309: 6148:. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 42. 5881:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 5678:Textbook of pediatric emergency procedures 4861:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3830:Gondim RM, Muñoz DR, Petri V (June 2011). 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3165: 3163: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2483: 2481: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2168:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1744:A number of complications may occur, with 1116:loss, making the blood more concentrated. 492: 50: 41: 6118: 6067:10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i5.50 6021: 6011: 5935: 5840: 5799: 5789: 5474: 5422: 5399:"Honey as a topical treatment for wounds" 5373: 5297: 5115: 5105: 5064: 4990: 4835: 4755: 4745: 4708: 4659: 4605: 4595: 4473: 4350: 4039: 3847: 3697: 3601:10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i2.60 3516: 3514: 3451: 3408:"World report on child injury prevention" 2994:Brunicardi C (2010). 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In a full-thickness or 25: 5695:from the original on 22 May 2016. 5626:from the original on 18 May 2016. 5189:from the original on 10 May 2016. 4394:from the original on 19 May 2016. 4206:from the original on 20 May 2016. 4175:from the original on 17 May 2016. 4121:from the original on 20 May 2016. 4020:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3836:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 3642:from the original on 20 May 2016. 3420:from the original on 31 May 2013. 3217:from the original on 12 May 2016. 2833:from the original on 16 May 2016. 2333:from the original on 21 July 2017 6252: 6211: 5712:Handbook of pediatric psychology 5665:National Burn Repository, Pg. 10 4407:Current Opinion in Critical Care 4189:The Washington manual of surgery 4083:from the original on 1 May 2016. 3774:from the original on 5 May 2016. 3197:Rosdahl CB, Kowalski MT (2008). 2996:Schwartz's principles of surgery 2858:10.1097/00005373-197206000-00001 2802:from the original on 2 May 2016. 1516:Recombinant human growth hormone 1477:transcutaneous nerve stimulation 780: 727: 684: 646: 596: 550: 456:state that follows large burns. 5829:European Journal of Dermatology 5323:The New Zealand Medical Journal 3849:10.1590/S0365-05962011000300015 1553:permanently without rejection. 1433:negative-pressure wound therapy 1120:to organs like the kidneys and 5746:. 5 March 2018. 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(2010). 1805:Disability-adjusted life years 1782:post-traumatic stress disorder 1734:disability adjusted life years 1574:There is little evidence that 245:, or other tissues, caused by 105:: Area stiff and not painful 59:Second-degree burn of the hand 1: 6807:Hazards of outdoor recreation 6004:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 5928:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61682-2 5150:(Press release). 15 June 2021 3548:Nasoori A, Hoomand R (2017). 2758:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00603-5 2429:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 2375:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1355:isotonic crystalloid solution 862:as found in toilet cleaners, 658:Extends through entire dermis 655:Full thickness (third-degree) 6802:Emergency medical procedures 6171:General and cited references 5221:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181b47cd3 5146:Food and Drug Administration 4419:10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834c563f 4186:Klingensmith M, ed. (2007). 4032:10.1517/14656566.2012.738195 3566:10.12968/jowc.2017.26.12.734 3038:10.1097/BCR.0b013e318198a2fa 2495:. April 2014. Archived from 1096:. This results in increased 186:, dangerous work environment 6220:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app 5512:10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.384 4916:10.1016/j.burns.2011.12.003 4546:10.1016/j.burns.2011.01.016 4511:10.1016/j.burns.2016.08.001 3806:10.1016/j.burns.2011.12.028 3497:10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014 3406:World Health Organization. 3354:10.1016/j.burns.2008.02.011 3256:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002 3146:10.1016/j.burns.2011.06.005 2782:Song D (5 September 2012). 2462:Clinically Oriented Anatomy 1730:years lived with disability 1463:may be used in addition to 1375:greater than 60 mmHg. 1268:>5% full thickness burn 1184:should also be considered. 1075:body temperature regulation 592:) but no scarring typically 514:Prognosis and Complications 178:Open cooking fires, unsafe 6833: 6628:Retroperitoneal hemorrhage 5791:10.1016/j.bjps.2014.04.011 5243:"General data about burns" 4873:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.014 4231:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.02.012 2551:Granger J (January 2009). 2180:10.1016/j.ajem.2006.12.008 1498:and the increased risk of 1380:lactated Ringer's solution 1285:Possible inhalation injury 1262:<2% full thickness burn 1257:Young or old >10% TBSA 951: 889: 839: 766: 757:developmental disabilities 639:(may require excision and 522:Superficial (first-degree) 297:between people (assault). 29: 5885:World Health Organization 5581:American Family Physician 5547:10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6 5175:. Springer. p. 266. 3200:Textbook of basic nursing 3172:American Family Physician 2887:. StatPearls Publishing. 2719:American Burn Association 2327:World Health Organization 1772:due to muscle breakdown. 1251:Young or old < 5% TBSA 1178:carbon monoxide poisoning 858:. Common agents include: 619:. Less blanching. May be 58: 49: 6111:10.1136/bmj.329.7463.447 4380:. Springer. p. 77. 4343:10.1136/bmj.329.7457.101 4161:. Springer. p. 46. 3453:10.1177/0009922819884568 2489:"Burns Fact sheet N°365" 1905:motor vehicle collisions 1758:urinary tract infections 1728:resulted in 1.2 million 1522:is of unclear evidence. 1288:Known inhalation injury 1265:2–5% full thickness burn 1104:, and subsequent tissue 868:halogenated hydrocarbons 866:as found in bleach, and 6287:WHO fact sheet on burns 5350:"Antiseptics for burns" 2881:"Burn Fluid Management" 2680:Herndon D, ed. (2012). 2276:Herndon D, ed. (2012). 2230:Herndon D, ed. (2012). 1584:virtual reality therapy 1390:appear just as good as 1254:Young or old 5–10% TBSA 1202:total body surface area 965:(such as from the sun, 629:Pressure and discomfort 194:Depends on the severity 6248: 6228:Listen to this article 3699:10.1542/peds.2010-3502 3680:Balk SJ (March 2011). 2162:Singer A (June 2007). 1899: 1417:removal of dead tissue 1404:intraosseous infusions 1373:mean arterial pressure 1339:Hyperbaric oxygenation 1213:Lund and Browder chart 1197: 1180:should be considered. 1122:gastrointestinal tract 1108:. This causes overall 1079:loss of skin sensation 1065: 1064:Three degrees of burns 408: 337:simple pain medication 110:: Bone and tendon loss 74:critical care medicine 6735:Occupational injuries 6247: 6013:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5842:10.1684/ejd.2014.2356 3554:Journal of Wound Care 1803: 1616:Prognosis in the USA 1496:antibiotic resistance 1305:Other health problems 1209:Wallace rule of nines 1195: 1094:inflammatory response 1063: 406: 275:ultraviolet radiation 32:Burn (disambiguation) 6740:Traumatic amputation 6279:More spoken articles 2423:(10053): 1459–1544. 2369:(10053): 1545–1602. 1936:Developing countries 1766:compartment syndrome 1580:traditional medicine 1561:Alternative medicine 1308:Associated injuries 1295:Circumferential burn 1145:hypermetabolic state 1135:Increased levels of 345:low body temperature 6817:Medical emergencies 6145:Textbook of Surgery 5709:Roberts MC (2009). 5644:. 26 September 2020 3440:Clinical Pediatrics 2499:on 10 November 2015 1927:Developed countries 1891: > 600 1617: 1425:Silver sulfadiazine 1349:In those with poor 1275:High voltage injury 1246:Adult >20% TBSA 1225: 987:radioactive fallout 938:cardiac arrhythmias 934:muscle contractions 864:sodium hypochlorite 718:; Requires excision 568:Redness with clear 475:shortness of breath 453:sodium hypochlorite 438:Guillaume Dupuytren 414:Edwin Smith Papyrus 100:: Blisters and pain 18:Second-degree burns 6703:Penetrating trauma 6623:Grey Turner's sign 6613:Subungual hematoma 6418:External resources 6249: 5998:(9859): 2095–128. 5964:has generic name ( 5253:on 18 October 2018 5169:Jeschke M (2012). 4374:Jeschke M (2012). 4219:Clinical Nutrition 4155:Jeschke M (2012). 3754:Krieger J (2001). 3622:Prahlow J (2010). 3278:"Fire death rates" 2746:Medicinski Pregled 2329:. September 2016. 1900: 1823: < 50 1615: 1459:such as morphine. 1396:Blood transfusions 1388:Crystalloid fluids 1345:Intravenous fluids 1278:High voltage burn 1240:Adult <10% TBSA 1223: 1198: 1066: 975:ionizing radiation 930:blunt force trauma 850:(55%) or a strong 477:, hoarseness, and 468:Signs and symptoms 464:glucose in water. 409: 387:, particularly in 363:fluid leakage and 318:fourth-degree burn 306:second-degree burn 302:first-degree burns 206:intravenous fluids 6779: 6778: 6463: 6462: 6245: 6155:978-81-7179-965-7 5722:978-1-60918-175-8 5688:978-0-7817-5386-9 5619:978-0-8160-7509-6 5182:978-3-7091-0348-7 5025:978-1-4377-2786-9 4951:978-1-4377-2786-9 4387:978-3-7091-0348-7 4296:10.1136/bmj.b1037 4199:978-0-7817-7447-5 4168:978-3-7091-0348-7 4114:978-0-521-74776-9 4076:978-1-60547-781-7 4063:Hannon R (2010). 3991:978-0-323-05472-0 3947:978-92-4-156357-4 3885:978-1-4377-2786-9 3767:978-0-683-08027-8 3737:978-0-323-05472-0 3635:978-1-59745-404-9 3388:978-92-4-156357-4 3315:978-0-19-922773-0 3282:Our World in Data 3210:978-0-7817-6521-3 3091:978-0-323-05472-0 3005:978-0-07-154769-7 2943:978-1-4377-2786-9 2826:978-90-5487-572-7 2813:Wylock P (2010). 2795:978-1-4557-1055-3 2695:978-1-4377-2786-9 2620:Injury Prevention 2591:978-1-4557-2826-8 2578:Ferri FF (2012). 2291:978-1-4377-2786-9 2245:978-1-4377-2786-9 2145:978-0-07-148480-0 1897: 1896: 1790:child abandonment 1732:and 12.3 million 1716: 1715: 1508:calcium gluconate 1500:fungal infections 1312: 1311: 1243:Adult 10–20% TBSA 1182:Cyanide poisoning 1157:a fast heart rate 1110:blood volume loss 1087:hypovolemic shock 1038:domestic violence 979:radiation therapy 963:ultraviolet light 872:Hydrofluoric acid 809: 802: 801: 735: 734: 588:Local infection ( 357:intravenous fluid 314:third-degree burn 231: 230: 219:67 million (2015) 204:Pain medication, 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6824: 6771:Abdominal trauma 6679:Ballistic trauma 6566:Friction blister 6561:Fracture blister 6490: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6310: 6305: 6292:Parkland Formula 6269: 6267: 6256: 6255: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6215: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6164: 6163: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6090: 6079: 6078: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6025: 6015: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5939: 5922:(9963): 117–71. 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5844: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5793: 5784:(8): 1017–1025. 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5753:on 19 April 2017 5752: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5478: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5249:. Archived from 5247:Burn Centre Care 5239: 5233: 5232: 5204: 5191: 5190: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5109: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4977:(10): CD005622. 4962: 4956: 4955: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4867:(6): 1184–1190. 4856: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4822:(12): CD006215. 4807: 4801: 4800: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4749: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4652:10.1136/bmj.c241 4631: 4620: 4619: 4609: 4599: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4011: 3996: 3995: 3977: 3956: 3955: 3934:Peden M (2008). 3931: 3925: 3924: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3789: 3776: 3775: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3723: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3455: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3375:Peden M (2008). 3372: 3366: 3365: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3239: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3129: 3096: 3095: 3077: 3058: 3057: 3021: 3010: 3009: 2991: 2948: 2947: 2929: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2711: 2700: 2699: 2677: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2548: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2460:Moore K (2014). 2457: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2408: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2354: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2319: 2296: 2295: 2273: 2250: 2249: 2227: 2192: 2191: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2131: 1992: 1991: 1980: 1913:developing world 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1720:smoke inhalation 1618: 1360:Parkland formula 1351:tissue perfusion 1226: 1098:leakage of fluid 908:secondary to an 803: 784: 783: 776: 731: 688: 650: 600: 554: 533:without blisters 493: 385:developing world 54: 42: 21: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6744: 6667: 6634: 6575: 6571:Sucking blister 6551:Delayed blister 6527: 6504: 6494: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6454:article/1278244 6413: 6412: 6321: 6296: 6283: 6282: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6260:This audio file 6257: 6250: 6241: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6195: 6193: 6192:on 3 March 2016 6189: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6156: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6105:(7463): 447–9. 6092: 6091: 6082: 6052: 6051: 6047: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5960: 5950: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5723: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5689: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5642:Medically Sound 5636: 5635: 5631: 5620: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5461:(2): CD008762. 5448: 5447: 5440: 5409:(3): CD005083. 5396: 5395: 5391: 5360:(7): CD011821. 5347: 5346: 5342: 5329:(1295): 47–60. 5320: 5319: 5315: 5284:(6): CD008805. 5271: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5206: 5205: 5194: 5183: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5107:10.1186/cc12706 5087: 5086: 5082: 5051:(9): CD008990. 5038: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5016:Total burn care 5013: 5012: 5008: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4942:Total burn care 4939: 4938: 4931: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4783:(3): CD006478. 4778: 4777: 4773: 4740:(6): CD008738. 4731: 4730: 4726: 4695:(7): CD008058. 4682: 4681: 4677: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4582:(3): CD002106. 4569: 4568: 4561: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4460:(8): CD000567. 4447: 4446: 4442: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4388: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4337:(7457): 101–3. 4324: 4323: 4319: 4281: 4280: 4273: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4200: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4115: 4100: 4099: 4088: 4077: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4026:(17): 2485–94. 4013: 4012: 3999: 3992: 3979: 3978: 3959: 3948: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3876:Total burn care 3873: 3872: 3865: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3791: 3790: 3779: 3768: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3725: 3724: 3715: 3692:(3): e791-817. 3679: 3678: 3674: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3636: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3560:(12): 734–741. 3547: 3546: 3542: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3389: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3339: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3241: 3240: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3211: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3140:(7): 1087–100. 3131: 3130: 3099: 3092: 3079: 3078: 3061: 3023: 3022: 3013: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2951: 2944: 2934:Total burn care 2931: 2930: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2827: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2796: 2785:Plastic surgery 2781: 2780: 2773: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2713: 2712: 2703: 2696: 2686:Total burn care 2679: 2678: 2657: 2613: 2612: 2603: 2592: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2550: 2549: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2410: 2409: 2400: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2299: 2292: 2282:Total burn care 2275: 2274: 2253: 2246: 2236:Total burn care 2229: 2228: 2195: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2133: 2132: 1995: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1950: 1938: 1929: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1798: 1786:extreme poverty 1742: 1613: 1596: 1594:Patient support 1563: 1534: 1461:Benzodiazepines 1445:pain management 1441: 1412: 1347: 1330: 1321: 1221: 1190: 1169: 1161:immune function 1118:Poor blood flow 1058: 1056:Pathophysiology 1050:Self-immolation 1044:. In Pakistan, 1027:cigarette burns 1015: 1003:Microwave burns 993:based on their 959:Radiation burns 956: 950: 894: 892:Electrical burn 888: 880:red blood cells 844: 838: 815: 814: 813: 810: 798: 785: 781: 771: 765: 740: 702:; charred with 669:. No blanching. 499:Layers involved 470: 401: 365:tissue swelling 106: 101: 96: 78:plastic surgery 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6830: 6828: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6714: 6709: 6700: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6445: 6434: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6399: 6388: 6369: 6350: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313:Classification 6307: 6306: 6294: 6289: 6272: 6258: 6251: 6239: 6226: 6225: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206:External links 6204: 6203: 6202: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6142:Gupta (2003). 6134: 6080: 6045: 5978: 5962:|author1= 5902: 5872: 5835:(4): 435–443. 5815: 5764: 5732: 5721: 5698: 5687: 5667: 5655: 5629: 5618: 5598: 5568: 5525: 5490: 5438: 5389: 5340: 5313: 5264: 5234: 5192: 5181: 5161: 5131: 5080: 5031: 5024: 5006: 4957: 4950: 4929: 4894: 4851: 4802: 4771: 4724: 4675: 4621: 4559: 4524: 4489: 4440: 4397: 4386: 4366: 4317: 4271: 4244: 4225:(4): 497–502. 4209: 4198: 4178: 4167: 4147: 4137: 4124: 4113: 4086: 4075: 4055: 3997: 3990: 3957: 3946: 3926: 3891: 3884: 3863: 3819: 3777: 3766: 3743: 3736: 3713: 3672: 3645: 3634: 3614: 3579: 3540: 3510: 3475: 3423: 3398: 3387: 3367: 3348:(8): 1072–81. 3325: 3314: 3294: 3269: 3229: 3220: 3209: 3189: 3159: 3097: 3090: 3059: 3011: 3004: 2949: 2942: 2905: 2871: 2836: 2825: 2805: 2794: 2771: 2752:(5–6): 263–7. 2736: 2701: 2694: 2655: 2601: 2590: 2570: 2510: 2477: 2470: 2452: 2398: 2344: 2297: 2290: 2251: 2244: 2193: 2174:(6): 666–671. 2151: 2144: 1993: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1917:Southeast Asia 1895: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1797: 1794: 1770:rhabdomyolysis 1741: 1738: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1595: 1592: 1562: 1559: 1533: 1530: 1510:is a specific 1504:Erythropoietin 1469:antihistamines 1440: 1437: 1411: 1408: 1392:colloid fluids 1369:urinary output 1346: 1343: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1220: 1217: 1189: 1186: 1168: 1165: 1149:cardiac output 1137:catecholamines 1130:stomach ulcers 1126:kidney failure 1124:may result in 1057: 1054: 1014: 1013:Non-accidental 1011: 977:(such as from 967:tanning booths 954:Radiation burn 952:Main article: 949: 946: 942:cardiac arrest 890:Main article: 887: 884: 840:Main article: 837: 834: 811: 800: 799: 788: 786: 779: 774: 773: 772: 767:Main article: 764: 761: 739: 736: 733: 732: 725: 719: 712: 709: 706: 697: 694: 690: 689: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 659: 656: 652: 651: 644: 633: 632:3–8 weeks 630: 627: 624: 610: 607: 603: 602: 593: 586: 583: 580: 577: 576:with pressure. 566: 560: 556: 555: 548: 545: 544:5–10 days 542: 537: 534: 528: 523: 519: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 469: 466: 445:Henry D. Dakin 400: 397: 389:Southeast Asia 373:Tetanus toxoid 283:electric burns 265:, or ionizing 229: 228: 227:176,000 (2015) 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 210:tetanus toxoid 202: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 180:cooking stoves 176: 170: 169: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 92:: Red without 87: 81: 80: 67: 61: 60: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6829: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Heat transfer 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6725:Chemical burn 6722: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696:/superficial/ 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618:Cullen's sign 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Battle's sign 6596: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Edema blister 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6541:Blood blister 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6261: 6222: 6221: 6214: 6205: 6188: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061:(5): 511–32. 6060: 6056: 6049: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5903: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5801:11577/2834337 5797: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5765: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5587:(3): 253–60. 5586: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5541:(7): 601–17. 5540: 5536: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5265: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5215:(5): 759–68. 5214: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5162: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094:Critical Care 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4540:(5): 742–52. 4539: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4260:(1): 89–108. 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3907:(2): 165–70. 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3842:(3): 527–36. 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3595:(2): 185–96. 3594: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3250:(5): 529–37. 3249: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471:9781451119459 2467: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907:, falls, and 1906: 1885: 500–600 1879: 450–500 1873: 400–450 1867: 350–400 1861: 300–350 1856: 1853: 250–300 1847: 200–250 1841: 150–200 1835: 100–150 1817: no data 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1740:Complications 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453:acetaminophen 1450: 1446: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1406:may be used. 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:normal saline 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1353:, boluses of 1352: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Bride burning 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 947: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 928:secondary to 927: 923: 918: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 893: 885: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:sulfuric acid 857: 853: 849: 843: 842:Chemical burn 835: 833: 830: 825: 821: 807: 796: 795:MediaWiki.org 792: 787: 778: 777: 770: 762: 760: 758: 754: 748: 746: 737: 730: 726: 723: 720: 717: 713: 710: 707: 705: 701: 698: 695: 693:Fourth-degree 692: 691: 687: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 664: 660: 657: 654: 653: 649: 645: 642: 641:skin grafting 638: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 618: 614: 611: 608: 605: 604: 601: 599: 594: 591: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 571: 567: 565: 561: 558: 557: 553: 549: 546: 543: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 527: 524: 521: 520: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 467: 465: 462: 461:resuscitation 457: 454: 450: 449:Alexis Carrel 446: 441: 439: 435: 434:Ambroise Paré 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 405: 398: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:skin grafting 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130:Days to weeks 129: 125: 122: 119: 117: 116:Complications 113: 109: 108:Fourth degree 104: 99: 98:Second degree 95: 91: 88: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 68: 66: 62: 57: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6766:Chest trauma 6716: 6712:Aerosol burn 6694:Blunt trauma 6603:Raccoon eyes 6546:Coma blister 6447: 6436: 6425: 6401: 6390: 6371: 6352: 6325: 6218: 6194:. Retrieved 6187:the original 6178: 6144: 6137: 6102: 6098: 6058: 6054: 6048: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5954:cite journal 5919: 5915: 5905: 5893:. Retrieved 5884: 5875: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5755:. Retrieved 5748:the original 5735: 5711: 5677: 5670: 5646:. Retrieved 5641: 5632: 5608: 5601: 5584: 5580: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5506:(6): 713–8. 5503: 5499: 5493: 5458: 5454: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5255:. Retrieved 5251:the original 5246: 5237: 5212: 5208: 5171: 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5143: 5134: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5015: 5009: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4941: 4910:(5): 621–9. 4907: 4903: 4897: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4780: 4774: 4737: 4727: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4643: 4639: 4579: 4575: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4505:(1): 17–24. 4502: 4498: 4492: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4413:(6): 601–5. 4410: 4406: 4400: 4376: 4369: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4287: 4283: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4188: 4181: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4103: 4065: 4058: 4023: 4019: 3981: 3936: 3929: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3875: 3839: 3835: 3800:(5): 630–7. 3797: 3793: 3756: 3727: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3661:(1): 43–51. 3658: 3654: 3648: 3624: 3617: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3529:(5): 381–5. 3526: 3522: 3491:(3): 383–7. 3488: 3484: 3478: 3446:(1): 34–44. 3443: 3439: 3401: 3377: 3370: 3345: 3341: 3304: 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3281: 3272: 3247: 3243: 3223: 3199: 3192: 3178:(1): 25–32. 3175: 3171: 3137: 3133: 3081: 3032:(2): 221–8. 3029: 3025: 2995: 2933: 2896:. Retrieved 2884: 2874: 2852:(6): 453–8. 2849: 2845: 2839: 2815: 2808: 2784: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2727:. Retrieved 2718: 2685: 2623: 2619: 2580: 2573: 2560: 2556: 2501:. Retrieved 2497:the original 2492: 2461: 2455: 2420: 2416: 2366: 2362: 2335:. Retrieved 2326: 2281: 2235: 2171: 2167: 2135: 1987: 1978: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1901: 1829: 50–100 1796:Epidemiology 1763: 1743: 1717: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1551: 1547:Fasciotomies 1535: 1524: 1490:Intravenous 1489: 1442: 1421: 1413: 1377: 1348: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1206: 1199: 1170: 1143:can cause a 1134: 1091: 1067: 1036:, a form of 1032: 1016: 957: 926:dislocations 919: 910:electric arc 895: 845: 816: 804:See or edit 769:Thermal burn 749: 741: 637:contractures 595: 582:Very painful 511:Healing Time 471: 458: 442: 410: 377: 341:burn centers 334: 317: 313: 305: 301: 299: 273:, caused by 234: 232: 174:Risk factors 107: 103:Third degree 102: 97: 90:First degree 89: 36: 6761:Head injury 6756:Hand injury 6438:MedlinePlus 6302:MedlinePlus 5895:11 November 5757:18 February 4597:10072/58266 3287:17 November 2626:(1): 3–18. 1543:escharotomy 1538:skin grafts 1492:antibiotics 1439:Medications 1159:, and poor 1102:capillaries 1083:hypothermia 1023:elder abuse 1019:child abuse 971:arc welding 906:flash burns 876:Formic acid 806:source data 791:Phabricator 755:as well as 547:Heals well. 422:Hippocrates 393:burn center 381:cook stoves 255:electricity 182:, smoking, 155:electricity 70:Dermatology 6797:Acute pain 6786:Categories 6684:Stab wound 6593:Ecchymosis 6403:DiseasesDB 6275:Audio help 6266:2014-07-26 5648:1 November 5100:(5): 241. 3686:Pediatrics 2898:31 October 2885:StatPearls 1970:References 1754:cellulitis 1746:infections 1725:Baux score 1709:Inhalation 1624:Mortality 1481:gabapentin 1465:analgesics 1410:Wound care 1400:hemoglobin 1334:intubation 1328:Management 1319:Prevention 1153:metabolism 1046:acid burns 1007:microwaves 973:) or from 886:Electrical 722:Amputation 661:Stiff and 635:Scarring, 626:Fairly dry 621:blistering 590:cellulitis 502:Appearance 287:Alcoholism 200:Medication 184:alcoholism 6749:By region 6730:Frostbite 6721:Corrosion 6608:Black eye 6509:Abrasions 6449:eMedicine 5851:1167-1122 4889:121615225 4290:: b1037. 3655:EMS World 3470:207816299 1959:Frostbite 1750:pneumonia 1611:Prognosis 1576:vitamin E 1568:aloe vera 1485:lidocaine 1449:ibuprofen 1167:Diagnosis 1100:from the 995:skin type 948:Radiation 922:fractures 914:Lightning 904:), or as 856:ingestion 829:Fireworks 824:tap water 714:Does not 585:2–3 weeks 526:Epidermis 508:Sensation 487:Itchiness 369:infection 361:capillary 359:, due to 349:dressings 291:self-harm 269:(such as 267:radiation 259:chemicals 216:Frequency 191:Treatment 167:radiation 159:chemicals 121:Infection 65:Specialty 6689:Splinter 6589:Hematoma 6533:Blisters 6521:Avulsion 6516:Abrasion 6502:injuries 6496:General 6277: · 6196:20 April 6160:Archived 6129:15321905 6075:16218900 6032:23245604 6023:10790329 5946:25530442 5889:Archived 5887:. 2009. 5867:25937084 5859:25141160 5810:24888226 5727:Archived 5693:Archived 5624:Archived 5593:19621835 5563:23859340 5555:24895176 5520:17499928 5485:22336851 5433:25742878 5384:28700086 5335:19648986 5308:24896368 5229:19692906 5187:Archived 5154:20 April 5126:24093225 5075:25222766 5001:25321859 4924:22244605 4881:31000315 4846:25500895 4797:20238345 4766:23740764 4757:11303740 4719:32725896 4670:20156911 4646:: c241. 4616:23543513 4554:21367529 4519:27613476 4484:30073665 4427:21986459 4392:Archived 4361:15242917 4312:40561988 4304:19357185 4266:23397872 4239:23582468 4204:Archived 4173:Archived 4119:Archived 4081:Archived 4050:23121414 3952:Archived 3921:15091143 3858:21738970 3814:22325849 3772:Archived 3708:21357345 3667:23393776 3640:Archived 3609:15777170 3574:29244970 3535:18605366 3505:22037150 3462:31672059 3415:Archived 3393:Archived 3362:18538478 3320:Archived 3264:16777340 3215:Archived 3184:22230304 3154:21802856 3046:19165110 2893:30480960 2831:Archived 2800:Archived 2766:23888738 2729:20 April 2723:Archived 2721:. 2012. 2650:26635210 2596:Archived 2565:Archived 2447:27733281 2393:27733282 2337:1 August 2331:Archived 2188:17606093 1964:Scalding 1948:See also 1909:violence 1588:hypnosis 1520:steroids 1512:antidote 1232:Moderate 1219:Severity 1174:headache 1141:cortisol 836:Chemical 820:Scalding 711:Painless 675:Painless 672:Leathery 574:Blanches 517:Example 483:wheezing 310:scarring 295:violence 279:scalding 263:friction 163:friction 127:Duration 94:blisters 85:Symptoms 6581:Bruises 6397:D002056 6298:"Burns" 6264: ( 6235:minutes 6040:1541253 5937:4340604 5476:9943919 5424:9719456 5375:6483239 5299:7173745 5257:24 June 5117:4057496 5066:7119450 4992:6508369 4837:7389115 4710:7390507 4661:2822136 4607:7065523 4475:6513027 4435:5525939 4041:3576016 3054:3679902 2866:5033490 2641:4752630 2503:3 March 2438:5388903 2384:5055577 2323:"Burns" 1954:Blister 1778:Keloids 1701:90–100% 1532:Surgery 1473:massage 1457:opioids 1365:glucose 991:sunburn 793:and on 763:Thermal 745:suicide 570:blister 540:Painful 505:Texture 479:stridor 399:History 326:tendons 271:sunburn 6698:closed 6672:Other: 6658:Spider 6653:Insect 6648:Animal 6640:Biting 6498:wounds 6443:000030 6427:Curlie 6152: 6127: 6120:514214 6117: 6073: 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