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destroyed in 35,000 plants and factories; 6 million buildings, including 40,000 hospitals, in 70,666 villages and 4,710 towns (40% urban housing) were destroyed, leaving 25 million homeless; about 40% of railway tracks had been destroyed; officially 7.5 million servicemen died, plus 6 million civilians, but perhaps 20 million in all died. In 1945, mining and metallurgy were at 40% of the 1940 levels, electric power was down to 52%, pig-iron 26% and steel 45%; food production was 60% of the 1940 level. After Poland, the USSR had been the hardest hit by the war. Reconstruction was impeded by a chronic labor shortage due to the enormous number of Soviet casualties in the war (between 20 and 30 million). Moreover, 1946 was the driest year since 1891, and the harvest was poor.
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went directly to heavy industry. Officially, the first five-year plan for the industry was fulfilled to the extent of 93.7% in just four years and three months. The means of production in regards to heavy industry exceeded the quota, registering 103.4%, and the light, or consumer goods, the industry reached up to 84.9% of its assigned quota; however, there is some speculation regarding the legitimacy of these numbers as the nature of Soviet statistics is notoriously misleading or exaggerated. Another issue was that quality was sacrificed in order to achieve quantity, and production results generated wildly varied items. Consequently, rationing was implemented to solve chronic food and supply shortages.
111:
1493:. The famine peaked during the winter of '32–'33 claiming the lives of an estimated 3.3 to 7 million people, while millions more were permanently disabled. The famine was the direct result of the industrialization and collectivization implemented by the first Five-Year-Plan. Many of the peasants who were suffering from the famine began to sabotage the fulfillment of their obligations to the state and would, as often as they could, stash away stores of food. Although Stalin was aware of this, he placed the blame for the hostility onto the peasants, saying that they had declared war against the Soviet government.
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communications, especially railways, which became faster and more reliable. As was the case with the other five-year plans, the second was not as successful, failing to reach the recommended production levels in such areas as the coal and oil industries. The second plan employed incentives as well as punishments and the targets were eased as a reward for the first plan being finished ahead of schedule in only four years. With the introduction of childcare, mothers were encouraged to work to aid in the plan's success. By 1937 the
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1307:. The former group considered that the NEP provided sufficient state control of the economy and sufficiently rapid development, while the latter argued in favor of more rapid development and greater state control, taking the view, among other things, that profits should be shared among all people, and not just among a privileged few. In 1925, at the
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Soviet Union mainly contributed resources to the development of weapons and constructed additional military factories as needed. By 1952, industrial production was nearly double the 1941 level ("five-year plans"). Stalin's five-year plans helped transform the Soviet Union from an untrained society of peasants to an advanced industrial economy.
1435:). Stalin announced the start of the first five-year plan for industrialization on October 1, 1928, and it lasted until December 31, 1932. Stalin described it as a new revolution from above. When this plan began, the USSR was fifth in industrialization, and with the first five-year plan moved up to second, with only the United States in first.
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to the state. By the time this was done, the collectivization plan resembled a very bloody military campaign against the peasant's traditional lifestyle. This social transformation along with the incredible economic boom occurred at the same time that the entire Soviet system developed its definitive form in the decade of 1930.
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and those who rebelled or failed to keep up with their work were treated as traitors. The posters and flyers used to promote and advertise the plan were also reminiscent of wartime propaganda. A popular military metaphor emerged from the economic success of the first five-year plan: "There are no fortresses
1373:. Soviet planners declared a need for "constant struggle, struggle, and struggle" to achieve a Communist society. These five-year plans outlined programs for huge increases in the output of industrial goods. Stalin warned that without an end to economic backwardness "the advanced countries...will crush us."
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Several Soviet five-year plans did not take up the full period of time assigned to them: some were pronounced successfully completed earlier than expected, some took much longer than expected, and others failed altogether and had to be abandoned. Altogether, Gosplan launched thirteen five-year plans.
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The second 5-year plan (1933–1937) introduced an incentive scheme to persuade all the peasants to join collective farms. They were each allowed a small plot of land for their own use, this led to a recovery in agricultural production as the peasants produced fruit, vegetables, meat and milk on their
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While most of the figures were overstated, Stalin was able to announce truthfully that the plan had been achieved ahead of schedule; however, the many investments made to the west were excluded. While many factories were built and industrial production did increase exponentially, they were not close
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used before, during, and after the first five-year plan compared the industry to battle. This was highly successful. They used terms such as "fronts," "campaigns," and "breakthroughs," while at the same time, workers were forced to work harder than ever before and were organized into "shock troops,"
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Each five-year plan dealt with all aspects of development: capital goods (those used to produce other goods, like factories and machinery), consumer goods (e.g. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and welfare. However, the emphasis varied from
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was co-opted to serve as the basis of Stalin's first five-year plan. Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the
Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected
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There was, however, strong resistance to this at first. The peasants led an all-out attack to protect individual farming; however, Stalin rightly did not see the peasants as a threat. Despite being the largest segment of the population they had no real strength and thus could pose no serious threat
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The first two years of the third five-year plan proved to be even more of a disappointment in terms of proclaimed production goals. Still, a reported 12% to 13% rate of annual industrial growth was attained in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The plan had intended to focus on consumer goods. The
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of grain were imported by the USSR. Détente and improving relations between the Soviet Union and the United States allowed for more trade. The plan's focus was primarily on increasing the number of consumer goods in the economy so as to improve Soviet standards of living. While largely failing at
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was very inefficient and extreme amounts of resources were put into construction that, in many cases, was never completed. These resources were also put into equipment that was never used, or not even needed in the first place. Many of the consumer goods produced during this time were of such low
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This plan met industrial targets in less time than originally predicted. The production goals were increased by a reported 50% during the initial deliberation of industrial targets. Much of the emphasis was placed on heavy industry. Approximately 86% of all industrial investments during this time
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The USSR at this stage had been devastated by the war. Officially, 98,000 collective farms had been ransacked and ruined, with the loss of 137,000 tractors, 49,000 combine harvesters, 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep; 25% of all capital equipment had been
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as one of the major steel-producing countries of the world. The city of
Magnitogorsk was the 5th largest Steel in 1934. The Stakhanovite movement aimed to further increase iron and steel production with the introduction of 'State Gifts' for over-achievers. Further improvements were made in
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Because of the success made by the first plan, Stalin did not hesitate with going ahead with the second five-year plan in 1932, although the official start date for the plan was 1933. The second five-year plan gave heavy industry top priority, putting the Soviet Union not far behind
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annually, almost twice as much as during the tenth five-year plan and three times as much as during the ninth five-year plan (1971–1975). The bulk of this grain was sold by the West; in 1985, for example, 94% of Soviet grain imports were from the non-socialist world, with the
1257:, employing fewer than 20 people, were allowed. The requisitioning of farm produce was replaced by a tax system (a fixed proportion of the crop), and the peasants were free to sell their surplus (at a state-regulated price) - although they were encouraged to join state farms (
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From 1928 to 1940, the number of Soviet workers in industry, construction, and transport grew from 4.6 million to 12.6 million and factory output soared. Stalin's first five-year plan helped make the USSR a leading industrial nation. During this period, the first
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The first five-year plan was not just about economics. This plan was a revolution that intended to transform all aspects of society. The way of life for the majority of the people changed drastically during this revolutionary time. The plan was also referred to as the
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as the long-term goal. Although the peasants had been allowed to work the land they held, the production surplus was bought by the state (on the state's terms), and the peasants cut production; whereupon food was requisitioned. Money gradually came to be replaced by
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and internal security, went into the execution of the five-year plan. While ideology and economics were a major part, preparation for the upcoming war also affected all of the major parts of the five-year plan. The war effort really picked up in 1933 when
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plan to plan, although generally, the emphasis was on power (electricity), capital goods, and agriculture. There were base and optimum targets. Efforts were made, especially in the third plan, to move industry eastward to make it safer from attack during
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in 1959. This was merged into a seventh five-year plan in 1961, which was launched with the slogan "catch up and overtake the USA by 1970." The plan saw a slight shift away from heavy industry into chemicals, consumer goods, and natural resources.
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countries economically. One-third of the fourth plan's capital expenditure was spent on
Ukraine, which was important agriculturally and industrially, and which had been one of the areas most devastated by war.
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When the war ended, the NEP took over from War
Communism. During this time, the state had controlled all large enterprises (i.e. factories, mines, railways) as well as enterprises of medium size, but small
1458:". Individual peasant farming gave way to a more efficient system of collective farming. Peasant property and entire villages were incorporated into the state economy which had its own market forces.
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The NEP had been Lenin's response to a crisis. In 1920, industrial production had been 13% and agricultural production 20% of the 1913 figures. Between
February 21 and March 17, 1921, the sailors in
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factory in Saint
Petersburg after the revolution. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. By 1929, it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or
2723:, by the office of Charles & Ray Eames, Edited by Glen Fleck, produced by Robert Staples, Introduction by I. Bernard Cohen, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1973, pgs 64, 96-97
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selling 14.1 million tons. However, total Soviet export to the West was always almost as high as the import: for example, in 1984 total export to the West was 21.3 billion
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majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. Stalin's version of the five-year plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932.
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899:, accepted in 1928 for the period from 1929 to 1933, finished one year early. The last five-year plan, for the period from 1991 to 1995, was not completed, since the
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1585:. However, the USSR did gain reparations from Germany and made Eastern European countries make payments in return for the Soviets having "liberated" them from the
1272:. In addition, the Russian Civil War, which had been the main reason for the introduction of War Communism, had virtually been won; so controls could be relaxed.
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The USA and USSR were unable to agree on the terms of a US loan to aid reconstruction, and this was a contributing factor in the rapid escalation of the
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1921:. The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. Other users included the Central Statistical Bureau, the Soviet Commissariat of Finance,
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While there was a great success, there were also many problems with not just the plan itself, but how quickly it was completed. Its approach to
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also did a good deal of business with the Soviet State in the 1930s, including supplying punch cards to the Stalin
Automobile Plant.
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came to power in
Germany. The stress this caused on internal security and control in the five-year plan is difficult to document.
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by the
Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. According to historian
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State planning of the economy required processing large amounts of statistical data. The Soviet State had nationalized the
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1989:
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had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the
Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national
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by James W. Cortada, p142, who cites James Connolly, History of Computing in Europe, IBM World Trade Corporation 1967
1362:"Plan is law, fulfillment is duty, over-fulfillment is honor!". Here "duty" can also be interpreted as "obligation."
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The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).
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1876:, his government also adopted the same method of planning because of the policy of its socialist predecessor,
1335:, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as
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1807:) ended in a profound economic crisis in virtually all areas of the Soviet economy and a drop in production.
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1801:(acceleration), the acceleration of economic development (quickly forgotten in favor of a vaguer motto
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five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the
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emerged occupying a key position mediating between the enterprises and the commissariat.
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The sixth five-year plan was launched in 1956 during a period of dual leadership under
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During the eleventh five-year plan, the country imported some 42 million tons of
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Stalin in 1945 promised that the USSR would be the leading industrial power by 1960.
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2749:, website by Hugo S. Cunningham, accessed 2010 9 16, which cites Joseph E. Davies,
1953:
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U.S. Ambassador Joseph E. Davies intercedes for IBM during Stalin's Great Purge
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that objective it managed to significantly improve Soviet computer technology.
1678:
Unlike other planning periods, 1959 saw the announcement of a seven-year plan (
1391:
Large notice board with slogans about the 5-Year Plan in Moscow, Soviet Union (
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1797:
1550:
The third five-year plan ran for only 3½ years, up to June 1941, when Germany
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2314:
The Making of the West, Peoples, and Cultures: A Concise History (Since 1340)
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Détente, and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
1933:, Russian Buick, the Karkov tractor factory, and the Tula Armament Works.
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The plan also intended to establish 18 new institutes by working with the
1534:), this five-year plan from 1932 to 1937 also included the liquidation of
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to increase from 7.9 million tonnes in 1958 to 16 million tonnes by 1965
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declared the slogan "Plan of quality and efficiency" for this period.
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1402:. It reads like it's made by a state-run paper «Economics and Life» (
1232:
71:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
27:
Series of nation-wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union
2465:"'Atheistic five-year plan' was announced in the USSR 80 years ago"
2300:
The Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples And Cultures
2244:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
2069:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
1880:. This series of five-year plans in Indonesia was termed REPELITA (
1716:
The eighth plan led to the amount of grain exported being doubled.
851:, beginning in the late 1920s. The Soviet state planning committee
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Many scholars believe that a few other important factors, such as
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Leon Trotsky was among the earliest Soviet figures that supported
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2316:, 3rd ed., vol. 2 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010), 831–832.
1651:) in 1958 to 10–11 milliard poods (~172 million tonnes) by 1965
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1934:
1930:
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2599:
Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and Soviet Power
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Scientific management, socialist discipline, and Soviet power
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Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
1925:, Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Trade, the Grain Trust,
1826:
in various areas of the Soviet economy were aimed at the
2767:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 172.
1692:
21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2626:
David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (2007)
1589:. In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (
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quality that they could never be used and were wasted.
838:
Pyatiletniye plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR
60:
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from 1956 to 1998, they were succeeded in 2004 by the
1489:
A major event during the first Five Year Plan was the
2117:
Carr, Edward Hallett; Davies, Robert William (1971).
1905:to support their economy and national development.
1779:, while total import was 19.6 billion rubles.
1318:
Some scholars have argued that the programme of mass
1261:, set up on land expropriated from nobles after the
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Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland
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1901:, whilst not a socialist country, has also adopted
887:The initial five-year plans aimed to achieve rapid
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1960:is named in honor of five-year plans of the USSR.
833:Пятилетние планы развития народного хозяйства СССР
2548:United States Joint Publications Research Service
1672:The seven-year plan marked by 1959 postage stamps
1419:were initiated targeting many people working for
1218:. All land had been declared nationalized by the
30:"Pyatiletka" redirects here. For other uses, see
3913:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2519:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 266.
2494:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 211.
1795:The last, 12th plan started with the slogan of
1275:In the 1920s, there was a great debate between
2443:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
2328:Russia A 1,000-Year Chronicle of the Wild East
3049:
2800:
2012:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
1450:cannot storm." Stalin especially liked this.
1146:
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803:
8:
1210:to approve the NEP as a replacement for the
2120:Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929
1857:from 1962 to 1996 which were introduced by
4236:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
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3226:
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2957:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962
2850:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland
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2038:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
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2982:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s)
2952:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s)
2215:Payne, Anthony; Phillips, Nicola (2013).
1884:); plans I to VI ran from 1969 to 1998.
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1850:, adopted a similar method of planning.
1509:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
1350:
1174:
4231:1928 establishments in the Soviet Union
2972:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s)
2221:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1936.
2001:
1526:Consistent with the Soviet doctrine of
1171:Soviet grain procurement crisis of 1928
937:
679:
637:
572:
412:
382:
345:
301:
271:
251:
204:
101:
3082:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
2517:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964
2492:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964
1762:Eleventh five-year plan (Soviet Union)
973:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
840:) consisted of a series of nationwide
2543:Science and Technical Progress (USSR)
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2362:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2267:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
2093:"The First Five Year Plan, 1928–1932"
1077:Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia
889:industrialization in the Soviet Union
7:
4241:Economic history of the Soviet Union
2967:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s)
2896:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
2697:"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel"
1712:Eighth five-year plan (Soviet Union)
18:Second Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)
4256:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
2835:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia
2753:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1941.
2398:Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator
2242:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
2067:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
1745:Tenth five-year plan (Soviet Union)
1726:Ninth five-year plan (Soviet Union)
1206:. In 1921, Lenin had persuaded the
855:developed these plans based on the
2695:Sheridan, Greg (28 January 2008).
2097:Special Collections & Archives
1838:Five-year plans in other countries
1478:to reaching their target numbers.
25:
2987:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s)
2358:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2011).
1923:Soviet Commissariat of Inspection
1895:Medium Term Development Framework
1570:Fourth and fifth plans, 1945–1955
1505:Soviet anti-religious legislation
1127:Business and economics portal
1001:Scientific production association
891:and thus placed a major focus on
4205:
4204:
4192:
2977:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s)
2765:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
2400:. London: Yale University Press.
2042:Studies in East European Thought
1980:Primitive socialist accumulation
1830:to overcome the problems of the
1816:and the follow-up decrees about
1656:
1630:
1214:that had been set up during the
1120:
770:
109:
41:
2540:Federenko, I.M. (24 May 1960).
2330:. New York: The Overlook Press.
2009:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
857:theory of the productive forces
2246:. Mehring Books. p. 358.
2071:. Mehring Books. p. 358.
1882:Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun
1315:, with greater state control.
914:, and to a lesser extent, the
1:
3745:Political abuse of psychiatry
3537:Congress of People's Deputies
2845:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism
2565:L. Garthoff, Raymond (1994).
1990:Soviet-type economic planning
1700:Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
1392:
1355:Statement from the Newspaper
725:Political abuse of psychiatry
304:Congress of People's Deputies
2596:Beissinger, Mark R. (1988).
2435:Beissinger, Mark R. (1988).
2161:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2008).
103:Politics of the Soviet Union
3908:Academy of Medical Sciences
2926:Collectivization in Romania
2906:Collectivization in Ukraine
2891:Collectivization in Hungary
2840:Economy of the Soviet Union
2685:Robinson (2012), p. 178-203
2640:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
2573:Brookings Institution Press
2191:Stalin and the Soviet Union
2167:. OUP Oxford. p. 110.
1958:Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova
264:Central Executive Committee
67:the claims made and adding
32:Pyatiletka (disambiguation)
4272:
2911:Land Reforms (Afghanistan)
2763:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
2396:Khlevniuk, Oleg V (2015).
2015:. BRILL. pp. 88–113.
1848:People's Republic of China
1788:
1759:
1742:
1723:
1709:
1593:) was set up, linking the
1502:
1380:
1164:
912:People's Republic of China
901:Soviet Union was dissolved
29:
4186:
3947:
2936:Systematization (Romania)
2901:Battle for trade (Poland)
2870:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia
2326:Sixsmith, Martin (2014).
2302:. MacMillan. p. 845.
2140:. Heinemann. p. 23.
2123:. Macmillan. p. 199.
1683:
1407:
1235:and a system of coupons.
1198:inherited and upheld the
832:
620:Material balance planning
321:1989 Legislative election
2921:Three Year Plan (Poland)
2604:Harvard University Press
2550:. p. 7 – via
2194:. Routledge. p. 8.
2188:Lee, Stephen J. (2005).
2134:Phillips, Steve (2000).
1756:Eleventh plan, 1981–1985
1730:About 14.5 million
1552:invaded the Soviet Union
879:became the watchword of
859:that formed part of the
435:Administrator of Affairs
4199:Soviet Union portal
2962:New Course (GDR, 1950s)
2945:Pre-dissolution reforms
2830:Economy of East Germany
1813:Law on State Enterprise
1783:Twelfth plan, 1986–1990
1622:Seventh plan, 1959–1965
1054:Material Product System
777:Soviet Union portal
289:Soviet of Nationalities
4091:Stalinist architecture
3845:Science and technology
3755:Ideological repression
3683:Soviet Airborne Forces
3621:Destruction battalions
3003:Eastern Bloc economies
2816:Eastern Bloc economies
2721:A Computer Perspective
2515:Waller, Sally (2015).
2490:Waller, Sally (2015).
2273:London Review of Books
2164:The Russian Revolution
2036:Van Ree, Erik (1998).
1970:Eastern Bloc economies
1952:discovered in 1971 by
1909:Information technology
1706:Eighth plan, 1966–1970
1499:Second plan, 1932–1937
1411:
1365:
1364:
1270:Kronstadt had mutinied
1192:
996:Production association
720:Ideological repression
610:Science and technology
3873:List of metro systems
3426:Collective leadership
2673:Sydney Morning Herald
1866:Republic of Indonesia
1739:Tenth plan, 1976–1980
1720:Ninth plan, 1971–1975
1640:to increase from 8.5
1604:Sixth plan, 1956–1958
1546:Third plan, 1938–1941
1503:Further information:
1390:
1377:First plan, 1928–1932
1360:
1354:
1178:
987:Business group types
916:Republic of Indonesia
153:Collective leadership
3835:Net material product
3778:Censorship of images
3695:Political repression
3655:Soviet Border Troops
3588:First Deputy Premier
3172:1965 economic reform
3167:Soviet space program
2855:Economy of Lithuania
2669:"No End to Ambition"
2602:. Cambridege, Mass:
1874:anti-communist purge
1429:1931 Menshevik Trial
1383:First five-year plan
1059:Net material product
897:first five-year plan
730:Political repression
695:Censorship of images
425:First Deputy Premier
163:Presidential Council
3903:Academy of Sciences
3718:Population transfer
3662:Soviet Armed Forces
3525:Congress of Soviets
3506:Presidium/Politburo
3470:Soviet anti-Zionism
3319:West Siberian Plain
3197:Revolutions of 1989
3134:Great Patriotic War
3119:New Economic Policy
2865:Economy of Moldavia
2733:Before the computer
2667:(28 January 2008).
2416:history.hanover.edu
2360:A History of Russia
2298:Hunt, Lynn (2010).
1915:Odhner arithmometer
1891:had five-year plans
1855:had five-year plans
1690:), approved by the
1359:. The text reads:
1309:14th Party Congress
1255:private enterprises
1222:, finalized in the
1208:10th Party Congress
1200:New Economic Policy
1026:Linear optimization
978:Economic ministries
745:Suppressed research
735:Population transfer
605:New Economic Policy
284:Soviet of the Union
254:Congress of Soviets
4246:Soviet phraseology
3548:Military Collegium
3416:Capital punishment
3294:Caucasus Mountains
3207:Post-Soviet states
3087:Russian Revolution
2751:Mission to Moscow,
2634:2016-01-05 at the
2571:. Washington, DC:
2312:Lynn Hunt et al.,
1412:
1366:
1333:Sheila Fitzpatrick
1193:
881:Soviet bureaucracy
479:Procurator General
467:Military Collegium
52:possibly contains
4218:
4217:
4182:
4181:
4174:Hammer and sickle
4116:and their groups
4114:Soviet dissidents
3893:Communist Academy
3810:Economic planning
3786:
3785:
3679:Soviet Air Forces
3598:Security services
3518:General Secretary
3501:Central Committee
3443:Political parties
3375:Brezhnev Doctrine
3370:Foreign relations
3327:
3326:
3268:Autonomous okrugs
3182:Soviet–Afghan War
3162:Sino-Soviet split
3104:Russian Civil War
3031:
3030:
2860:Economy of Latvia
2526:978-0-19-835467-3
2501:978-0-19-835467-3
2253:978-1-893638-97-6
2228:978-0-7456-5735-6
2201:978-1-134-66574-7
2174:978-0-19-923767-8
2147:978-0-435-32720-0
2078:978-1-893638-97-6
2022:978-90-04-26953-8
1872:is known for its
1610:Nikita Khrushchev
1536:houses of worship
1491:famine of 1932–33
1483:industrialization
1423:. These included
1408:Экономика и жизнь
1337:industrialisation
1320:industrialization
1247:Central Committee
1243:industrialisation
1226:, which also set
1216:Russian Civil War
1181:economic planning
1163:
1162:
1092:Economic planning
1021:Material balances
875:. Fulfilling the
820:
819:
762:
761:
615:Era of Stagnation
557:
556:
442:
441:
330:
329:
236:
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207:General Secretary
192:Central Committee
97:
96:
89:
54:original research
16:(Redirected from
4263:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4195:
3945:
3853:
3708:Collectivization
3453:Marxism–Leninism
3338:
3227:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3008:Shortage economy
2996:Related concepts
2879:Collectivization
2809:
2802:
2795:
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2665:McDonald, Hamish
2661:
2655:
2624:
2618:
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2593:
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2562:
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2555:
2552:Internet Archive
2537:
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2137:Stalinist Russia
2131:
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2114:
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2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2006:
1846:, including the
1844:communist states
1828:decentralization
1685:
1660:
1659:
1634:
1633:
1614:Nikolai Bulganin
1556:Second World War
1425:Vladimir Bazarov
1409:
1397:
1394:
1341:collectivisation
1228:collectivization
1187:but opposed the
1185:decentralization
1155:
1148:
1141:
1125:
1124:
1107:State capitalism
1097:Marxism-Leninism
1049:Material product
1015:Planning methods
939:Soviet economics
926:
910:, including the
908:communist states
835:
834:
830:) (Russian:
812:
805:
798:
775:
774:
773:
710:Collectivization
570:
534:De-Stalinization
508:Marxism–Leninism
503:Soviet democracy
497:
400:State Committees
343:
249:
181:
113:
99:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
69:inline citations
45:
44:
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21:
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4251:Five-year plans
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4193:
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4178:
4126:
4100:
4020:
3934:
3879:
3851:
3825:Internet domain
3820:Five-year plans
3782:
3749:
3689:
3592:
3554:
3486:Communist Party
3474:
3433:Passport system
3323:
3299:European Russia
3277:
3216:
3157:Khrushchev Thaw
3136:(World War II)
3114:Creation treaty
3068:
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2658:
2636:Wayback Machine
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:. p. 248.
2595:
2594:
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2575:. p. 613.
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2030:
2023:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1985:Soviet calendar
1975:Left Opposition
1966:
1950:2122 Pyatiletka
1943:
1927:Soviet Railways
1911:
1903:five-year plans
1840:
1832:command economy
1793:
1785:
1764:
1758:
1750:Leonid Brezhnev
1747:
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1511:
1501:
1433:Vladimir Groman
1395:
1385:
1379:
1349:
1328:Left Opposition
1263:1917 revolution
1173:
1167:Scissors Crisis
1159:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1031:Five-year plans
1016:
1008:
1007:
948:
924:
865:Communist Party
816:
787:
783:Other countries
771:
769:
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3865:
3863:Railway system
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3583:Deputy Premier
3580:
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3566:Heads of state
3562:
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3531:Supreme Soviet
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3448:State ideology
3445:
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3304:North Caucasus
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2916:Dekulakization
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2701:The Australian
2687:
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2588:
2581:
2557:
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2500:
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2456:
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2427:
2403:
2375:
2369:978-0195341973
2368:
2333:
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2207:
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2180:
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2000:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
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1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1942:
1939:
1910:
1907:
1859:Park Chung Hee
1839:
1836:
1824:self-financing
1784:
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1760:Main article:
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1743:Main article:
1740:
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1724:Main article:
1721:
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1710:Main article:
1707:
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1602:
1571:
1568:
1560:Ural mountains
1547:
1544:
1500:
1497:
1467:foreign policy
1398:) by traveler
1381:Main article:
1378:
1375:
1357:Pereslavl Week
1348:
1345:
1224:1922 Land Code
1220:Decree on Land
1204:Vladimir Lenin
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1132:
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1129:
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1071:Related topics
1070:
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1066:
1065:
1062:
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1038:
1037:
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955:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
923:
920:
893:heavy industry
873:Soviet economy
845:economic plans
818:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
789:
788:
786:
785:
779:
766:
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747:
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647:
644:
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635:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
600:Kosygin reform
597:
595:Five-Year Plan
592:
590:Consumer goods
587:
579:
578:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
554:
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552:
551:
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536:
531:
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523:
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474:People's Court
471:
470:
469:
459:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
439:
438:
437:
432:
430:Deputy Premier
427:
419:
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410:
409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
389:
388:
380:
379:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Official names
355:
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341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
308:
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297:
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278:
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274:Supreme Soviet
269:
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146:Vice President
143:
133:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
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114:
106:
105:
95:
94:
77:September 2013
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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4097:
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4071:Printed media
4069:
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4023:
4017:
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4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:Cyrillisation
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Working class
3970:
3968:
3967:Soviet people
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
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3955:
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3841:
3838:
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3828:
3826:
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3818:
3816:
3815:Energy policy
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
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3543:Supreme Court
3541:
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3499:
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3431:
3427:
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3419:
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3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
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3401:
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3373:
3372:
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3366:
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3359:
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3354:
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3310:
3307:
3305:
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3300:
3297:
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3287:
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3225:
3223:
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3208:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
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3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:The Holocaust
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
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3080:
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3066:
3059:
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3052:
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3045:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
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2975:
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2899:
2897:
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2887:
2884:
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2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
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2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2776:
2774:3-540-00238-3
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2613:0-674-79490-7
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2582:0-8157-3041-1
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2471:. 15 May 2012
2470:
2466:
2460:
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2431:
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2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
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2390:
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2380:
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2371:
2365:
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2354:
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2344:
2342:
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2338:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:"The Old Man"
2263:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2048:(2): 77–117.
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:Although the
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:United States
1769:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1665:
1650:
1647:(139 million
1646:
1643:
1639:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:state atheism
1524:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:(centered on
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1400:Branson DeCou
1389:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1322:advocated by
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:War Communism
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Joseph Stalin
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:Organizations
944:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
829:
825:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:
778:
768:
767:
756:
755:Soviet Empire
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:
682:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
630:War communism
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
563:
562:
549:
548:
544:
543:
542:
541:
537:
535:
532:
527:
526:Khrushchevism
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
487:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:Supreme Court
460:
458:
455:
454:
448:
447:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
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353:
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344:
336:
335:
322:
319:
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312:
311:
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242:
241:
229:
226:
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216:
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203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
177:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
158:State Council
156:
154:
151:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4190:
3962:Demographics
3952:Antisemitism
3819:
3805:Central Bank
3723:Forced labor
3671:Spetsnaz GRU
3491:organisation
3399:Human rights
3348:Constitution
3231:Subdivisions
3109:Russian SFSR
3065:Soviet Union
3018:Stakhanovite
2764:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2659:
2627:
2622:
2598:
2591:
2567:
2560:
2542:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2459:
2438:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2397:
2359:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2217:
2210:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2129:
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3984:Drug policy
3977:1989 census
3898:Cybernetics
3800:Agriculture
3713:Great Purge
3675:Soviet Navy
3667:Soviet Army
3539:(1989–1991)
3533:(1938–1991)
3527:(1922–1936)
3511:Secretariat
3382:Gun control
3289:Caspian Sea
3273:Closed city
3202:Dissolution
3187:Perestroika
3129:Great Purge
2475:3 September
2218:Development
1956:astronomer
1852:South Korea
1842:Most other
1804:perestroika
1791:Perestroika
1554:during the
1542:own plots.
1396: 1931
1202:(NEP) from
1082:Cybernetics
983:Enterprises
869:development
842:centralized
700:Great Purge
666:Phraseology
585:Agriculture
540:Perestroika
415:Premiership
245:Legislature
223:Secretariat
4225:Categories
4106:Opposition
4096:Television
4076:Propaganda
4049:Literature
3923:Naukograds
3918:Sharashkas
3852:(currency)
3830:Inventions
3773:Censorship
3703:Red Terror
3387:Government
3261:Autonomous
3244:Autonomous
3177:Stagnation
3140:Evacuation
2648:9004156917
2450:0674794907
2421:2019-01-15
2103:2019-02-23
1996:References
1798:uskoreniye
1789:See also:
1456:Great Turn
1448:Bolsheviks
1443:Propaganda
1313:new course
1165:See also:
1043:Statistics
922:Background
750:Red Terror
740:Propaganda
690:Censorship
681:Repression
395:Ministries
385:Government
339:Governance
125:Leadership
61:improve it
4167:Republics
4155:Republics
4143:Republics
3994:Languages
3858:Transport
3740:Holodomor
3633:Militsiya
3571:President
3463:Stalinism
3365:Elections
3239:Republics
3222:Geography
3212:Nostalgia
3124:Stalinism
2823:Economies
2650:pp.
2285:0260-9592
2054:0925-9392
1810:The 1987
1688:semiletka
1684:семилетка
1532:gosateizm
1305:the other
1259:Sovkhozes
1189:Stalinist
1102:Socialism
903:in 1991.
656:Education
625:Transport
521:Stalinism
451:Judiciary
294:Presidium
218:Politburo
136:President
65:verifying
4210:Category
3763:Religion
3650:Chairmen
3496:Congress
3458:Leninism
3438:Propiska
3333:Politics
3192:Glasnost
3152:Cold War
3092:February
2706:14 April
2632:Archived
2469:Interfax
2412:"Famine"
1964:See also
1888:Pakistan
1642:milliard
1583:Cold War
1521:tolkachi
1326:and the
1297:Zinoviev
1289:one hand
1277:Bukharin
931:a series
929:Part of
861:ideology
671:Religion
547:Glasnost
516:Leninism
492:Ideology
405:Cabinets
187:Congress
4131:Symbols
4044:Fashion
4026:Culture
3940:Society
3885:Science
3850:Rouble
3792:Economy
3768:Science
3578:Premier
3559:Offices
3421:Leaders
3341:General
3309:Siberia
3282:Regions
3256:Oblasts
3097:October
3074:History
3023:Comecon
3013:Sovkhoz
1919:Germany
1878:Sukarno
1870:Suharto
1680:Russian
1591:Comecon
1516:Germany
1421:Gosplan
1404:Russian
1301:Kamenev
1293:Trotsky
1287:on the
991:Combine
968:Gosbank
963:Gossnab
958:Gosplan
871:of the
863:of the
853:Gosplan
847:in the
640:Culture
575:Economy
566:Society
316:Speaker
228:Orgburo
197:History
131:Leaders
59:Please
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1649:tonnes
1472:Hitler
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1417:purges
1291:, and
1281:Tomsky
1233:barter
1191:model.
906:Other
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4059:Opera
4054:Music
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2652:80–81
1768:grain
1645:poods
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1587:Nazis
1347:Plans
1285:Rykov
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3840:OGAS
3733:List
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