489:
with an MRI to look for masses. If LH and FSH are elevated, menopause or primary ovarian insufficiency should be considered. Normal or low levels of FSH and LH prompts further evaluation with patient history and the physical exam. Testosterone, DHEA-S, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels should be obtained if there is evidence of excess androgens, such as hirsutism or acne. 17-hydroxyprogesterone is elevated in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Elevated testosterone and amenorrhea can suggest PCOS. Elevated androgens can also be present in ovarian or adrenal tumors, so additional imaging may also be needed. History of disordered eating or excessive exercise should raise concern for hypothalamic amenorrhea. Headache, vomiting, and vision changes can be signs of a tumor and needs evaluation with MRI. Finally, a history of gynecologic procedures should lead to evaluation of
219:, monosomy 45XO, is a genetic disorder characterized by a missing, or partially missing, X chromosome. Turner syndrome is associated with a wide spectrum of features that vary with each case. However, one common feature of this syndrome is ovarian insufficiency due to gonadal dysgenesis. Most people with Turner syndrome experience ovarian insufficiency within the first few years of life, prior to menarche. Therefore, most patients with Turner syndrome will have primary amenorrhea. However, the incidence of spontaneous puberty varies between 8–40% depending on whether or not there is a complete or partial absence of the X chromosome.
409:(COCP) may experience secondary amenorrhoea as a withdrawal symptom. The link is not well understood, as studies have found no difference in hormone levels between women who develop amenorrhoea as a withdrawal symptom following the cessation of COCP use and women who experience secondary amenorrhoea because of other reasons. New contraceptive pills which do not have the normal seven days of placebo pills in each cycle, have been shown to increase rates of amenorrhoea in women. Studies show that women are most likely to experience amenorrhoea after one year of treatment with continuous OCP use.
157:. Prolactin also influences the menstrual cycle as it suppresses the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary. Similarly, thyroid hormone also affects the menstrual cycle. Low levels of thyroid hormone stimulate the release of TRH from the hypothalamus, which in turn increases both TSH and prolactin release. This increase in prolactin suppresses the release of LH and FSH through a negative feedback mechanism. Amenorrhea can be caused by any mechanism that disrupts this hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, whether that it be by hormonal imbalance or by disruption of feedback mechanisms.
541:
recently studied to regularize menstrual cycles in patients with PCOS. Although the exact mechanism still remains unknown, it is hypothesized that this is due to metformin's ability to increase the body's sensitivity to insulin. Anti-androgen medications, such as spironolactone, can also be used to lower body androgen levels and restore menstruation. Oral contraceptive pills are also often prescribed to patients with secondary amenorrhea due to PCOS in order to regularize the menstrual cycle, although this is due to the suppression of ovulation.
347:(PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting 4–8% of women worldwide. It is characterized by multiple cysts on the ovary, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and increased androgens. Although the exact cause remains unknown, it is hypothesized that increased levels of circulating androgens is what results in secondary amenorrhea. PCOS may also be a cause of primary amenorrhea if androgen access is present prior to menarche. Although multiple cysts on the ovary are characteristic of the syndrome, this has not been noted to be a cause of the disease.
356:
level do not take in enough calories to maintain their normal menstrual cycles. The threshold of developing amenorrhoea appears to be dependent on low energy availability rather than absolute weight because a critical minimum amount of stored, easily mobilized energy is necessary to maintain regular menstrual cycles. Amenorrhoea is often associated with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders.
419:, have been known to cause amenorrhoea as well. Research suggests that anti-psychotic medications affect levels of prolactin, insulin, FSH, LH, and testosterone. Recent research suggests that adding a dosage of Metformin to an anti-psychotic drug regimen can restore menstruation. Metformin has been shown to decrease resistance to the hormone
465:. If a uterus is present, LH and FSH levels are used to make a diagnosis. Low levels of LH and FSH suggest delayed puberty or functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Elevated levels of FSH and LH suggest primary ovarian insufficiency, typically due to Turner syndrome. Normal levels of FSH and LH can suggest an anatomical outflow obstruction.
511:
prevent osteoporosis. In other cases, such as MRKH, hormones do not need to be prescribed since the ovaries are able to function normally. Patients with constitutional delay of puberty may be monitored by an endocrinologist, but definitive treatment may not be needed as there will eventually be progression to normal puberty.
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540:
Although there is currently no definitive treatment for PCOS, various interventions are used to restore more frequent ovulation in patients. Weight loss and exercise have been associated with a return of ovulation in patients with PCOS due to normalization of androgen levels. Metformin has also been
510:
In primary amenorrhea, the goal is to continue pubertal development, if possible. For example, most patients with Turner syndrome will be infertile due to gonadal dysgenesis. However, patients are frequently prescribed growth hormone therapy and estrogen supplementation to achieve taller stature and
335:
Pituitary adenomas are a common cause of amenorrhea. Prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas cause amenorrhea due to the hyper-secretion of prolactin which inhibits FSH and LH release. Other space occupying pituitary lesions can also cause amenorrhea due to the inhibition of dopamine, an inhibitor of
431:
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects 1% of females and is defined as the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. Although the cause of POI can vary, it has been linked to chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, and autoimmune conditions. Hormone levels in POI are similar to menopause
270:
Constitutional delay of puberty is a diagnosis of exclusion that is made when the workup for primary amenorrhea does not reveal another cause. Constitutional delay of puberty is not due to a pathologic cause. It is considered a variant of the timeline of puberty. Although more common in boys, girls
197:
Secondary amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstruation for three months in a woman with a history of regular cyclic bleeding or six months in a woman with a history of irregular menstrual periods. Examples of secondary amenorrhea include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia,
456:
Evaluation of primary amenorrhea begins with a pregnancy test, prolactin, FSH, LH, and TSH levels. Abnormal TSH levels prompt evaluation for hyper- and hypo-thyroidism with additional thyroid function tests. Elevated prolactin levels prompt evaluation of the pituitary with an MRI to assess for any
488:
Similar to primary amenorrhea, evaluation of secondary amenorrhea also begins with a pregnancy test, prolactin, FSH, LH, and TSH levels. A pelvic ultrasound is also obtained. Abnormal TSH should prompt a thyroid workup with a full thyroid function test panel. Elevated prolactin should be followed
396:
Certain medications, particularly contraceptive medications, can induce amenorrhoea in a healthy woman. The lack of menstruation usually begins shortly after beginning the medication and can take up to a year to resume after stopping its use. Hormonal contraceptives that contain only progestogen,
355:
Women who perform extraneous exercise on a regular basis or lose a significant amount of weight are at risk of developing hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA) can be caused by stress, weight loss, or excessive exercise. Many women who diet or who exercise at a high
331:
Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is a common cause of secondary amenorrhea. GnRH is released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, which in turn stimulate the ovaries to release estrogen and progesterone. Any pathology in the hypothalamus or
536:
Patients with hyperprolactinemia are often treated with dopamine agonists to reduce the levels of prolactin and restore menstruation. Surgery and radiation may also be considered if dopamine agonists, such as cabergoline and bromocriptine are ineffective. Once prolactin levels are lowered, the
234:. In MRKH Syndrome, the MĂĽllerian ducts develop abnormally and result in the absence of a uterus and cervix. Even though patients with MRKH have functioning ovaries, and therefore have secondary sexual characteristics, they experience primary amenorrhea since there is no functioning uterus.
2654:
Wu RR, Jin H, Gao K, Twamley EW, Ou JJ, Shao P, Wang J, Guo XF, Davis JM, Chan PK, Zhao JP (August 2012). "Metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced amenorrhea and weight gain in women with first-episode schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study".
528:
is recommended, along with support from family, friends, and coaches. Although oral contraceptives can cause menses to return, oral contraceptives should not be the initial treatment as they can mask the underlying problem and allow other effects of the eating disorder, like
537:
resulting secondary amenorrhea is typically resolved. Similarly, treatment of thyroid abnormalities often resolves the associated amenorrhea. For example, administration of thyroxine in patients with low thyroid levels restored normal menstruation in a majority of patients.
307:
frequently present with changes in their menstrual cycle. It is hypothesized that this is due to increased TRH, which goes on to stimulate the release of both TSH and prolactin. Increased prolactin inhibits the release of LH and FSH which are needed for ovulation to occur.
519:
Treatment for secondary amenorrhea varies greatly based on the root cause. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea is typically treated by weight gain through increased calorie intake and decreased expenditure. Multidisciplinary treatment with monitoring from a physician,
292:, and the duration of amenorrhoea varies depending on how often a woman breastfeeds. Due to this reason, breastfeeding has been advocated as a method of family planning, especially in developing countries where access to other methods of contraception may be limited.
287:
Breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea is also a common cause of secondary amenorrhoea. Lactational amenorrhea is due to the presence of elevated prolactin and low levels of LH, which suppress ovarian hormone secretion. Breastfeeding typically prolongs postpartum
1577:"Primary amenorrhea in a young Polish woman with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor: Identification of a new androgen receptor gene mutation and evidence of aromatase hyperactivity and apoptosis dysregulation within the tumor"
387:
are also seen in females with low body weight. Like ghrelin, leptin signals energy balance and fat stores to the reproductive axis. Decreased levels of leptin are closely related to low levels of body fat, and correlate with a slowing of GnRH pulsing.
110:, or delay in pubertal development. Secondary amenorrhoea, ceasing of menstrual cycles after menarche, is defined as the absence of menses for three months in a woman with previously normal menstruation, or six months for women with a history of
3289:
3270:
3255:
449:, such as enlarged breasts and body hair, are present. In the absence of secondary sex characteristics, the most common cause of amenorrhoea is low levels of FSH and LH caused by a delay in puberty. Gonadal dysgenesis, often associated with
432:
and are categorized by low estradiol and high levels of gonadotropins. Since the pathogenesis of POI involves the depletion of ovarian reserve, restoration of menstrual cycles typically does not occur in this form of secondary amenorrhea.
501:
Treatment for amenorrhea varies based on the underlying condition. Treatment not only focuses on restoring menstruation, if possible, but also preventing additional complications associated with the underlying cause of amenorrhea.
271:
with delayed puberty present with onset of secondary sexual characteristics after the age of 14, as well as menarche after the age of 16. This may be due to genetics, as some cases of constitutional delay of puberty are familial.
2141:
Ibáñez, Lourdes; Oberfield, Sharon E.; Witchel, Selma; Auchus, Richard J.; Chang, R. Jeffrey; Codner, Ethel; Dabadghao, Preeti; Darendeliler, Feyza; Elbarbary, Nancy Samir; Gambineri, Alessandra; Garcia Rudaz, Cecilia (2017).
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It produces the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, which are the sprouting of pubic and armpit hair, development of the breasts, and a lack of definition in the female body structure, such as the waist and hips.
2888:
Wang, Amy T.; Mullan, Rebecca J.; Lane, Melanie A.; Hazem, Ahmad; Prasad, Chaithra; Gathaiya, Nicola W.; Fernández-Balsells, M. Mercè; Bagatto, Amy; Coto-Yglesias, Fernando; Carey, Jantey; Elraiyah, Tarig A. (2012-07-24).
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Jarzabek, Katarzyna; Philibert, Pascal; Koda, Mariusz; Sulkowski, Stanislaw; Kotula-Balak, Malgorzata; Bilinska, Barbara; Kottler, Marie-Laure; Wolczynski, Slawomir; Sultan, Charles (January 2007).
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or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 15 years of age. It may be caused by developmental problems, such as the congenital absence of the uterus, failure of the
173:
Primary amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation in a woman by the age of 16. Females who have not reached menarche at 14 and who have no signs of secondary sexual characteristics (
3380:
3403:
889:"Prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone affecting the pattern of LH/FSH secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A hospital-based study from North East India"
153:(LH). FSH and LH then act on the ovaries to stimulate the production of estrogen and progesterone which, respectively, control the proliferative and secretary phases of the
453:, or premature ovarian failure may also be to blame. If secondary sex characteristics are present, but menstruation is not, primary amenorrhoea can be diagnosed by age 16.
1435:
Rousset P, Raudrant D, Peyron N, Buy JN, Valette PJ, Hoeffel C (September 2013). "Ultrasonography and MRI features of the Mayer-Rokitansky-KĂĽster-Hauser syndrome".
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may also present with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Sex hormone binding globulin is increased in hyperthyroid states. This, in turn, increases the total levels of
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255:
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Frisch RE, McArthur JW (September 1974). "Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset".
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243:
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Energy imbalance and weight loss can disrupt menstrual cycles through several hormonal mechanisms. Weight loss can cause elevations in the hormone
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1007:
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Loucks AB, Verdun M, Heath EM (January 1998). "Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women".
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Köpp W, Blum WF, von
Prittwitz S, Ziegler A, LĂĽbbert H, Emons G, Herzog W, Herpertz S, Deter HC, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J (July 1997).
357:
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181:) are also considered to have primary amenorrhea. Examples of amenorrhea include constitutional delay of puberty, Turner syndrome, and
3848:
1477:"The reproductive potential of patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-KĂĽster-Hauser syndrome using gestational surrogacy: a systematic review"
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masses or malignancies. A pelvic ultrasound can also be obtained in the initial evaluation. If a uterus is not present on ultrasound,
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3537:
138:
Although amenorrhea has multiple potential causes, ultimately, it is the result of hormonal imbalance or an anatomical abnormality.
1734:"The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well-nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time"
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230:(Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser) syndrome is the second-most common cause of primary amenorrhoea. The syndrome is characterized by
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Nath, Chandan K.; Barman, Bhupen; Das, Ananya; Rajkhowa, Purnima; Baruah, Polina; Baruah, Mriganka; Baruah, Arup (January 2019).
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Disturbances in thyroid hormone regulation has been a known cause of menstrual irregularities, including secondary amenorrhea.
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3632:
2144:"An International Consortium Update: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Adolescence"
247:
142:
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Dabrowski, Elizabeth; Jensen, Rachel; Johnson, Emilie K.; Habiby, Reema L.; Brickman, Wendy J.; Finlayson, Courtney (2019).
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446:
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Morcel, Karine; Camborieux, Laure; Programme de
Recherches sur les Aplasies Müllériennes; Guerrier, Daniel (2007-03-14).
405:. Extended cycle use of combined hormonal contraceptives also allow suppression of menstruation. Patients who stop using
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95:
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Krassas, G. E.; Pontikides, N.; Kaltsas, T.; Papadopoulou, P.; Paunkovic, J.; Paunkovic, N.; Duntas, L. H. (May 1999).
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The use of opiates (such as heroin) on a regular basis has also been known to cause amenorrhoea in longer term users.
1475:
Friedler, Shevach; Grin, Leonti; Liberti, Gad; Saar-Ryss, Buzhena; Rabinson, Yaakov; Meltzer, Semion (January 2016).
2371:"Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women"
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which inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarial axis. Elevated concentrations of ghrelin alter the amplitude of
75:
in a female who has reached reproductive age. Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen, most commonly, during
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Tucker, Elena J.; Grover, Sonia R.; Bachelot, Anne; Touraine, Philippe; Sinclair, Andrew H. (December 2016).
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2752:"MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Diagnosis and management of primary amenorrhea and female delayed puberty"
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Physiologic amenorrhea is present before menarche, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and after menopause.
251:
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360:, also known as the female athlete triad, is when a woman experiences amenorrhoea, disordered eating, and
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Franik, Sebastian; Eltrop, Stephanie M.; Kremer, Jan Am; Kiesel, Ludwig; Farquhar, Cindy (2018-05-24).
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like the oral contraceptive
Micronor, and especially higher-dose formulations, such as the injectable
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polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary ovarian insufficiency, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
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Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes. Primary amenorrhea is defined as an absence of
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150:
2950:"Where Have the Periods Gone? The Evaluation and Management of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea"
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Södersten P, Bergh C, Zandian M (November 2006). "Psychoneuroendocrinology of anorexia nervosa".
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2019:
1961:
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1333:"Turner Syndrome Systematic Review: Spontaneous Thelarche and Menarche Stratified by Karyotype"
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Sophie Gibson, Marie Eve; Fleming, Nathalie; Zuijdwijk, Caroline; Dumont, Tania (2020-02-06).
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pituitary can alter the way this feedback mechanism works and can cause secondary amenorrhea.
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2692:"Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: New Perspectives on Genetic Cause and Phenotypic Spectrum"
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323:. Increased levels of LH and FSH have also been reported in patients with hyperthyroidism.
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312:
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154:
119:
72:
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742:"Fluoroscopically guided hysteroscopic division of adhesions in severe Asherman syndrome"
87:). Outside the reproductive years, there is absence of menses during childhood and after
2750:
Seppä, Satu; Kuiri-Hänninen, Tanja; Holopainen, Elina; Voutilainen, Raimo (2021-05-04).
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1107:"Evaluation of the abdominopelvic region using MRI in patients with primary amenorrhea"
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402:
304:
111:
3298:
2575:
2559:"Mechanism of action of narcotics in the production of menstrual dysfunction in women"
2558:
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Weisberg E (December 1982). "Fertility after discontinuation of oral contraceptives".
2067:"Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome"
1821:"Physiology of lactational amenorrhea and its implications for spacing of pregnancies"
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145:(GnRH) from the hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the pituitary to stimulate the release of
84:
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1965:
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2412:"Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females"
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398:
361:
316:
115:
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Practice
Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine (November 2008).
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Individuals with a female phenotype can present with primary amenorrhea due to
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423:, as well as levels of prolactin, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Gündoğdu, Elif; Emekli, Emre; Oğuzman, Mehmet; Kebapçı, Mahmut (2019-09-25).
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1677:"Delayed puberty: analysis of a large case series from an academic center"
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Maleki, N; Kalantar
Hormozi, M; Iranparvar Alamdari, M; Tavosi, Z (2013).
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Secondary amenorrhea's most common and most easily diagnosable causes are
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99:
2891:"Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Primary amenorrhoea can be diagnosed in female children by age 14 if no
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668:"Absent menstrual periods - primary: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
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3183:"Amenorrhea with low normal thyroid function and thyroxine treatment"
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384:
3131:
Dye, Alyssa M.; Nelson, Grace B.; Diaz-Thomas, Alicia (2018-01-01).
461:
analysis and testosterone levels are obtained to assess for MRKH or
1526:"5-alpha-reductase 2 deficiency in a woman with primary amenorrhea"
1211:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
4219:
103:
372:
227:
4223:
3399:
2490:"Evaluation of extended and continuous use oral contraceptives"
493:
with a hysteroscopy or progesterone withdrawal bleeding test.
141:
Physiologically, menstruation is controlled by the release of
2544:"Combined Oral Contraceptive (Follow-up and Common Problems)"
2864:"Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of secondary amenorrhea"
1205:
McGlacken-Byrne, Sinéad M.; Conway, Gerard S. (2021-11-16).
27:
Absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age
950:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2005). p. 403ff.
972:"Amenorrhea, Primary: eMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology"
1984:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review"
1265:
Marsh, Courtney A.; Grimstad, Frances W. (October 2014).
485:. A pregnancy test is a common first step for diagnosis.
165:
Amenorrhea is classified as either primary or secondary.
1633:
Master-Hunter, Tarannum; Heiman, Diana L. (2006-04-15).
1390:"Management of Turner syndrome in adult life and beyond"
2954:
Journal of
Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
2598:
Reddy RG, Aung T, Karavitaki N, Wass JA (August 2010).
1732:
Lewis PR, Brown JB, Renfree MB, Short RV (March 1991).
796:"Clinical practice. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea"
415:
Anti-psychotic drugs, which are commonly used to treat
114:. It is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the
691:
Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara; Lock, James (2011-04-11).
336:
prolactin, due to compression of the pituitary gland.
2557:
Santen FJ, Sofsky J, Bilic N, Lippert R (June 1975).
1068:"Amenorrhea: an approach to diagnosis and management"
375:
pulses, which causes diminished pituitary release of
3237:
2375:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1681:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4605:
4547:
4519:
4488:
4400:
4377:
4342:
4316:
4309:
4288:
4257:
4165:
4158:
4133:
4000:
3933:
3889:
3834:
3816:
3793:
3661:
3614:
3605:
3556:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3330:
3241:
3187:
International
Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
1675:Sedlmeyer, Ines L.; Palmert, Mark R. (April 2002).
50:
42:
37:
999:Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility
948:Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility
1863:"Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease"
1111:Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
3074:"Mayer-Rokitansky-KĂĽster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome"
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2483:
2481:
2479:
1926:"Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism"
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1066:Klein, David A.; Poth, Merrily A. (2013-06-01).
856:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
4387:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
3181:Ylöstalo, P.; Kujala, P.; Kontula, K. (1980).
1267:"Primary amenorrhea: diagnosis and management"
740:Broome, J. D.; Vancaillie, T. G. (June 1999).
4235:
3411:
3386:Disability Online's athletic amenorrhoea page
2038:"Primary Amenorrhea due to Pituitary Disease"
8:
1782:"The contraceptive benefit of breastfeeding"
996:Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG (1 June 1999).
3035:"Turner syndrome: diagnosis and management"
2071:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
893:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
256:17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
4313:
4242:
4228:
4220:
4162:
3939:
3620:
3611:
3454:
3445:
3418:
3404:
3396:
3238:
1867:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
34:
3107:
3089:
3006:"What are the treatments for amenorrhea?"
2981:
2924:
2906:
2827:
2767:
2707:
2623:
2574:
2515:
2505:
2494:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
2427:
2386:
2098:
1749:
1692:
1551:
1541:
1492:
1348:
1167:Master-Hunter T, Heiman DL (April 2006).
922:
904:
716:
632:Master-Hunter T, Heiman DL (April 2006).
244:complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
1388:Castelo-Branco, Camil (December 2014).
1260:
1258:
1256:
1200:
1198:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
550:
3176:
3174:
2857:
2855:
2745:
2743:
2537:
2535:
2488:Wright KP, Johnson JV (October 2008).
2451:
2449:
2447:
2321:
2319:
2294:
2292:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1977:
1975:
1670:
1668:
1635:"Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment"
1628:
1626:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1271:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
1169:"Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment"
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
634:"Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment"
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
3028:
3026:
2966:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.S0178
2805:
2803:
2060:
2058:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1775:
1773:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1002:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
882:
880:
878:
876:
789:
787:
785:
783:
558:
556:
554:
7:
3381:Disability Online's amenorrhoea page
2369:Loucks AB, Thuma JR (January 2003).
978:from the original on 29 January 2010
843:
841:
839:
837:
4205:Persistent genital arousal disorder
2458:Clinical Reproduction and Fertility
848:Nawaz, Gul; Rogol, Alan D. (2022),
800:The New England Journal of Medicine
794:Gordon, Catherine M. (2010-07-22).
358:Relative energy deficiency in sport
3199:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1980.tb00275.x
2812:"Current evaluation of amenorrhea"
2657:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1887:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52152.x
126:, intrauterine scar formation, or
25:
4019:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3538:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
3078:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2756:European Journal of Endocrinology
1207:"Premature ovarian insufficiency"
407:combined oral contraceptive pills
383:(FSH). Low levels of the hormone
327:Hypothalamic and pituitary causes
2870:from the original on 2013-11-11.
2829:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.038
1942:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00719.x
1835:from the original on 2013-11-11.
1766:from the original on 2013-11-11.
1191:from the original on 2013-11-11.
656:from the original on 2008-07-23.
96:secondary sexual characteristics
4534:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
2148:Hormone Research in Paediatrics
1982:Molitch, Mark E. (2017-02-07).
1481:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
1406:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.08.011
1337:Hormone Research in Paediatrics
589:"Who is at risk of amenorrhea?"
463:androgen insensitivity syndrome
266:Constitutional delay of puberty
3633:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
2669:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091432
2340:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.006
2083:10.1002/14651858.CD010287.pub3
1780:Edozien, L. (September 1994).
248:5-alpha-reductase 2 deficiency
183:Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser
143:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1:
3033:Morgan, Thomas (2007-08-01).
2600:"Opioid induced hypogonadism"
2576:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)41173-8
2204:Journal of Applied Physiology
1861:Koutras, D. A. (1997-06-17).
1751:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54180-6
1530:Case Reports in Endocrinology
1223:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.09.011
758:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00245-8
447:secondary sex characteristics
427:Primary ovarian insufficiency
4555:Menstrual hygiene management
4506:Premenstrual water retention
4480:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
4445:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
3729:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
3700:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
3149:10.3928/19382359-20171215-01
2542:Willacy H (31 August 2021).
2300:"Bones, Muscles, and Joints"
2267:10.1126/science.185.4155.949
1283:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000111
946:Speroff L, Fritz MA (2005).
381:follicle-stimulating hormone
147:follicle stimulating hormone
4146:Pelvic inflammatory disease
1825:Bulls American Paleontology
1581:Gynecological Endocrinology
4712:
4141:Pelvic congestion syndrome
3571:Fallopian tube obstruction
2216:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37
1494:10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.09.006
1449:10.1016/j.crad.2013.04.005
906:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_281_18
4450:Metropathia haemorrhagica
4360:Billings Ovulation Method
4190:Vestibular papillomatosis
4109:
4042:
3942:
3769:
3759:Metropathia haemorrhagica
3623:
3039:American Family Physician
1819:Labbok M (January 1941).
1639:American Family Physician
1593:10.1080/09513590701553852
1217:: S1521–6934(21)00167–X.
1173:American Family Physician
1072:American Family Physician
746:Obstetrics and Gynecology
638:American Family Physician
345:Polycystic ovary syndrome
340:Polycystic ovary syndrome
238:Other Intersex conditions
4665:Sustainable menstruation
4645:Menstruation celebration
3526:Follicular cyst of ovary
2328:Psychoneuroendocrinology
260:mixed gonadal dysgenesis
4607:In culture and religion
4024:Sexual arousal disorder
3980:Candidal vulvovaginitis
3638:Endometrial hyperplasia
2816:Fertility and Sterility
2563:Fertility and Sterility
2000:10.1001/jama.2016.19699
1738:Fertility and Sterility
533:, continue to develop.
526:mental health counselor
401:, commonly induce this
296:Diseases of the thyroid
290:lactational amenorrhoea
252:pure gonadal dysgenesis
106:to receive or maintain
4435:Irregular menstruation
4392:Lactational amenorrhea
4355:Calendar-based methods
4324:Basal body temperature
3467:Endometriosis of ovary
3091:10.1186/1750-1172-2-13
2908:10.1186/2046-4053-1-33
2388:10.1210/jc.2002-020369
2042:Cancer Therapy Advisor
1930:Clinical Endocrinology
1694:10.1210/jcem.87.4.8395
1123:10.1515/jpem-2019-0223
46:Amenorrhea, amenorrhœa
4635:Menstrual suppression
4597:Menstrual Hygiene Day
4529:Premenstrual syndrome
3911:Vesicouterine fistula
3854:Cervical incompetence
3779:Recurrent miscarriage
3717:Premenstrual syndrome
3578:Fallopian tube cancer
2822:(5 Suppl): S219–225.
2429:10.1038/sj.mp.4000287
812:10.1056/NEJMcp0912024
697:BMJ Clinical Evidence
4069:Rectovaginal fistula
3494:Poor ovarian reserve
2709:10.1210/er.2016-1047
2416:Molecular Psychiatry
515:Secondary amenorrhea
469:Secondary amenorrhea
275:Secondary amenorrhea
193:Secondary amenorrhea
71:is the absence of a
18:Secondary amenorrhea
4691:Menstrual disorders
4570:Cloth menstrual pad
4539:Menstrual psychosis
4501:Menstrual synchrony
4350:Fertility awareness
4119:Postcoital bleeding
4047:Urogenital fistulas
3975:Bacterial vaginosis
3628:Asherman's syndrome
2769:10.1530/EJE-20-1487
2259:1974Sci...185..949F
1879:1997NYASA.816..280K
1543:10.1155/2013/631060
441:Primary amenorrhoea
151:luteinizing hormone
4004:Sexual dysfunction
3970:Atrophic vaginitis
3906:Retroverted uterus
3869:Female infertility
3849:Cervical dysplasia
3774:Female infertility
3566:Female infertility
3521:Corpus luteum cyst
3477:Ovulatory disorder
3472:Female infertility
3331:External resources
2960:(Suppl 1): 18–27.
2895:Systematic Reviews
2507:10.2147/TCRM.S2143
1437:Clinical Radiology
693:"Anorexia nervosa"
506:Primary amenorrhea
483:hyperprolactinemia
232:MĂĽllerian agenesis
207:Primary amenorrhea
169:Primary amenorrhea
98:by age 13 with no
4678:
4677:
4373:
4372:
4258:Events and phases
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4154:
4153:
4129:
4128:
4062:Obstetric fistula
3960:Vaginal discharge
3929:
3928:
3874:Cervical stenosis
3789:
3788:
3643:Endometrial polyp
3601:
3600:
3531:Theca lutein cyst
3376:
3375:
3133:"Delayed Puberty"
3012:. 31 January 2017
2696:Endocrine Reviews
2616:10.1136/bmj.c4462
2160:10.1159/000479371
1350:10.1159/000502902
1009:978-0-683-30379-7
957:978-0-7817-4795-0
595:. 31 January 2017
570:. 31 January 2017
491:Asherman syndrome
185:(MRKH) syndrome.
62:
61:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4703:
4650:Menstruation hut
4630:Menstrual stigma
4590:Period underwear
4560:Feminine hygiene
4496:Folliculogenesis
4440:Menometrorrhagia
4314:
4270:Follicular phase
4244:
4237:
4230:
4221:
4185:Kraurosis vulvae
4180:Bartholin's cyst
4163:
4114:Vaginal bleeding
4007:
3940:
3916:Uterine prolapse
3744:Menometrorrhagia
3668:
3621:
3612:
3511:Ovarian apoplexy
3455:
3446:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3137:Pediatric Annals
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2910:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2771:
2762:(6): R225–R242.
2747:
2738:
2737:
2711:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2485:
2474:
2473:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2253:(4155): 949–51.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2138:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1858:
1837:
1836:
1831:(100): 389–418.
1816:
1810:
1809:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1696:
1687:(4): 1613–1620.
1672:
1663:
1662:
1645:(8): 1374–1382.
1630:
1621:
1620:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1352:
1328:
1311:
1310:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1063:
1014:
1013:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
968:
962:
961:
943:
937:
936:
926:
908:
884:
871:
870:
869:
868:
845:
832:
831:
791:
778:
777:
752:(6): 1041–1043.
737:
731:
730:
720:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
664:
658:
657:
629:
604:
603:
601:
600:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
560:
128:eating disorders
73:menstrual period
35:
21:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4640:Menstrual taboo
4625:Menstrual leave
4601:
4543:
4515:
4511:Sexual activity
4484:
4475:Polymenorrhagia
4460:Oligoamenorrhea
4420:Cryptomenorrhea
4396:
4369:
4365:Creighton Model
4338:
4305:
4284:
4253:
4251:Menstrual cycle
4248:
4218:
4209:
4150:
4125:
4105:
4038:
4001:
3996:
3992:Vaginal atresia
3925:
3885:
3844:Cervical cancer
3830:
3812:
3808:Uterine fibroid
3785:
3765:
3749:Polymenorrhagia
3690:Oligoamenorrhea
3662:
3657:
3597:
3552:
3548:Ovarian torsion
3437:
3427:Female diseases
3424:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3326:
3325:
3250:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2334:(10): 1149–53.
2325:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2140:
2139:
2116:
2077:(5): CD010287.
2064:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1860:
1859:
1840:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1277:(10): 603–612.
1264:
1263:
1254:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1117:(9): 995–1003.
1104:
1103:
1099:
1078:(11): 781–788.
1065:
1064:
1017:
1010:
995:
994:
990:
981:
979:
970:
969:
965:
958:
945:
944:
940:
886:
885:
874:
866:
864:
847:
846:
835:
793:
792:
781:
739:
738:
734:
690:
689:
685:
676:
674:
672:medlineplus.gov
666:
665:
661:
631:
630:
607:
598:
596:
587:
586:
582:
573:
571:
562:
561:
552:
547:
517:
508:
499:
479:thyroid disease
471:
451:Turner syndrome
443:
438:
429:
394:
353:
351:Low body weight
342:
329:
313:hyperthyroidism
298:
282:
277:
268:
240:
225:
217:Turner syndrome
214:
212:Turner syndrome
209:
204:
195:
171:
163:
155:menstrual cycle
136:
134:Pathophysiology
120:pituitary gland
112:oligomenorrhoea
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Period poverty
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4489:Related events
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4470:Oligoovulation
4467:
4465:Oligomenorrhea
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4329:Cervical mucus
4326:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Ureterovaginal
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:Vaginal cancer
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3921:Uterine cancer
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3881:Nabothian cyst
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3859:Cervical polyp
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3695:Oligomenorrhea
3692:
3687:
3682:
3671:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3560:
3558:Fallopian tube
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3543:Ovarian cancer
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:Oligoovulation
3484:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3358:
3356:article/953850
3347:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3301:
3286:
3267:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:Classification
3235:
3234:External links
3232:
3229:
3228:
3193:(3): 176–180.
3170:
3143:(1): e16–e22.
3123:
3064:
3045:(3): 405–410.
3022:
3010:nichd.nih.gov/
2997:
2940:
2873:
2851:
2799:
2739:
2702:(6): 609–635.
2682:
2639:
2590:
2549:
2531:
2475:
2443:
2402:
2381:(1): 297–311.
2361:
2315:
2304:kidshealth.org
2288:
2237:
2189:
2154:(6): 371–395.
2114:
2054:
2029:
1994:(5): 516–524.
1971:
1936:(5): 655–659.
1916:
1873:(1): 280–284.
1838:
1811:
1769:
1724:
1664:
1622:
1587:(9): 499–504.
1567:
1516:
1462:
1427:
1400:(4): 471–475.
1380:
1343:(3): 143–149.
1312:
1252:
1194:
1179:(8): 1374–82.
1152:
1097:
1015:
1008:
988:
963:
956:
938:
899:(1): 256–260.
872:
833:
806:(4): 365–371.
779:
732:
683:
659:
644:(8): 1374–82.
605:
593:nichd.nih.gov/
580:
568:nichd.nih.gov/
549:
548:
546:
543:
516:
513:
507:
504:
498:
495:
470:
467:
442:
439:
437:
434:
428:
425:
393:
390:
352:
349:
341:
338:
328:
325:
311:Patients with
305:hypothyroidism
303:Patients with
297:
294:
281:
278:
276:
273:
267:
264:
239:
236:
224:
221:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
194:
191:
170:
167:
162:
161:Classification
159:
135:
132:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4708:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Menstrual pad
4583:
4581:
4580:Menstrual cup
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Menstrual pad
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4521:Mental health
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Hypomenorrhea
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4334:Mittelschmerz
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Vulvar cancer
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Vesicovaginal
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Hypomenorrhea
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Endometriosis
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Hematosalpinx
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Mittelschmerz
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:(8): 813–21.
2662:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2569:(6): 538–48.
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2500:(5): 905–11.
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2464:(4): 261–72.
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2422:(4): 335–40.
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:(6): 15, 17.
1791:
1787:
1786:Africa Health
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1744:(3): 529–36.
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:(9): 945–52.
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
992:
989:
977:
973:
967:
964:
959:
953:
949:
942:
939:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
873:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
842:
840:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
788:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
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36:
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4696:Reproduction
4455:Metrorrhagia
4425:Dysmenorrhea
4409:
4280:Luteal phase
4265:Menstruation
4094:Sigmoidocele
4002:
3947:Hematocolpos
3826:Parametritis
3734:Metrorrhagia
3712:Dysmenorrhea
3679:
3665:Menstruation
3663:
3653:Endometritis
3588:Hydrosalpinx
3516:Ovarian cyst
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2044:. 2019-01-17
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853:
850:"Amenorrhea"
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662:
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597:. Retrieved
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572:. Retrieved
567:
564:"Amenorrhea"
539:
535:
531:osteoporosis
518:
509:
500:
487:
472:
455:
444:
430:
414:
411:
399:Depo-Provera
395:
392:Drug-induced
366:
362:osteoporosis
354:
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317:testosterone
310:
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140:
137:
122:, premature
116:hypothalamus
93:
68:
64:
63:
29:
4415:Anovulation
4379:Suppression
4289:Life stages
4099:Urethrocele
4014:Dyspareunia
3987:Hydrocolpos
3951:Hydrocolpos
3897:Hematometra
3818:Parametrium
3803:Adenomyosis
3616:Endometrium
3593:Salpingitis
3482:Anovulation
3340:MedlinePlus
403:side effect
69:amenorrhoea
43:Other names
4685:Categories
4670:Tampon tax
4410:Amenorrhea
4200:Vulvodynia
4084:Enterocele
4034:Vaginismus
3956:Leukorrhea
3864:Cervicitis
3795:Myometrium
3680:Amenorrhea
3506:Oophoritis
3391:Amenorrhea
3367:Amenorrhea
3362:Patient UK
3316:DiseasesDB
3016:2018-11-08
2309:2018-11-07
2048:2022-02-21
1536:: 631060.
982:2010-01-16
867:2022-02-17
854:StatPearls
677:2018-11-07
599:2018-11-08
574:2018-11-07
545:References
149:(FSH) and
65:Amenorrhea
57:Gynecology
38:Amenorrhea
4615:Chhaupadi
4402:Disorders
4301:Menopause
4275:Ovulation
4089:Rectocele
4079:Cystocele
3965:Vaginitis
3351:eMedicine
3207:0020-7292
3157:1938-2359
3100:1750-1172
3051:0002-838X
2974:1308-5735
2917:2046-4053
2838:1556-5653
2794:242218048
2778:1479-683X
2718:1945-7189
2610:: c4462.
2168:1663-2826
2091:1469-493X
2024:205077946
2008:1538-3598
1950:0300-0664
1895:0077-8923
1798:0141-9536
1703:0021-972X
1651:0002-838X
1601:0951-3590
1503:1472-6491
1414:1873-4111
1394:Maturitas
1375:210131881
1359:1663-2826
1291:1533-9866
1247:244277652
1231:1532-1932
1147:199382748
1131:2191-0251
1084:1532-0650
915:2249-4863
820:1533-4406
766:0029-7844
709:1752-8526
522:dietitian
497:Treatment
475:pregnancy
459:karyotype
436:Diagnosis
321:estradiol
246:(CAIS),
175:thelarche
124:menopause
108:egg cells
89:menopause
81:lactation
77:pregnancy
52:Specialty
4620:In Islam
4310:Tracking
4296:Menarche
4195:Vulvitis
4159:External
4074:Prolapse
3901:Pyometra
3442:Internal
3435:genitals
3223:24134383
3165:29323692
3118:17359527
3059:17708142
2992:32041389
2935:22828169
2868:Archived
2862:Welt C.
2846:19007635
2786:33687345
2734:46162565
2726:27690531
2677:22711171
2634:20807731
2526:19209272
2397:12519869
2356:18379119
2348:17084040
2283:25005866
2176:29156452
2109:29797697
2016:28170483
1966:11798241
1958:10468932
1833:Archived
1806:12318872
1764:Archived
1719:12091916
1711:11932291
1659:16669559
1609:17852420
1562:24383016
1511:26626805
1457:23725784
1422:25438673
1367:31918426
1307:29515999
1299:25336070
1239:34924261
1189:Archived
1185:16669559
1139:31369396
1092:23939500
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933:30911516
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774:10362178
727:21481284
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179:pubarche
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4548:Hygiene
4343:Systems
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3429:of the
3310:D000568
3215:6109649
3109:1832178
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2438:9246675
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2100:6494577
1911:5840966
1903:9238278
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1617:8081596
1553:3870623
924:6396624
718:3275304
421:insulin
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4575:Tampon
3935:Vagina
3836:Cervix
3755:Other
3740:Mixed
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3607:Uterus
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