771:, there has been a history of sectarian violence and unrest since the 1970s, although much of the violence may be attributed to non-theological clashes over tribal lands, rivalries, and class-disputes. Almost all relations between Shias and Sunnis are peaceful, and there exists a large degree of intermarriage between the two communities. Further, many prominent Shias play an important political role in the country — the late Benazir Bhutto is believed to have been Shia, for example. However, sporadic violence between the two communities is often initiated by extremists on both sides, particularly in South Punjab.
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520:' Anglicans, whom they regarded as having retained too many attitudes and practices from the Catholic era. Northern Ireland has introduced a Private Day of Reflection, since 2007, to mark the transition to a post- conflict society, an initiative of the cross-community Healing through Remembering organisation and research project.
733:(with a Christian majority) to participate in the electoral process; this law caused a sectarian uproar (from Muslims) and a dispute occurred over the distribution of parliament seats. Dr. Ayoub Tabet was dismissed, and Christian emigrants were prevented from voting in the elections until 2018 by a law sought by the
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an overtly sectarian conflict. A deep sense of threat arising from sectarian discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities has caused such groups to align with parties involved in the conflict in hope they will provide protection, however this is contributing to deeper sectarian divides
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effected sectarianism in Iraq. One perspective believes that the Ba’ath regime implemented policies that hardened lines between sectarian identities, contributing to worsened sectarian tensions. The second perspective believes that the Ba’ath regime tried to suppress sectarianism by implementing
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Today, bigotry and discrimination in employment are usually relegated a few places where extreme forms of religion are the norm, or in areas with a long history of sectarian violence and tension, such as
Northern Ireland (especially in terms of employment; however, this is dying out in this
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Muslims, and it has led to large amounts of discrimination, bloodshed and instability. While the majority of
Muslims in Iraq are Shia and the minority are Sunni, a number of scholars, including Hassan al’-Alawi, have consistently argued that sectarianism in Iraq privileges Sunni Arabs and
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and adopting semi-Christian styles of worship. Reform Jews, on the other hand, often view the orthodox as being intolerant of them and of other religions, placing legalistic rules such as the observance of the
Sabbath above ethical obligations, being cult-like and hostile to change.
812:) now exist peacefully side by side for the most part . In other areas, some nominal Catholics and Protestants have been in fierce conflict – one recent example of this was in Northern Ireland, although the conflict was condemned by some Catholic and Protestant leaders . Within
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focuses on the exclusion aspect of sectarianism and can be defined as 'hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions within a group', for example the different denominations of a religion or the factions of a political belief.
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in specific areas. The country now can be seen as divided into four zones; aegis of the regime, the Rebels, or the Kurds.The zones under the control of the regime's army can be considered the most diverse zone, consisting of mainly Sunnis, a large number of
616:. The first written evidence of sectarian discrimination is from 1935 when Shia lawyers wrote the Najaf Charter which documented their frustrations and discontent towards the sectarian discrimination against the Shia community in Iraq.
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can be defined as a practice that is created over a period of time through consistent social, cultural and political habits leading to the formation of group solidarity that is dependent upon practices of inclusion and exclusion.
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and a small number of minorities who have fled into the area looking for protection. The rebel-controlled zones, are dominated by Sunni Arabs, and the minorities who lived in these areas have either been forced to convert to
480:), causing them to be regarded with suspicion. Sometimes this mistrust manifested itself in Catholics being subjected to restrictions and discrimination, which itself led to further conflict. For example, before
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In the political realm, to describe a group as 'sectarian' (or as practising 'sectarianism'), is to accuse them of prioritizing differences and rivalries with politically close groups. An example might be a
496:/ Episcopalianism) prevail, the two traditions do not become polarised against each other, and usually co-exist peacefully. Especially in England, sectarianism is nowadays almost unheard of. However, in
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Muslim. Religious affiliation served as a marker of group identity in this conflict, despite relatively low rates of religious practice and belief among these various ethnic groups after decades of
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Wherever religious sectarians compete, religious sectarianism is found in varying forms and degrees. In some areas, religious sectarianism (for example
Protestant and Catholic
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group who are accused of devoting an excessive amount of time and energy to denouncing other communist groups rather than their common foes. However, separatist
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or have fled. Lastly the
Kurdish dominated zones, existing mainly along the northern border is controlled by the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
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In most places where
Protestantism is the majority or 'official' religion, there have been examples of Catholics being persecuted. In countries where the
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More recently, the Sunni minority have been expressing feelings of increasing marginalisation by the Shia-led government led by Prime minister
725:' country" according to Kirsten Shulze. In the 1940s, after his appointment as interim president to supervise the parliamentary elections,
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are the norm) sectarian divisions can still sometimes arise between
Catholics and Protestants. Indeed, in the early years following the
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Catholic countries, Protestants have historically been persecuted as heretics. For example, the substantial Protestant population of
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discriminates against Shi’ites. The sectarian tensions between these two sects of Islam can be traced back to creation of the State of
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now takes place in terms of employment quotas which are now applied). In places where more 'moderate' forms of
Protestantism (such as
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or religion, where the reason for the violence is their differences. An example of sectarian violence is the conflict between
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opposed the agreement and called it a conspiracy against the last country that preserves and respects the
Christians of the
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that ended the civil war, power was taken from the Christians' positions and was divided and/or given to Muslim positions;
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was successful, this often lay in the perception that Catholics retained allegiance to a 'foreign' power (
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Sectarianism in Australia is a historical legacy from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
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In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi'ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon
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groups, who to an outsider are indistinguishable, are more concerned with
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The Crystallisation of the Iraqi State: Geopolitical Function and Form
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these tensions can be found in other regions of the world, including
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1168:"Syrian Conflict's Sectarian, Ethnic Dimension Growing,U.N. Warns"
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Sectarianism in Iraq: The Making of State and Nation Since 1920
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Memorials fostering a fragile parity-of-esteem-for-difference
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431:) was expelled from the kingdom in the 1680s following the
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tried to put in place a new election law that would allow
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jurisdiction, thanks to strictly-enforced legislation.
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there was actually internal sectarian tension between
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was caused because of the sectarian incitement after
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State of repression : Iraq under Saddam Hussein
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Sectarian Discrimination: Bigotry, Authoritarianism
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Sectarianism and Minorities in the Syrian civil war
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
346:. This religious sectarianism is bound up with
338:Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland
8:
531:have been heavily tinged with sectarianism.
1055:Sectarianism, Governance, and Iraq's Future
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1038:Healing through Remembering : Ireland
435:. Many Huguenots fled over the Channel to
358:(with some fans of football clubs such as
735:Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants
649:Human Rights Investigators, operating in
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1212:"Lahore bomb raises sectarian questions"
1027:Private Day of Reflection : Ireland
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882:has a well-known joke in which various
1008:"'Civil' versus 'sectarian' conflicts"
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1194:Sectarianism in Syria's Civil War
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619:There are mixed views on how the
433:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
34:This article has multiple issues.
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910:Caste-related violence in India
713:faced discrimination after the
595:The main sectarian conflict in
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1:
1057:. Doha: Brookings Institution
439:in hope of a better life. In
447:sought to root out not only
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775:Sectarianism within Judaism
241:to comply with Knowledge's
192:the claims made and adding
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1192:Balance, Fabrice (2018).
1006:Perlman, Merrill (2016).
859:United Future New Zealand
572:Sectarianism in Australia
1242: : Northern Ireland
974:Harvard University Press
905:Communalism (South Asia)
408:and elsewhere. See also
254:may contain suggestions.
239:may need to be rewritten
1053:Alaaldin, Ranj (2018).
377:Sectarianism in Glasgow
1261:Discrimination by type
1166:Warrick, Joby (2012).
1138:Blaydes, Lisa (2018).
1096:Osman, Khalil (2014).
840:Political sectarianism
800:Religious sectarianism
523:The civil wars in the
490:Reverse discrimination
1124:Preston, Zoë (2000).
930:Religious segregation
727:President Ayoub Tabet
709:entered the country.
529:breakup of Yugoslavia
482:Catholic Emancipation
1198:Washington Institute
703:Palestinian refugees
658:within the country.
580:Middle East and Asia
554:and the majority of
510:Scottish Reformation
469:held similar goals.
84:improve this article
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968:Weiss, Max (2010).
791:, rarely attending
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695:religious groupings
527:which followed the
516:Presbyterians and '
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1218:. January 10, 2008
1196:. Washington, DC:
940:Sectarian violence
863:Future New Zealand
731:Lebanese emigrants
697:. Sectarianism in
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514:Church of Scotland
390:Maritime provinces
306:Sectarian violence
177:possibly contains
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741:. After the
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629:Nouri Maliki
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460:
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382:Newfoundland
375:
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334:The Troubles
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248:You can help
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82:Please help
77:verification
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36:Please help
33:
1072:www.cia.gov
888:in-fighting
855:New Zealand
751:Middle East
599:is between
545:Macedonians
518:High Church
494:Anglicanism
474:Reformation
453:crypto-Jews
445:Inquisition
348:nationalism
318:Protestants
1250:Categories
1100:. London:
1077:2021-04-18
956:References
806:Christians
689:Lebanon's
683:See also:
478:the Papacy
406:Birmingham
332:See also:
295:Sectarian
260:April 2021
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1102:Routledge
847:communist
834:apostates
826:Wahhabism
719:civil war
691:religious
566:Australia
560:Communism
556:Albanians
502:Calvinism
451:but also
429:Huguenots
402:Liverpool
314:Catholics
310:ethnicity
252:talk page
190:verifying
45:talk page
1216:BBC News
993:Dodax EU
894:See also
830:heretics
781:Orthodox
769:Pakistan
757:Pakistan
668:Alawites
614:Faisal I
552:Bosniaks
537:Slovenes
462:moriscos
356:Scotland
1222:May 23,
832:and/or
808:in the
699:Lebanon
679:Lebanon
673:Sunnism
525:Balkans
500:(where
437:England
398:Ontario
360:Rangers
344:Ireland
184:Please
124:scholar
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884:Judean
818:Sunnis
785:Reform
550:, and
533:Croats
443:, the
425:France
386:Canada
368:Hearts
364:Celtic
328:Europe
250:. The
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814:Islam
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651:Syria
635:Syria
605:Sunni
541:Serbs
441:Spain
427:(the
131:JSTOR
117:books
1224:2010
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