286:
5.617, "Self-sufficiency incentives for persons with disabilities—Disallowance of increase in annual income". This was enacted as part of the
Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 (QHWRA) (Sec. 508(b); 42 U.S.C. 1437a(d)). This requires Public Housing Authorities and some owners, in calculating rent, to temporarily "disregard" increased income earned when certain public housing residents and disabled participants in certain housing assistance programs return/go to work or job-related programs. The idea is to foster self-sufficiency for those who are on subsidies and disability and other assistance.
338:. In the article, Anrig accuses Rosin of placing an excessive amount of blame on housing policy for the reported increase in crime. The article refers to the fact that Rosin never made a conclusive argument that those who participate in Section 8 were responsible for the higher rates of crime, as those who receive housing support are subject to screenings based on drug use and previous criminal activity. Rosin instead relies on a heat map of crime created by Richard Janikowski and Phyllis Betts who is reported to have said they were " amazed – and deflated – to see how perfectly the two data sets fit together."
110:
selected eligible families from their waiting list, placed them in housing from a master list of available units, and determined the rent that tenants would have to pay. The housing authority would then sign a lease with the private landlord and pay the difference between the tenant's rent and the market rate for the same size unit. In the agreement with the private landlord, housing authorities agreed to perform regular building maintenance and leasing functions for
Section 236 tenants, and annually reviewed the tenant's income for program eligibility and rent calculations.
218:
once every seven years. To manage excess demand, PHAs often create preference policies that place specific categories of applicants at the top of wait lists. Some PHAs also use a "lottery" approach, where there can be as many as 100,000 applicants for 10,000 spots on the waitlist, with spots being awarded on the basis of weighted or non-weighted lotteries. Priority is often extended to local residents, disabled people, veterans, and the elderly. There is no guarantee that anyone will ever be selected from a wait list.
273:
different metropolitan areas. Two areas of note are the highest performing city in the study and the lowest, Dallas, TX, and
Chattanooga, TN, respectively. The authors argue that Dallas performed well with the SAFMRP because the city was required by court order to implement the program, and the program has been in place for longer than all other cities in the study. The authors state that the benefits of the SAFMRP change over time and analysis of the program must include a time series analysis for all effects.
714:, California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform (CANHR), Winter 2004. "If a family's net assets are worth more than $ 5000, the family must count toward annual income the greater of either (1) all income derived from the assets, or (2) a percentage of the total value of the assets based on the passbook savings rate, as determined by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD) each year. The PHA will never count the full cash value of the asset toward annual income."
347:
Memphis was not a part of the study. Even though the participants were far more likely to stay in poorer areas when given the chance to leave, families still received modest academic and psychological benefits. In fact, according to a paper prepared for the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development and the Office of Policy Development and Research rather than an increasing crime, those who use housing vouchers are more likely to move into areas where crime is increasing.
325:, metropolitan area. Rosin's article attempted to position Memphis as just one particularly troubling example of a nationwide trend: "Still, researchers around the country are seeing the same basic pattern: projects coming down in inner cities and crime pushing outward, in many cases destabilizing cities or their surrounding areas." Rosin's article has been highly influential among politicians in cities claiming to be negatively affected by Section 8, such as
772:. "Public Housing Passbook Savings Rate" Another conforming change is related to the passbook savings rate. The Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook suggests that PHAs use a new rate of 2% to be consistent with Multi-Family Housing's passbook savings rate policy. However, as the Office of Housing is updating the passbook savings rate, therefore, PHAs should continue to implement PIH's current policy regarding the passbook savings rate until further notice."
734:, Chapter 5: Eligibility and Denial of Assistance, pp. 5–24. January 10, 2008 version. "Calculation When Assets Exceed $ 5,000: When net family assets are $ 5,000 or less, use the actual income from assets. When family assets are more than $ 5,000, use the greater of: Actual income from assets; or A percentage of the value of such assets based upon the current passbook savings rate as established by HUD. This is called imputed income from assets."
261:
stated that this program is aimed to allow voucher recipients to move into higher opportunity areas and reduce the concentration of voucher recipients in a given metropolitan area. While the program was originally intended to be mandatory for several metropolitan areas immediately, the requirement for the use of SAFRMs was delayed to
October 1, 2019. SAFMRs can now be found through the
672:"Project-based vouchers are a component of a public housing agency's (PHAs) housing choice voucher program. A PHA can attach up to 20 percent of its voucher assistance to specific housing units if the owner agrees to either rehabilitate or construct the units, or the owner agrees to set aside a portion of the units in an existing development."
360:
Landlord apprehension can be a result of many factors. Marr shows that it is rooted in racial stereotypes of tenants and slow government bureaucracy. Other qualitative data indicates some factors to be: tenant behavior and financial burden. These factors are some areas in which housing specialists work to mitigate problems.
346:
almost doubled between the years of 1990 and 2000. Anrig also refers to Moving to
Opportunity (MTO), a randomized policy experiment. The study concludes that there was no increase in violent crime for the participants of subsidized housing or their surrounding neighborhoods in the five cities tested;
285:
There is a provision for disabled people who have a
Section 8 subsidized dwelling to have their rent frozen for a specified time if they are working part-time below a certain income level. This is called the Earned Income Disallowance or Earned Income Disregard (EID) and is stipulated under US 24 CFR
268:
The implementation of this program follows a demonstration project coordinated by HUD in 2010. The project included the following Public
Housing Authorities (PHAs): The Housing Authority of the County of Cook (IL), the City of Long Beach (CA) Housing Authority, the Chattanooga (TN) Housing Authority,
235:
Fair Market Rents (FMRs) are calculated to determine how much a landlord is able to accept for rent of a unit to a
Section 8 voucher recipient. FMRs are gross rental rates and dictate the maximum rental rate to be agreed upon in a lease document. The calculation of FMRs is based on a standard quality
152:
Under the voucher program, individuals or families with a voucher find and lease a unit (either in a specified complex or in the private sector) and pay a portion of the rent. Most households pay 30% of their adjusted income for
Section 8 housing. Adjusted income is a household's gross (total) income
78:
In 2022, about 2.3 million out of the 5.2 million households receiving rental assistance used Section 8 vouchers. While landlord participation is voluntary, some states and municipalities have laws preventing income-based discrimination. Voucher amounts vary depending on city or county, size of unit,
276:
The authors also explain why Chattanooga, TN may have performed the lowest in the study. Two reasons include the fact that most rental units were already inaccessible areas, and most residential areas in Chattanooga are low opportunity, therefore voucher recipients did not have increased choice with
226:
Families who participate in the program must abide by a series of rules and regulations, often referred to as "family obligations", in order to maintain their voucher, including accurately reporting to the PHA all changes in household income and family composition so the amount of their subsidy (and
132:
The 2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (Public Law 110-161) enacted December 26, 2007, allocated $ 75 million in funding for the HUD-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) voucher program, authorized under section 8(o)(19) of the United States Housing Act of 1937. This new program combines
260:
The Small Area Fair Market Rents Program (SAFMRP) was officially implemented by HUD in January 2017. This system is an update to the system HUD uses to calculate Fair Market Rents (FMRs) in metropolitan areas. The purpose is to examine metropolitan area FMRs by ZIP code, as opposed to in total. HUD
160:
The PHA pays the landlord the remainder of the rent. Each year, the federal government looks at the rents being charged for privately owned apartments in different communities, as well as the costs of utilities (heat, electricity, etc.) in those communities. The Fair Market Rents (FMRs) are amounts
128:
The Section 8 program initially had three subprograms—New Construction, Substantial Rehabilitation, and Existing Housing Certificate programs. The Moderate Rehabilitation Program was added in 1978, the Voucher Program in 1983, and the Project-based Certificate program in 1991. The number of units a
884:
Subchapter 2 Part C: Housing and Commercial Spaces the document states: 'It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice to do any of the following acts, wholly or partially for a discriminatory reason based on the actual or perceived...source of income.' Government assistance such as vouchers are
359:
Tight rental markets can pose a challenge to Section 8 voucher recipients. Marr finds, through observations and interviews, that the resource of housing placement specialists can help prevent private landlord apprehension, and help voucher recipients navigate the program and general rental market.
217:
In many localities, the PHA waiting lists for Section 8 vouchers may be thousands of households long, waits of three to six years to obtain vouchers are common, and many lists are closed to new applicants. Wait lists are often briefly opened (often for just five days), which may occur as little as
204:
Whether voucher- or project-based, all subsidized units must meet the HQS, thus ensuring that the family has a healthy and safe place to live. This improvement in the landlord's private property is an important byproduct of this program, both for the individual families and for the larger goal of
341:
Janikowski and Betts later disavowed any connection between housing vouchers and increases in crime in the area in a later letter to the editor of the Atlantic. Rosin failed to mention that there was a consistent decrease and increase in crime from inner cities to inner-ring suburbs across most
272:
An early report states that the effects of this program need to be analyzed over a long period of time before determining results. Vincent Reina, Arthur Acolin, and Raphael W. Bostic published an early examination of the new SAFMRP in 2019. This study finds varied results in the SAFMRP based on
109:
programs to increase the production of low-income housing and to help families pay their rent. In 1965, the Section 236 Leased Housing Program amended the U.S. Housing Act. This subsidy program, the predecessor to the modern program, was not a pure housing allowance program. Housing authorities
156:
There is an asset test in addition to earned income. Over a certain amount, HUD will add income even if the Section 8 tenant does not receive any interest income from, for example, a bank account. HUD calls this "imputed income from assets" and, in the case of a bank account, HUD establishes a
355:
Matthew Marr published a study of the Los Angeles housing market in the Summer of 2001 that examines the effects of housing placement specialists on the Section 8 voucher program. Marr finds that housing placement specialists function as an intermediary between tenants and landlords that help
213:
Applicants may apply for a Section 8 housing voucher at any county or city housing authority office. Although rules vary across housing authorities, residents of a particular area who receive a voucher from the jurisdiction in which they live may use the voucher anywhere in the country, but
79:
and other factors. Voucher recipients typically have 2 to 4 months to secure housing that meets HUD standards; otherwise, they lose their vouchers and must reapply. Wait lists for vouchers can be very long, ranging from 10 to 20 years, with many local programs closed to new applicants.
1240:"DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT: 24 CFR Parts 5, 92, 200, 236, 574, 582, 583, 891, 982 Docket No. FR–4608–F–02 RIN 2501–AC72: Determining Adjusted Income in HUD Programs Serving Persons with Disabilities: Requiring Mandatory Deductions for Certain Expenses"
113:
The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970 introduced the federal Experimental Housing Allowance Program (EHAP) and the Community Development Corporation and authorized larger outlays for housing subsidy programs and rent supplements for moderate-income households.
247:
FMRs include all major utilities (heat, electricity, etc.), but does not include telephone, cable, satellite television, or internet service. Utilities are included in FMRs whether the obligation of payment is under the tenant or the landlord. FMRs can be found using
161:(rents plus utilities) for medium-quality apartments of different sizes in a particular community. As an example, the 2012 FMR for 1 bedroom housing in San Francisco is $ 1,522 and in New York is $ 1,280, while in many other places it is less than $ 500.
129:
local housing authority can subsidize under its Section 8 programs is determined by Congressional funding. Since its inception, some Section 8 programs have been phased out and new ones created, although Congress has always renewed existing subsidies.
2080:
2198:
1440:
Polletta, Valerie L.; Reid, Margaret; Barros, Eugene; Duarte, Catherine; Donaher, Kevin; Wensley, Howard; Wolff, Lisa (November 2017). "Role of Landlords in Creating Healthy Homes: Section 8 Landlord Perspectives on Healthy Housing Practices".
133:
HUD Housing Choice Voucher rental assistance for homeless veterans with case management and clinical service support which is provided by the Veterans Affairs administration at its own medical centers and also in the community.
157:
standard "Passbook Savings Rate" to calculate the imputed income from the asset. By increasing the amount of a tenant's total income, the amount of imputed income from assets may affect a tenant's assigned portion of rent.
2361:
2073:
182:
Depending on state laws, refusing to rent to a tenant solely for the reason that they have Section 8 may be illegal. Landlords can use only general means of disqualifying a tenant (credit, criminal history, past
200:
tenants' incentive to take good care of the property (PHAs require that tenants not damage rental properties. In many instances a tenant may be removed from the program if they owe money to a previous landlord).
2433:
2066:
1157:
Reina, Vincent; Acolin, Arthur; Bostic, Raphael W. (2019-01-02). "Section 8 Vouchers and Rent Limits: Do Small Area Fair Market Rent Limits Increase Access to Opportunity Neighborhoods? An Early Evaluation".
175:
not wanting the government involved in their business, such as having a full inspection of their premises by government workers for HUD's Housing Quality Standards (HQS) and the possible remediations required
117:
In the 1970s, when studies showed that the worst housing problem afflicting low-income people was no longer substandard housing, but the high percentage of income spent on housing, Congress passed the
1895:
67:
households in the United States by paying private landlords on behalf of these tenants. Approximately 68% of this assistance benefits seniors, children, and individuals with disabilities. The
68:
145:(PHAs) may reserve up to 20% of its vouchers as such)—or "tenant-based", where the tenant is free to choose a unit in the private sector, is not limited to specific complexes, and
1242:
983:
1973:
153:
minus deductions for dependents under 18 years of age, full-time students, disabled persons, or an elderly household, and certain disability assistance and medical expenses.
2244:
171:
laws, are not required to participate in the Section 8 program. As a result, some landlords will not accept a Section 8 tenant. This can be attributed to such factors as:
1978:
125:
to create the Section 8 Program. In the Section 8 Program, tenants pay about 30 percent of their income for rent, while the rest of the rent is paid with federal money.
2428:
2223:
240:, as well as a recent mover adjustment, which is the relationship between the standard quality for five years and the one year recent mover rents. FMRs also include a
979:
Other PHAs will award a spot on the waitlist to all who apply as long as the wait list is open, with vouchers being awarded in the order applications are received.
1371:
1380:
1281:
703:
1564:
118:
784:
2423:
374:
877:
850:
2124:
1939:
384:
141:
The main Section 8 program involves the voucher program. A voucher may be either "project-based"—where its use is limited to a specific apartment complex (
1920:
535:
214:
nonresidents of the jurisdiction must live in the jurisdiction that issues the voucher to them for 12 months before they can move to a different area.
2366:
2188:
2168:
1397:
Marr, Matthew D. (2005-01-01). "Mitigating apprehension about section 8 vouchers: The positive role of housing specialists in search and placement".
474:
2336:
2010:
1633:
746:
342:
metropolitan areas due to shifting populations. Anrig argues that economic factors are more likely responsible for Memphis's increase in crime, as
2104:
2000:
1944:
407:
98:
2296:
2270:
1968:
1818:
804:
1221:"Rent Freeze Basics for Public and Subsidized Housing Tenants Who Go to Work: A Guide for Mass. Community Service Providers Resource Guide 11"
765:
621:
556:
Teater, Barbra Ann (December 2011). "A Qualitative Evaluation of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program: The Recipients' Perspectives".
727:
601:
2301:
2183:
2119:
2090:
1959:
1743:
1223:
896:
2163:
2147:
2134:
1993:
1905:
1748:
1502:
1348:
1239:
48:
1204:
665:
2286:
2178:
1910:
1890:
1823:
1688:
1557:
980:
1859:
1773:
632:, Volume 1, Number 3, September 1995, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research
2109:
1703:
645:
312:
1230:, Institute for Community Inclusion (ICI), the University of Massachusetts Boston and Children's Hospital Boston, January 2007
146:
2291:
2015:
1954:
1869:
1738:
1733:
1320:
684:
1142:
492:
164:
The landlord cannot charge a Section 8 tenant more than a reasonable rent and cannot accept payments outside the contract.
86:(FMRs) set by HUD. The recently introduced Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) program refines these calculations to the
1900:
1793:
1698:
1673:
394:(1976) – a U.S. Supreme Court case upholding use of Section 8 vouchers to remedy housing discrimination in site selection.
379:
184:
1368:
2114:
1849:
1813:
1783:
1718:
1708:
1693:
1683:
1668:
1648:
1613:
1603:
1573:
1550:
194:
a large available pool of potential renters (the waiting list for new Section 8 tenants is usually very long, see below)
64:
1728:
1278:
700:
262:
2418:
2213:
2203:
2020:
2005:
1949:
1874:
1788:
1778:
1753:
1653:
1598:
1588:
959:
1618:
1094:
1119:
981:"Co Co County Housing Office Flooded with Section 8 Apps: Too many people need help with housing in East Bay county"
802:
Housing Assistance Payments Contract (HAP) Contract Section 8 Tenant-Based Assistance Housing Choice Voucher Program
249:
1915:
1768:
1663:
1638:
1593:
781:
31:
1623:
822:
2346:
1833:
1808:
1798:
1713:
1678:
840:
237:
2311:
2260:
2193:
1927:
1803:
1758:
1658:
1643:
244:
adjustment and a trend factor adjustment. The trend factor adjustment is how HUD expects rental rates to grow.
1854:
527:
447:
2058:
1932:
1079:
2397:
2371:
2326:
2025:
1864:
1039:
471:
743:
311:, an American journalist, has argued that Section 8 has led to crime being more evenly spread out across
2387:
2321:
1608:
334:
326:
1534:
1006:"Hierarchies in the Decentralized Welfare State: Prioritization in the Housing Choice Voucher Program"
922:"Hierarchies in the Decentralized Welfare State: Prioritization in the Housing Choice Voucher Program"
2208:
2040:
1828:
1542:
874:
241:
801:
2392:
1763:
1522:
762:
618:
298:
122:
724:
2306:
2239:
2218:
1628:
1507:
1474:
1422:
1183:
581:
497:
402:
390:
369:
322:
1515:
1220:
2351:
2316:
1723:
1466:
1458:
1414:
1175:
845:
573:
502:
343:
598:
2356:
2341:
2035:
1988:
1450:
1406:
1251:
1202:"Admission and Occupancy FAQ Frequently Asked Questions: Treatment of Income (24 CFR 5.609)"
1167:
1017:
933:
565:
102:
60:
38:
1345:
1307:, eds. Otto Penzler & Thomas H. Cook, 249-276 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 255-256.
619:"The Triumph of Housing Allowance Programs: How a Fundamental Policy Conflict Was Resolved"
301:, heavily criticized Section 8 in a 2003 book on housing policy as a vehicle for exporting
1495:
1375:
1352:
1324:
1285:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1201:
987:
881:
826:
808:
788:
769:
750:
731:
707:
669:
662:
649:
625:
605:
478:
1143:
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/SecretarysDetermination.pdf
269:
the Town of Mamaroneck (NY) Housing Authority, and the Housing Authority of Laredo (TX).
1983:
1341:
841:"Housing vouchers can save people from homelessness. But landlords may not accept them"
412:
397:
142:
72:
2412:
1426:
1187:
585:
294:
1478:
642:
1290:
1051:
863:
Property owners increasingly can charge more than the government is willing to pay.
317:
168:
83:
52:
1410:
1317:
1171:
37:
This article is about the United States. For Section 8 in the United Kingdom, see
1266:
America's Trillion-Dollar Housing Mistake: The Failure of American Housing Policy
315:, without any net decrease. This was the core thesis of her article published by
17:
2173:
1524:
Rooms for Improvement, A Qualitative Meta-Analysis of the Voucher Program, 2015.
1369:" Memphis Murder Mystery Revisited: Do Housing Voucher Households Cause Crime? "
308:
1021:
937:
332:
Rosin's article was later criticized by Greg Anrig in an article published on
302:
1462:
1454:
1418:
1179:
897:"California lawmakers act to keep landlords from refusing low-income renters"
577:
569:
506:
1005:
921:
197:
Regular and generally prompt payments from the PHA for its share of the rent
1470:
951:
426:
2265:
1080:
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/fmr/fmr2016f/SAFMR-Final-Rule.pdf
427:
The Voucher Promise: "Section 8" and the Fate of an American Neighborhood
87:
1120:"America's Shame: How U.S. Housing Policy Is Failing the Country's Poor"
227:
the applicable rental unit size limitation) can be updated accordingly.
2362:
Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers
2331:
1516:"Section 8 Tenant-Based Housing Assistance: A Look Back After 30 Years"
1040:
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/fmr-overview.pdf
819:
187:, etc.). It also may be illegal to post "No Section 8" advertisements.
106:
190:
However, other landlords willingly accept Section 8 tenants, due to:
71:(HUD) oversees Section 8 programs, which are administered locally by
952:"Oakland Section 8 wait-list opens for five days beginning Jan. 25"
782:"SCHEDULE B – FY 2012 Final FAIR MARKET RENTS FOR EXISTING HOUSING"
2045:
2030:
2062:
1546:
493:"With Market Hot, Landlords Slam the Door on Section 8 Tenants"
321:
in 2008, in which she linked Section 8 to a crime wave in the
149:(or Puerto Rico) where a PHA operates a Section 8 program.
2434:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
297:, vice president for policy research at the conservative
105:. In the 1960s and 1970s, the federal government created
630:
Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research
356:
increase the mobility of Section 8 voucher recipients.
2317:
Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)
2380:
2279:
2253:
2232:
2156:
2133:
2097:
1883:
1842:
1581:
829:, Dane County Housing Authority, Monona, Wisconsin.
2245:Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
1367:Ingrid, Gould, Lens, Michael, O'Regan, Katherine
701:"The Income and Assets Test for Section 8 Housing"
652:– U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
2224:Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
820:"Landlord Key To DCHA Section 8 Voucher Program"
1381:Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy
558:Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice
178:a desire to charge rent for the unit above FMR
2074:
1558:
1095:"Small Area Fair Market Rents - HUD Exchange"
119:Housing and Community Development Act of 1974
8:
2091:social welfare programs in the United States
375:Discrimination in awarding Section 8 housing
1303:Hanna Rosin, "American Murder Mystery," in
385:Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations
69:Department of Housing and Urban Development
2081:
2067:
2059:
1565:
1551:
1543:
1255:, v. 66, no. 13, Friday, January 19, 2001.
725:"Housing Choice Voucher Program Guidebook"
680:
678:
2367:Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
2189:School meal programs in the United States
2169:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
2337:Government National Mortgage Association
1503:"Bias Is Seen as Landlords Bar Vouchers"
1004:Zhang, Simone; Johnson, Rebecca (2023).
920:Zhang, Simone; Johnson, Rebecca (2023).
528:"How Much Section 8 Will Pay a Landlord"
147:may reside anywhere in the United States
2429:Federal assistance in the United States
2105:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
448:"Federal Rental Assistance Fact Sheets"
439:
408:Subsidized housing in the United States
2297:Child care and development block grant
1498:, The California Report, July 22, 2011
1305:The Best American Crime Reporting 2009
452:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
1392:
1390:
1152:
1150:
1089:
1087:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1035:
1033:
1031:
167:Landlords, although required to meet
7:
2302:HOME Investment Partnerships Program
2184:Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico
2120:Social Security Disability Insurance
1443:American Journal of Health Promotion
1268:(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2003), 50-58.
763:"Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook"
45:Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937
27:Part of the Housing Act of 1937 (US)
2424:Public housing in the United States
2271:Children's Health Insurance Program
2164:Commodity Supplemental Food Program
2148:Office of Public and Indian Housing
1496:"Putting Out the 'Not Welcome' Mat"
744:"Passbook Savings Rate – Section 8"
277:the implementation of the program.
99:Federal housing assistance programs
90:level in major metropolitan areas.
1535:Housing Choice Vouchers Fact Sheet
853:from the original on April 1, 2019
25:
2287:Community Development Block Grant
2199:Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
2179:Child and Adult Care Food Program
839:Khouri, Andrew (March 31, 2019).
305:social problems to the suburbs.
962:from the original on 2011-01-30
643:"Overview of HUD-VASH Vouchers"
538:from the original on 2018-10-13
2292:Community Services Block Grant
1052:"Fair Market Rents | HUD USER"
885:considered a source of income.
1:
1411:10.1080/10511482.2005.9521535
1318:"Section 8 Tenants Unwelcome"
1172:10.1080/10511482.2018.1476897
1118:Semuels, Alana (2015-06-24).
875:"DC Human Rights Act of 1977"
430:. Princeton University Press.
380:Eviction in the United States
82:Voucher amounts are based on
2115:Supplemental Security Income
1574:Housing in the United States
1010:American Sociological Review
926:American Sociological Review
895:Dillion, Liam (2019-09-12).
491:Thrush, Glenn (2018-10-12).
256:Small Area Fair Market Rents
2214:Nutrition Assistance Grants
2204:Summer Food Service Program
2450:
749:November 20, 2008, at the
699:Steinberg, Jessica, Esq.,
532:The Balance Small Business
281:Earned Income Disallowance
36:
32:Section 8 (disambiguation)
29:
2347:HUD Neighborhood Networks
1279:"American Murder Mystery"
1022:10.1177/00031224221147899
938:10.1177/00031224221147899
238:American Community Survey
2312:Mutual self-help housing
2194:School Breakfast Program
1860:Northern Mariana Islands
1455:10.1177/0890117116671081
663:"Project Based Vouchers"
570:10.1177/1473325010371242
236:rent from the five year
123:U.S. Housing Act of 1937
313:U.S. metropolitan areas
205:community development.
143:public housing agencies
121:, further amending the
2327:Urban Partnership Bank
2280:Grants & subsidies
2125:Unemployment insurance
2026:Missing middle housing
1940:Housing discrimination
1921:San Francisco Bay Area
1356:The American Prospect,
1316:Victoria Schlesinger,
994:, Tuesday, Nov 4, 2008
2381:State & territory
2322:NeighborWorks America
1576:by state or territory
1399:Housing Policy Debate
1160:Housing Policy Debate
800:See Part B, 6(a), of
335:The American Prospect
327:Lancaster, California
55:), commonly known as
2209:Special Milk Program
2041:Single-family zoning
1538:official HUD website
1099:www.hudexchange.info
30:For other uses, see
2143:Section 8 (housing)
1870:U.S. Virgin Islands
1346:"False Accusation,"
351:Housing specialists
299:Manhattan Institute
101:started during the
2419:Affordable housing
2307:Housing trust fund
2240:Head Start Program
2219:Reduced-price meal
2001:Subsidized housing
1945:Housing insecurity
1511:, October 30, 2007
1508:The New York Times
1501:Fernandez, Manny,
1374:2016-05-18 at the
1351:2011-07-28 at the
1323:2013-05-14 at the
1294:, July/August 2008
1284:2012-07-24 at the
1245:2009-03-02 at the
1226:2011-07-25 at the
1207:2009-05-13 at the
986:2012-01-20 at the
880:2006-12-06 at the
825:2007-10-24 at the
807:2011-10-27 at the
787:2012-03-09 at the
768:2009-01-18 at the
730:2009-01-18 at the
712:Legal Network News
706:2009-08-05 at the
668:2009-01-11 at the
648:2010-02-11 at the
624:2012-01-28 at the
604:2012-12-31 at the
498:The New York Times
477:2015-11-20 at the
424:Rosen, Eva. 2020.
403:Subsidized housing
391:Hills v. Gautreaux
370:Affordable housing
323:Memphis, Tennessee
222:Family obligations
2406:
2405:
2352:Renewal community
2098:Transfer payments
2056:
2055:
1969:Mortgage industry
1329:California Lawyer
1219:Jordan, Melanie,
956:InsideBayArea.com
901:Los Angeles Times
846:Los Angeles Times
689:massresources.org
344:male unemployment
231:Fair Market Rents
84:Fair Market Rents
75:agencies (PHAs).
18:Section 8 housing
16:(Redirected from
2441:
2357:Empowerment zone
2342:FHA insured loan
2254:Health Insurance
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2036:Parking mandates
1989:Right to housing
1875:Washington, D.C.
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1483:
1482:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1394:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1338:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1252:Federal Register
1237:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1154:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1001:
995:
977:
971:
970:
968:
967:
948:
942:
941:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
892:
886:
872:
866:
865:
860:
858:
836:
830:
817:
811:
798:
792:
779:
773:
759:
753:
741:
735:
721:
715:
697:
691:
685:"Section 8 Rent"
682:
673:
659:
653:
639:
633:
617:Winnick, Louis,
615:
609:
596:
590:
589:
553:
547:
546:
544:
543:
523:
517:
516:
514:
513:
488:
482:
469:
463:
462:
460:
459:
444:
103:Great Depression
39:Section 8 notice
21:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2376:
2275:
2249:
2228:
2152:
2129:
2110:Social Security
2093:
2087:
2057:
2052:
1879:
1838:
1577:
1571:
1531:
1494:Clark, Krissy,
1491:
1489:Further reading
1486:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1376:Wayback Machine
1366:
1362:
1353:Wayback Machine
1340:Greg Anrig and
1339:
1335:
1325:Wayback Machine
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1286:Wayback Machine
1276:
1272:
1264:Howard Husock,
1263:
1259:
1247:Wayback Machine
1238:
1234:
1228:Wayback Machine
1218:
1214:
1209:Wayback Machine
1199:
1195:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1056:www.huduser.gov
1050:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:Wayback Machine
978:
974:
965:
963:
950:
949:
945:
919:
918:
914:
905:
903:
894:
893:
889:
882:Wayback Machine
873:
869:
856:
854:
838:
837:
833:
827:Wayback Machine
818:
814:
809:Wayback Machine
799:
795:
789:Wayback Machine
780:
776:
770:Wayback Machine
760:
756:
751:Wayback Machine
742:
738:
732:Wayback Machine
722:
718:
708:Wayback Machine
698:
694:
683:
676:
670:Wayback Machine
660:
656:
650:Wayback Machine
640:
636:
626:Wayback Machine
616:
612:
606:Wayback Machine
597:
593:
555:
554:
550:
541:
539:
526:Eberlin, Erin.
525:
524:
520:
511:
509:
490:
489:
485:
479:Wayback Machine
472:Programs of HUD
470:
466:
457:
455:
446:
445:
441:
437:
421:
419:Further reading
366:
353:
292:
283:
258:
233:
224:
211:
139:
96:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2135:Public housing
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:Slum clearance
1991:
1986:
1984:Homestead Acts
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:Silicon Valley
1957:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1906:Home ownership
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1884:Related topics
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:American Samoa
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:South Carolina
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:North Carolina
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1529:External links
1527:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1449:(6): 511–514.
1432:
1386:
1360:
1342:Harold Pollack
1333:
1309:
1296:
1277:Rosin, Hanna,
1270:
1257:
1232:
1212:
1193:
1146:
1135:
1110:
1083:
1067:
1043:
1027:
1016:(1): 114–153.
996:
972:
958:. 2011-01-10.
943:
932:(1): 114–153.
912:
887:
867:
831:
812:
793:
774:
754:
736:
716:
692:
674:
654:
634:
610:
591:
564:(4): 503–519.
548:
518:
483:
464:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
420:
417:
416:
415:
413:Housing estate
410:
405:
400:
398:Public housing
395:
387:
382:
377:
372:
365:
362:
352:
349:
291:
288:
282:
279:
257:
254:
250:HUD's Database
232:
229:
223:
220:
210:
207:
202:
201:
198:
195:
180:
179:
176:
138:
135:
95:
92:
73:public housing
63:assistance to
61:rental housing
49:42 U.S.C.
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2446:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:Contemporary
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Organizations
1972:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:San Francisco
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:West Virginia
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:New Hampshire
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Massachusetts
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:Graves, Erin
1520:
1518:, March 2000.
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:(1): 85–111.
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:30 July 2008.
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
976:
973:
961:
957:
953:
947:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
876:
871:
868:
864:
852:
848:
847:
842:
835:
832:
828:
824:
821:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
778:
775:
771:
767:
764:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
726:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
696:
693:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
658:
655:
651:
647:
644:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
614:
611:
608:, HUD website
607:
603:
600:
599:"HUD History"
595:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
537:
533:
529:
522:
519:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
487:
484:
480:
476:
473:
468:
465:
453:
449:
443:
440:
434:
429:
428:
423:
422:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
361:
357:
350:
348:
345:
339:
337:
336:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:Howard Husock
289:
287:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
255:
253:
251:
245:
243:
239:
230:
228:
221:
219:
215:
208:
206:
199:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
177:
174:
173:
172:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
148:
144:
136:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
93:
91:
89:
85:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2142:
1911:Homelessness
1891:Architecture
1789:South Dakota
1779:Rhode Island
1774:Pennsylvania
1754:North Dakota
1537:
1506:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1402:
1398:
1384:, March 2012
1379:
1363:
1355:
1336:
1331:, July 2012.
1328:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1291:The Atlantic
1289:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1235:
1215:
1196:
1166:(1): 44–61.
1163:
1159:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1124:The Atlantic
1123:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1013:
1009:
999:
992:NBC Bay Area
991:
975:
964:. Retrieved
955:
946:
929:
925:
915:
904:. Retrieved
900:
890:
870:
862:
855:. Retrieved
844:
834:
815:
796:
777:
757:
739:
719:
711:
695:
688:
657:
637:
629:
613:
594:
561:
557:
551:
540:. Retrieved
531:
521:
510:. Retrieved
496:
486:
467:
456:. Retrieved
454:. 2019-05-08
451:
442:
425:
389:
358:
354:
340:
333:
331:
318:The Atlantic
316:
307:
293:
284:
275:
271:
267:
263:HUD database
259:
246:
234:
225:
216:
212:
203:
189:
181:
169:fair housing
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
140:
131:
127:
116:
112:
97:
81:
77:
56:
53:§ 1437f
44:
43:
2398:Puerto Rico
2011:Segregation
1865:Puerto Rico
1704:Mississippi
1619:Connecticut
309:Hanna Rosin
59:, provides
2413:Categories
2388:California
1950:California
1916:California
1843:Non-states
1819:Washington
1739:New Mexico
1734:New Jersey
1609:California
1129:2019-11-18
1104:2019-11-18
1061:2019-11-18
966:2011-04-04
906:2019-09-14
542:2018-10-12
512:2019-11-18
458:2019-11-18
435:References
303:inner city
209:Applicants
65:low-income
2233:Education
2016:Squatting
1829:Wisconsin
1794:Tennessee
1699:Minnesota
1674:Louisiana
1463:0890-1171
1427:154877784
1419:1051-1482
1188:158926517
1180:1051-1482
586:144673116
578:1473-3250
507:0362-4331
185:evictions
57:Section 8
2393:New York
2372:Lifeline
2266:Medicaid
2261:Medicare
1928:Colorado
1901:Eviction
1814:Virginia
1764:Oklahoma
1744:New York
1719:Nebraska
1709:Missouri
1694:Michigan
1684:Maryland
1669:Kentucky
1649:Illinois
1624:Delaware
1614:Colorado
1604:Arkansas
1479:19208241
1471:27678374
1372:Archived
1349:Archived
1321:Archived
1282:Archived
1243:Archived
1224:Archived
1205:Archived
984:Archived
960:Archived
878:Archived
857:April 1,
851:Archived
823:Archived
805:Archived
785:Archived
766:Archived
747:Archived
728:Archived
704:Archived
666:Archived
646:Archived
622:Archived
602:Archived
536:Archived
475:Archived
364:See also
88:zip code
2332:HOPE VI
1933:Florida
1896:Economy
1834:Wyoming
1809:Vermont
1714:Montana
1654:Indiana
1634:Georgia
1629:Florida
1599:Arizona
1589:Alabama
290:Studies
137:Summary
107:subsidy
94:History
2021:Zoning
2006:Racism
1979:Policy
1769:Oregon
1724:Nevada
1664:Kansas
1639:Hawaii
1594:Alaska
1582:States
1477:
1469:
1461:
1425:
1417:
1186:
1178:
584:
576:
505:
481:, HUD.
51:
2046:YIMBY
2031:NIMBY
1799:Texas
1679:Maine
1644:Idaho
1514:HUD,
1475:S2CID
1423:S2CID
1200:HUD,
1184:S2CID
791:, HUD
761:HUD,
723:HUD,
661:HUD,
641:HUD,
582:S2CID
2157:Food
1855:Guam
1804:Utah
1759:Ohio
1659:Iowa
1467:PMID
1459:ISSN
1415:ISSN
1176:ISSN
859:2019
574:ISSN
503:ISSN
2174:WIC
1451:doi
1407:doi
1168:doi
1018:doi
934:doi
566:doi
242:CPI
2415::
1505:,
1473:.
1465:.
1457:.
1447:31
1445:.
1421:.
1413:.
1403:16
1401:.
1389:^
1378:,
1344:,
1327:,
1288:,
1249:,
1182:.
1174:.
1164:29
1162:.
1149:^
1122:.
1097:.
1086:^
1070:^
1054:.
1030:^
1014:88
1012:.
1008:.
990:,
954:.
930:88
928:.
924:.
899:.
861:.
849:.
843:.
710:,
687:,
677:^
628:,
580:.
572:.
562:10
560:.
534:.
530:.
501:.
495:.
450:.
329:.
265:.
252:.
2082:e
2075:t
2068:v
1566:e
1559:t
1552:v
1481:.
1453::
1429:.
1409::
1190:.
1170::
1132:.
1107:.
1064:.
1024:.
1020::
969:.
940:.
936::
909:.
588:.
568::
545:.
515:.
461:.
47:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.