Secure Communities - Knowledge (XXG)

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Communities program in its current implementation is "contrary to the terms of the Memorandum of Agreement between ICE and the Illinois State Police and ignores the State of Illinois' May 4, 2011 termination of its participation". The Governor is deeply troubled by Secure Communities having the effect opposite to its stated purpose, as ordinary individuals not involved in crimes are frequently targeted and the role of local law enforcement and the communities' involvement in public safety are compromised. Of those deported from Illinois through May 2011, by ICE's own accounting, less than 22% were convicted of a serious crime, 75% were never convicted of a serious crime and more than 21% were not convicted of any crime. Secure Communities, as currently structured, is far different from the program that was originally presented to the State of Illinois and its constituent counties. The Governor's letter hints of a possible legal challenge, by stating that the State will continue to monitor and evaluate the program and consider all of its available options.

212:" on the individual. This is a request for the jail to hold that person for up to 48 hours beyond the scheduled release date, so that ICE can take custody and initiate deportation proceedings. Legal immigrants convicted of certain crimes are subject to deportation. Undocumented immigrants can be deported even if they have committed no crime. ICE officials told the New York Times that, because of flaws in the database system, about 5,880 people identified through Secure Communities turned out to be United States citizens by 2009. The New Mexico Sentencing Commission is preparing to survey the costs to jails of holding prisoners under ICE detainers. 238:: "We have adopted a risk-based strategy that focuses, first, on criminal aliens who pose the greatest threat to our communities. To manage this increased workload and prudently scale the system capabilities, we are classifying all criminal aliens based on the severity of the crimes they have been convicted of." According to the agency, Secure Communities prioritizes illegal immigrants who have been accused or convicted of "crimes involving national security, homicide, kidnapping, assault, robbery, sex offenses, and narcotics violations carrying sentences of more than one year." 404:, supported by a supermajority of the Board of Supervisors, requested three times in writing to opt out of Secure Communities. His jail already has a policy of reporting to ICE anyone booked for a felony and not US-born. He feared that fingerprint sharing for all prisoners, including those acquitted of charges, violates the local sanctuary ordinance without serving public safety. "The lack of clarity," Hennessey wrote in a lawsuit against ICE, "makes it difficult for me to explain my attempts to opt-out to my colleagues and to be accountable to my constituents." 152:

FBI-owned database of biometric criminal records. Ordinarily, the fingerprints of county and state arrestees are submitted to the FBI only. Under Secure Communities, the prints were also submitted to ICE. If an individual's fingerprints matched those of a non U.S. citizen (including legal resident), an automated process notifies the Law Enforcement Support Center (LESC) of ICE. Officials then evaluate the case, based on immigration status and criminal history.

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not being reimbursed by the federal government, the County decided to end the 48-hour hold practice, effectively terminating its cooperation with ICE. Currently, under pressure from the Obama administration, efforts are on the way to scale back the ordinance. The ordinance conditions the County's participation in the detainer program on monetary reimbursements from the federal government and ICE Director

557:, I am directing ICE to replace requests for detention (i.e., requests that an agency hold an individual beyond the point at which they would otherwise be released) with requests for notification (i.e., requests that state or local law enforcement notify ICE of a pending release during the time that person is otherwise in custody under state or local authority)." Secure Communities was replaced by the 362:

plan, it must formally notify its state identification bureau and ICE in writing (email, letter or facsimile). Upon receipt of that information, ICE will request a meeting with federal partners, the jurisdiction, and the state to discuss any issues and come to a resolution, which may include adjusting the jurisdiction's activation date in or removing the jurisdiction from the deployment plan."

568:, along with pro bono partners Winston & Strawn LLP and McDermott Will & Emery LLP, has litigated some of the Secure Communities program's most serious constitutional violations in Jimenez-Moreno v. Napolitano and Makowski v. United States, two cases cited in the PEP memos that contributed greatly to the initial discontinuation of Secure Communities. 245:

over-stated due to the fact that many offenders have agreed to be deported if all charges against them are dropped and are being re-categorized as non-criminal. The report cites as proof that although ICE internally reports that 90% of all ICE detainees in its custody were arrested by local authorities, it publicly publishes otherwise.

45:(DHS) . If these finger prints match the DHS's Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT), then the ICE district office decides whether or not to issue a detainer request which can include requesting that the person be detained for up to 48 hours (I-247D), or a request for ICE to be notified upon their release (I-247N). 552:

discontinued the Secure Communities program. Johnson states, "The overarching goal of Secure Communities remains in my view a valid and important law enforcement objective, but a fresh start and a new program are necessary. ... Further, to address the increasing number of federal court decisions that

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As a result of the discrepancy with Makowski's records when he was detained and fingerprinted, an automatic immigration detainer was issued without ever interviewing him or providing him the opportunity to produce his U.S. passport, social security card, or driver's license. Lawyers say that Makowski

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announced that federal immigration detainers would be honored in Connecticut only on a case-by-case basis. ICE officials used threats of legal action and financial consequences (withdrawal of unrelated federal funds designated for the localities in question) to compel state and local participation in

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Venturella stated at a policy conference: "Have we created some of the confusion out there? Absolutely we have." In a January 2009 letter to the California Department of Justice, Venturella indicated that ICE would obtain a Statement of Intent for every county-level participant in Secure Communities.

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reported in 2008 that, according to ICE officials, "cost between $ 930 million and $ 1 billion. Congress dedicated $ 200 million for the program in 2008 and set aside $ 150 million for fiscal year 2009." Currently Secure Communities does not provide for reimbursement to states and localities for the

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For every person arrested and booked, state or local authorities ran fingerprints against federal immigration and criminal databases. IDENT is an DHS-owned database that keeps biometric records of immigration applicants, certain criminals, and those suspected of or known to be terrorists. IAFIS is an

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signed up for Secure Communities soon after winning re-election. He had rejected participation months earlier because a pilot run of the program in Boston was still unproven. Public Safety Secretary Mary Beth Heffernan explained the reversal in position: "It has become clear now that this program is

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At a press conference days later, Napolitano modified her position: "What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like...But we do not view this as an opt-in, opt-out program." She did not provide legal justification. Meanwhile, in Arlington,

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that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so. Yet an October 2010 Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official asserting: "Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in federal law enforcement...State and local law enforcement agencies

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An August 2010 DHS memo entitled "Secure Communities: Setting the Record Straight" suggested that counties had the ability to opt out of the program, even when their respective states have joined: "If a jurisdiction does not wish to activate on its scheduled date in the Secure Communities deployment

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The groups charged in a press release: "Although ICE presents Secure Communities as an innocuous information sharing program, it seems designed to function as a dragnet to funnel even more people into the already mismanaged ICE detention and removal system... no regulations have been promulgated and

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in place. A 2022 study found that the program reduced the labor supply of college-educated U.S.-born mothers with young children by increasing the cost of outsourcing household production. A 2024 study highlights that Secure Communities leads to an elevated occurrence of adverse birth outcomes among

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In one publicized case, Saul Chavez, an undocumented immigrant, caused a fatal hit-and-run accident, and, released by a Cook County judge on a low bond, disappeared. Chavez' case is used by proponents of respecting ICE detainers in Cook County, but if he has fled to Mexico, as is believed, the same

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immigration detainers, in September 2011. The board was motivated mainly by the desire to avoid the expenses the County was incurring because of holding detained aliens for an additional 48 hours, to facilitate ICE deportation proceedings. Since the financial burden was substantial and the cost was

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Others asserted that the number of non-criminal detainees was overstated for political reasons. In June 2010, the AFL-CIO office that represents 7,000 ICE officers issued a no-confidence vote for the current ICE director alleging, among other things, that the number of non-criminal ICE deportees is

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The program came under controversy, however, for misrepresenting who was being targeted and what was expected of law enforcement partners. Secure Communities was created administratively, not by congressional mandate and, throughout its implementation, no regulations were promulgated to govern the

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Letter from David J. Venturella, Executive Director, Secure Communities, to Linda Denly, Bureau of Criminal Identification and Information, California Department of Justice, Re ICE Secure Communities Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), January 23, 2009 ("Deployment at the local level requires a signed

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technology to build deportation capacity. "ICE and the FBI are working together to take advantage of the strong relationships already forged between the FBI and state and local law enforcement necessary to assist ICE in achieving their goals," said FBI Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS)

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ICE News Release. "Harris County Sheriff's Office first of several sites in the nation to receive full interoperability technology to help identify criminal aliens. Departments of Homeland Security and Justice providing more identity information to local officers about non U.S. citizen criminal

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Two 2014 studies found that the Secure Communities program did not significantly affect the crime rate. A 2018 paper found that undocumented immigrants in localities participating in Secure Communities experienced a 14.7% increase in mental health distress and a significant reduction in their

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confirms the willingness of each of the 26 Illinois counties (previously) "activated" to continue participation in Secure Communities, by contacting the counties directly. The State is reacting to making the "troubled program" "mandatory and nationwide". According to the letter, the Secure

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In July 2009, DHS issued new regulations that asserted all information regarding a Secure Communities sister program "shall not be considered public records." New contracts prohibited local officials from communicating with media or constituents about the program without ICE approval.

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perceived health status. The authors attribute this to the fear and stress caused by heightened risk of deportation. Another 2018 paper found that, due to Secure Communities, legal Hispanic immigrants were less likely to use federal means-tested programs, except in jurisdictions with

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signed executive order 13768 re-instituting Secure Communities (see section 10), indicating that it would penalize jurisdictions that did not comply with the program, and re-expanded immigration enforcement priorities to include even those not convicted of serious criminal offenses.

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going to be mandatory for all communities in the near future." Patrick reversed this decision on June 7, 2011, saying he was "dubious about taking on the federal role of immigration enforcement... and even more skeptical of the potential impact Secure Communities could have."

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From Secure Communities' activation through March 2011, 140,396 convicted criminal aliens were booked into ICE custody resulting in 72,445 deportations. Each year, law enforcement officers arrest approximately one million noncitizens accused of crimes.

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and biometric information of people arrested continues to be sent both to the FBI and to DHS to flag for potential immigration violations. This practice still continues, and is now described under an ICE page called "Criminal Apprehension Program."

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Federal authorities released an initial batch of 15,000 internal documents in February 2011. The non-profits started a blog entitled "Uncover the Truth" to catalogue the newly obtained government documents and media coverage of the program.

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Between July 2015 and January 2017, Secure Communities was replaced by the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP). The goal of PEP was to "target resources toward detaining and deporting individuals convicted of significant criminal offenses."

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reporters failed to substantiate the claim that inmates freed because of the Cook County detainer ordinance endanger the public more than other former inmates do, and that therefore the ordinance undermines public safety in the County.

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through modernized information sharing; 2. PRIORITIZE enforcement actions to ensure apprehension and removal of dangerous criminal aliens; and 3. TRANSFORM criminal alien enforcement processes and systems to achieve lasting results."

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to withdraw their jurisdictions from the program. San Mateo's sheriff and Board of Supervisors feared the chilling effect that integration of state and ICE databases would have on immigrants as volunteers in public programs.

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Some jurisdictions tried to "opt out" from the program believing that participation was not mandatory. Homeland Security officials have contradicted each other about whether Secure Communities is mandatory or voluntary.

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On July 3, 2012 a lawsuit was filed by James Makowski, claiming he was wrongly imprisoned for two months as a result of the Secure Communities immigration enforcement program. The plaintiff, a U.S. citizen, argues the

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Statement of Intent (SOI) by participating agencies that oversee booking locations to ensure those agencies understand and adhere to the principles set forth in the MOA and a set of Standard Operation Procedures.").

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little information is available about the program in the public domain. The limited information that has been released is vague and seems to indicate that ICE is not executing its stated enforcement priorities."

2467: 397:, said, "We are not in a position to do ICE's work." Deputy Counsel Anjali Bhargava is investigating whether the county can limit participation "the extent are subject to reimbursement or required by law." 1748: 418:

In 2011 the governors of Massachusetts, Illinois and New York announced their desire to pull out of the Secure Communities program, as did municipal officials in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston. The

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Letters On May 18, Aug 1 and Aug 31, 2010. San Francisco Sheriff Michael Hennessey letter to CA AG Edmund Brown, Secure Communities ED David Venturella and Secure Communities Deputy Director Marc Rapp.

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Susan Carroll. "Harris County testing immigrant ID program; Sheriff's office the first local law enforcement group to try automated fingerprint system." The Houston Chronicle. October 28, 2008. Pg. B3

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The implementation of the program was criticized for not sticking to its original goals of deporting serious criminals, instead using the program as a general deportation facilitation tool. The

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Level 1: those convicted of serious crimes, such as homicide, kidnapping, robbery, major drug offenses with sentences greater than one year, and offenses involving threats to national security.

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ICE called Secure Communities "the future of immigration enforcement" because it "focuses our resources on identifying and removing the most serious criminal offenders first and foremost."

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editorial praised the program, asserting that it "has neither inclination nor resources to deport suspects with otherwise clean records who have been arrested for low-level infractions."

2533: 561:(PEP). Experts and critics cast doubt on the practical differences between Secure Communities and the Priority Enforcement Program, noting that little had changed other than the name. 2477: 2269: 83:

Secure Communities relied on integrated databases and partnerships with local and state jailers to build domestic deportation capacity. The goals, as outlined in a 2009 report to

2472: 3202: 427:, the program, contrary to its stated goal, "is negatively impacting public safety" and numerous immigrants have been deported after committing only minor traffic violations. 33:

is a data-sharing program that relies on coordination between federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. The program was designed to "check the immigration status of

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arrested by local police anywhere in the country". As part of the program, fingerprints that are taken upon arrest, which are traditionally forwarded to the FBI, are then

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and others involved in the present attempt to revoke the County policy claim acting in the interest of public safety and wanting to keep dangerous criminals locked up.

2946: 2493: 126:, the program was expanded to over 1,210 jurisdictions. ICE sought to have all 3,141 jurisdictions (state, county, and local jails and prisons) participating by 2013. 2074: 2031:

Goodis, Robert, Secure Communities, Priority Enforcement, and IDENT/IAFIS Interoperability: Recommendations for Effective Reform (April 27, 2015). Available at SSRN:

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On December 21, 2012, ICE issued new detainer guidelines to prioritize ICE's limited resources by directing that detainers be issued in only specific circumstances.

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are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks. ICE will take immigration action appropriately."

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Comments of panelist David Venturella, Executive Director of the Immigration Customs Enforcement "Secure Communities" program at the roundtable entitled:

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Significant data disclosures on Secure Communities' performance became publicly available after non-profit advocacy groups sued for disclosure.

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and biometric information of people arrested continues to be sent both to the FBI, and to DHS to flag for potential immigration violations.

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Department of Homeland Security: Alien Criminal Response Information management System (ACIMe) & Enforcement Integrated Database (EID)

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Immigrant activist organizations noted that most unauthorized immigrants deported by ICE had not committed serious criminal offenses.

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asked President Obama to suspend the deportation program, which is based on administrative authority only. According to Boston mayor

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David Venturella. Testimony to House Subcom on Homeland Security Appropriations, Committee on Appropriations. May 12, 2009. page 943

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Declaration of Michael Hennessey in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for A Preliminary Injunction. in NDLON v. ICE. October 27, 2010.

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David J. Venturella, "Secure Communities: Identifying and Removing Criminal Aliens," The Police Chief 77 (September 2010): 40–49,

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ICE. Secure Communities: A Comprehensive Plan to Identify and Remove Criminal Aliens (Strategic Plan). July 21, 2009. Accessed at

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Miles, Thomas J.; Cox, Adam B. (November 2014). "Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from Secure Communities".

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Kalhan, Anil (December 2013). "Immigration Policing and Federalism Through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy".

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Currently the ICE indicates that the web page ice.gov/secure-communities is "archived and not reflective of current practice"

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was filed, according to which the policy of detainers violates numerous constitutional provisions. A spokesman for Governor

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Approximately 88,000 families that included U.S. citizens had a family member arrested under the Secure Communities program.

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Florida Independent: "Report: Non-criminals, minor violators make up the majority of those deported via Secure Communities"

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was wrongfully imprisoned for two months until he was able to hire an attorney to convince DHS to rescind its detainer.

1181: 1081: 2573: 435:, responded by asserting the agency's intention to extend the program nationwide by 2013, regardless of local assent. 1112: 1727: 1100: 692: 3262: 3252: 3237: 3131: 3116: 3012: 2568: 2325: 2274: 2254: 2238: 2234: 2230: 254: 1604:

Renee Feltz. "ICE Attributes Record Deportation Levels to Secure Communities." DeportationNation. October 6, 2010.

3002: 2595: 2370: 265: 257:, increasingly aware of the negative impact of its deportation policies on the administration's prospects in the 2365: 3304: 3232: 3055: 2605: 2578: 2513: 2264: 499: 1795: 461:

Board of Commissioners passed the "immigration detainer ordinance", which ended the County's compliance with

3050: 2457: 2452: 2375: 2360: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2320: 2299: 2284: 1749:"Backgrounder: Secure Communities, ICE's program for deporting criminal immigrants - FierceHomelandSecurity" 1051: 495: 264:

The authors of a 2011 study released by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy at

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U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Projected Deployment by Fiscal Year of Secure Communities program

3298: 2723: 1478:"I wish I were born in another time: Unintended consequences of immigration enforcement on birth outcomes" 1202: 439: 1558: 2785: 2528: 2523: 2289: 1435:"Unintended Consequences of Immigration Enforcement: Household Services and High-Educated Mothers' Work" 1406: 868: 458: 1711: 1665:

Richard Gordon, President, San Mateo Board of Supervisors. Letter to CA AG Edmund Brown. July 21, 2010.

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editorial called Secure Communities "misguided," in part for how it " local resources." Meanwhile, a

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http://immigrantjustice.org/staff/blog/cook-county-immigration-detainers-and-real-cost-public-safety

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Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Janet Napolitano. Revised 287(g) MOA. July 10, 2009.

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Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Secure Communities Standard Operating Procedures - Appendix A

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has made a partial offer in that respect in February. The federal government, Cook County Sheriff

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US Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Secure Communities "Statistics through February 28, 2011"

796:"Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States – The White House" 750: 730: 1937:

http://immigrationimpact.com/2012/03/01/ice-distorts-facts-in-debate-over-immigration-detainers/

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San Francisco Bay Guardian: "SF in top 38 counties nationwide that deport 'non-criminal' aliens"

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Washington, D.C., and the states of New York and Illinois also tried to opt out of the program.

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http://www.jrandolphlaw.com/blog/2012/12/21/ice-issues-new-guidelines-on-immigration-detainers/

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Shankar Vedantam. "No opt-out for immigration enforcement." Washington Post. October 1, 2010.

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hold that detainer-based detention by state and local law enforcement agencies violates the

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Among Secure Communities arrestees who had an immigration hearing, only 24% had an attorney.

1710:"States to check on immigration status in arrest." By Associated Press. December 18, 2010. 1208:. Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy at UC Berkeley School of Law 3227: 3152: 2380: 1917: 1868: 1802: 1562: 1419: 1088: 1058: 1034: 968: 949: 820:"Executive Order on the Revision of Civil Immigration Enforcement Policies and Priorities" 298: 272:

Only 52% of Secure Communities arrestees were scheduled to have a hearing before a judge.

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https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/14_1120_memo_secure_communities.pdf

1637:. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. November 18, 2010. 3277: 3267: 3035: 2763: 2390: 2104: 1477: 467: 428: 378:

VA, the County Board unanimously passed a resolution to opt out of Secure Communities.

306: 294: 261:, moved toward mollifying some aspects of the Secure Communities enforcement policies. 156: 112: 622:

http://www.ice.gov/doclib/foia/secure_communities/securecommunitiesstrategicplan09.pdf

3320: 3157: 2778: 1462: 754: 490: 424: 408: 1635:"Assessing the 'Secure Communities' Program and the Impact of the 287(g) Agreements" 943:

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Secure Communities Activated Jurisdictions

3282: 3045: 2385: 1949:"U.S. Citizen Sues FBI and DHS for Unlawful Imprisonment Due to Secure Communities" 1311: 1170:

National Council 118 - AFL-CIO: "Vote of No Confidence in ICE Director John Morton"

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In California, three counties unsuccessfully petitioned outgoing Attorney General

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on April 25, 2012. An investigation conducted by Chip Mitchell and other Chicago

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The Cook County policy on detainers was characterized as "terribly misguided" by

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Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013

2508: 2442: 1203:"Secure Communities by the Numbers: An Analysis of Demographics and Due Process" 731:"The effect of immigration enforcement on crime reporting: Evidence from Dallas" 549: 482: 386: 370: 235: 88: 84: 2100:"Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States" 3272: 1634: 746: 529:(FBI) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) violated his rights under the 393:

Santa Clara Supervisor George Shirakawa, criticizing Secure Communities as an

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In a memo dated November 20, 2014, Department of Homeland Security Secretary

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During the program, ICE divided immigrant prisoners into three risk levels:

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Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)

1517: 1504: 115:, ICE recruited a total of 14 jurisdictions. The first program partner was 1796:

http://www.wbez.org/story/quinn-hits-back-against-immigration-checks-91065

670:"Policing Immigration Symposium: Immigration Law and Institutional Design" 2900: 2868: 2600: 2590: 1052:

http://www.aila.org/content/default.aspx?bc=12053%7C26286%7C27850%7C27039

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outcome (a deportation) would have been produced by an ICE intervention.

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Immigration Policy Center: "Immigration Detainers: A Comprehensive Look"

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Cook County, immigration detainers, and the real cost to public safety

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ICE: Secure Communities: Setting the Record Straight. August 17, 2010.

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ICE arrested roughly 3,600 United States citizens through the program.

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National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)

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American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)

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Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)

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The lawsuit was the first litigation challenging Secure Communities.

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necessary to require state and local governments to actively enforce

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Secure Communities Program: Submissions to ICE (2009, 2010, YTD 2011)

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http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1303986

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Secure Communities Executive Director David Venturella testified to

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Secure Communities was piloted in 2008. Under the administration of

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its deportation program, but the federal government is believed to

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Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994

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NBC News: "Cities, counties can't stop federal immigration checks"

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http://www.wbez.org/news/ice-detainers-public-safety-issue-99190

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Kohli, Aarti; Markowitz, Peter L.; Chavez, Lisa (October 2011).

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Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)

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American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)

1775:"Resistance Widens to Obama Initiative on Criminal Immigrants" 1555: 1325:

Treyger, Elina; Chalfin, Aaron; Loeffler, Charles (May 2014).

159:, was to "create a virtual ICE presence at every local jail." 1724:"MA Rejects Secure Communities as Flawed, Unworkable Program" 1028:

http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/naylor/CPIM0910/index.php#/40

1389:"Fear and the Safety Net: Evidence from Secure Communities" 1158:

NBC News: "47,000 deported because of fingerprint sharing"

897:"U.S. Identifies 111,000 Immigrants With Criminal Records" 768: 438:

In the August 18, 2011 letter from the office of Governor

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Secure Communities and administrative immigration policies

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Washington Times: "Agents’ union disavows leaders of ICE"

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ICE Distorts Facts in Debate over Immigration Detainers

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of Illinois to John Morton, the Governor demands that

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Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)

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When there was a match, ICE could choose to place a "

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Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles

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Wang, Julia Shu-Huah; Kaushal, Neeraj (April 2018).

1228:"Possible solutions for immigrant inmate screenings" 3291: 3166: 3140: 3074: 3021: 2955: 2929: 2812: 2706: 2641: 2546: 2486: 2409: 2313: 2247: 2223: 2202: 2189: 2138:Task Force On Secure Communities (September 2011). 980:ICE Activated Jurisdictions, as of March 22, 2011. 1794:, Chip Mitchell, WBEZ 91.5 Radio, August 25, 2011 155:The net effect, according to former ICE Secretary 2947:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints 1901: 1899: 1616:"Reversals by Imm Officials Are Sewing Mistrust" 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 333:(CCR) and the Immigration Justice Clinic of the 1927: 1925: 1878: 1876: 691:Immigrant Legal Resource Center (ILRC) (2022). 310:infants born to foreign-born Hispanic mothers. 3208:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform 2886:List of people deported from the United States 2075:"Obama Administration Ends Secure Communities" 1327:"Immigration Enforcement, Policing, and Crime" 890: 888: 382:Yet a procedure to do so never materialized. 143:Secure Communities relied on partnerships and 2633:Trump administration family separation policy 2166: 636: 634: 632: 630: 8: 2683:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 1641:from the original on 2021-12-15 – via 70:However, Secure Communities was primarily a 3183:California Coalition for Immigration Reform 1045: 1043: 597:However, Secure Communities is primarily a 407:In a surprise move, Massachusetts Governor 285:The costs of the program were unclear. The 3218:Federation for American Immigration Reform 2199: 2173: 2159: 2151: 2016: 2014: 1792:Quinn hits back against immigration checks 1433:East, Chloe N.; Velásquez, Andrea (2022). 2993:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013) 2988:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 2978:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 2921:Unaccompanied minors from Central America 2678:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 2448:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) 1674:Uncover the Truth. Press Release 9/1/2010 1396: 1371: 1342: 616: 614: 3332:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 3327:Illegal immigration to the United States 3198:Center for Migration Studies of New York 2341:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone) 2210:Nationality law in the American Colonies 1692:Administrative Code Section 12H.2 et seq 1518:http://ccrjustice.org/secure-communities 1505:http://ccrjustice.org/secure-communities 1050:arrests." October 28, 2009. Accessed at 433:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 230:Level 3: misdemeanors and lesser crimes. 161: 3132:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present) 2688:Executive Office for Immigration Review 1614:Vedantam, Shankar (November 22, 2010). 1387:Alsan, Marcella; Yang, Crystal (2018). 719:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014) 668:Cox, Adam B.; Miles, Thomas J. (2013). 610: 341:for information on Secure Communities. 327:National Day Laborer Organizing Network 3148:California DREAM Act (2006–2010) 2003:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1996: 1844:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1837: 1415: 1404: 1012:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1005: 922:http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/ 117:Harris County Sheriff's Office (Texas) 2396:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) 582:On January 25, 2017 former President 148:Assistant Director Tom Bush in 2009. 52:On January 25, 2017 former President 7: 3117:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007) 2422:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 2037:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2630458 1907:ICE detainers a public-safety issue? 895:Preston, Julia (November 12, 2009). 790: 788: 680:(1): 87–136 – via Hein Online. 365:On September 7, 2010, DHS Secretary 353:State and local attempts to withdraw 2803:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024) 2773:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 2658:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 2260:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864) 97:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 3337:Immigration policy of Donald Trump 2891:Mexico–United States border crisis 2673:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 2136:Homeland Security Advisory Council 1773:Preston, Julia (August 13, 2011). 578:Immigration policy of Donald Trump 369:said in a letter to Congresswoman 325:Citing transparency concerns, the 25: 3112:"Streamline" (2005–present) 2834:Central American migrant caravans 2381:Bracero Program (1942–1964) 2033:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2630458 1935:, Immigration Impact, 2012-03-01 1888:National Immigrant Justice Center 566:National Immigrant Justice Center 335:Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law 2896:Mexico–United States border wall 2371:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935) 2182:Immigration to the United States 1859:ICE Immigration Detainer Changes 1271:Milbank, Dana (March 20, 2011). 674:University of Chicago Law Review 331:Center for Constitutional Rights 227:Level 2: all other felonies; and 87:, are to: "1. IDENTIFY criminal 2653:Department of Homeland Security 1331:Criminology & Public Policy 869:"Criminal Apprehension Program" 697:Immigrant Legal Resource Center 590:On January 20, 2021, President 544:Initial Discontinuation in 2014 527:Federal Bureau of Investigation 122:By March 2011, under President 60:On January 20, 2021, President 43:Department of Homeland Security 3193:Center for Immigration Studies 3122:"Jump Start" (2006–2008) 3107:"Front Line" (2004–2005) 2757:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting 2698:Office of Refugee Resettlement 2453:American Homecoming Act (1989) 2140:"Findings And Recommendations" 769:"Priority Enforcement Program" 507:Secretary of Homeland Security 268:highlighted several findings: 1: 3243:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps 3087:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962) 2849:Eugenics in the United States 2051:. 7 July 2015. Archived from 421:Congressional Hispanic Caucus 2911:Illegal immigrant population 2693:Board of Immigration Appeals 2529:Executive Order 13780 (2017) 2524:Executive Order 13769 (2017) 2417:UN Refugee Convention (1951) 2331:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) 2049:"PEP vs. Secure Communities" 1726:. 2011-06-07. Archived from 1364:NBER Working Paper No. 24487 1292:Journal of Law and Economics 800:trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov 729:Jácome, Elisa (March 2022). 559:Priority Enforcement Program 27:American deportation program 3127:"Phalanx" (2010–2016) 3102:"Endgame" (2003–2012) 2973:McCain–Kennedy (2005) 2963:DREAM Act (2001–2010) 2942:Canada–United States border 2937:Mexico–United States border 2504:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004) 2366:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934) 1909:, WBEZ Chicago, 2012-05-16 1556:http://uncoverthetruth.org/ 1254:"D.I.Y. Immigration Reform" 1037:Accessed December 14, 2010. 717:Immigration Outside the Law 512:, who testified before the 3353: 3263:Negative Population Growth 3253:National Immigration Forum 3238:Migration Policy Institute 3013:US Citizenship Act of 2021 2569:Temporary protected status 2351:Emergency Quota Act (1921) 1439:Journal of Human Resources 735:Journal of Urban Economics 575: 514:Senate Judiciary Committee 339:Freedom of Information Act 337:filed a request under the 103:program's implementation. 2596:Security Advisory Opinion 747:10.1016/j.jue.2021.103395 266:UC Berkeley School of Law 194:2011 (first five months) 173:Total Submissions to ICE 3305:Missing in Brooks County 3233:Mexicans Without Borders 2733:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind 2606:National Origins Formula 2290:Chinese Exclusion (1882) 2265:Civil Rights Act of 1866 1447:10.3368/jhr.0920-11197R1 1391:. Working Paper Series. 971:retrieved April 23, 2011 496:lack the legal authority 290:costs of participation. 2584:Central American Minors 2514:Secure Fence Act (2006) 2376:Nationality Act of 1940 2326:Naturalization Act 1906 2300:Immigration Act of 1891 2285:Immigration Act of 1882 2275:Naturalization Act 1870 2255:Naturalization Law 1802 2231:Naturalization Act 1790 1344:10.1111/1745-9133.12085 3299:Borderland (TV series) 3153:Arizona SB 1070 (2010) 2626:Unaccompanied children 2401:Luce–Celler Act (1946) 2191:Relevant colonial era, 1414:Cite journal requires 643:Ohio State Law Journal 454:Detainer Controversies 400:San Francisco Sheriff 2876:Immigration reduction 2787:Niz-Chavez v. Garland 2391:War Brides Act (1945) 2270:14th Amendment (1868) 599:data-sharing program, 576:Further information: 459:Cook County, Illinois 259:presidential election 72:data-sharing program, 3178:Arizona Border Recon 3158:Alabama HB 56 (2011) 3022:Immigration stations 2956:Proposed legislation 2854:Guest worker program 2829:Brooks County, Texas 2741:US v. Brignoni-Ponce 2458:Immigration Act 1990 2361:Immigration Act 1924 2346:Immigration Act 1918 2336:Immigration Act 1907 2321:Immigration Act 1903 845:"Secure Communities" 255:Obama administration 3097:"Gatekeeper" (1994) 3024:and points of entry 2916:Reverse immigration 2795:Sanchez v. Mayorkas 2708:Supreme Court cases 2564:Visa Waiver Program 2559:Permanent residence 2386:Magnuson Act (1943) 2215:Plantation Act 1740 2055:on 10 November 2021 1277:The Washington Post 1234:. November 16, 2008 166: 35:every single person 2881:Immigration reform 2717:US v. Wong Kim Ark 2663:U.S. Border Patrol 2579:Green Card Lottery 2547:Visas and policies 2509:Real ID Act (2005) 2443:Refugee Act (1980) 2195:international laws 2184:and related topics 1916:2012-05-19 at the 1867:2013-01-01 at the 1801:2011-08-28 at the 1565:on April 24, 2011. 1561:2011-05-10 at the 1520:on April 23, 2011. 1507:on April 24, 2011. 1258:The New York Times 1115:September 10, 2010 1087:2016-08-01 at the 1061:on April 24, 2011. 1057:2011-07-21 at the 1033:2010-11-01 at the 967:2011-05-14 at the 948:2011-05-09 at the 924:on April 24, 2011. 715:Hiroshi Motomura, 624:on April 24, 2011. 594:revoked EO 13768. 572:Restoration (2017) 431:, the head of the 307:sanctuary policies 162: 139:Biometric database 64:revoked EO 13768. 31:Secure Communities 3314: 3313: 3248:Minuteman Project 3223:Improve The Dream 3141:State legislation 3092:"Babylift" (1975) 3066:Washington Avenue 3061:Sullivan's Island 2983:STRIVE Act (2007) 2906:March for America 2859:Human trafficking 2749:Zadvydas v. Davis 2611:Expedited removal 2542: 2541: 2193:United States and 2117:National Archives 1577:October 15, 2010. 1260:. March 19, 2011. 1232:Houston Chronicle 1091:February 17, 2010 487:class-action suit 402:Michael Hennessey 287:Houston Chronicle 249:Costs and Impacts 201: 200: 41:forwarded to the 16:(Redirected from 3344: 3213:Community Change 3188:CASA of Maryland 3168:Non-governmental 3082:"Wetback" (1954) 3008:RAISE Act (2017) 2968:H.R. 4437 (2005) 2356:Cable Act (1922) 2305:Geary Act (1892) 2295:Scott Act (1888) 2200: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2077:. Archived from 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2045: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1979:. Archived from 1978: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1951:. Archived from 1945: 1939: 1929: 1920: 1903: 1894: 1880: 1871: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1820:. 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