476:
1888:
1900:
667:
596:
529:. Although the security sector is therefore a wide term open to interpretation, it is generally used to describe the structures, institutions and personnel responsible for the management, provision and oversight of security in a certain country. Therefore, the scope and target of SSR has usually been defined comprising the following four groups:
694:(DDR) programmes to try and synchronize reforms to the security sector—and rule of law reforms as justice and security sectors are often considered intertwined. Likewise, SSR can be performed along transitional justice processes if the security sector has a legacy of violence against the population—and during
607:
actors generally break down good security sector governance into different principles that are believed to showcase different subparts of a healthy security sector under democratic control. While exact configurations vary, some of the most common principles or objectives of good SSG that are commonly
714:
has ceased. However, its insensitive application to such contexts has raised criticism. For example, Jane Chanaa has argued that there is a concept–context divide because conceptualisation overshadowed the understanding on how the idea adapts to the local situations whereas Safal
Ghimire has noted
387:
The objective of security sector reform (SSR) is to achieve good security sector governance (SSG)—where security actors are effective and accountable to their people. For example, SSR might guide decision-making on what form should the oversight of armed forces take or how transparent will
520:
1. Establishment of effective governance, oversight and accountability in the security system; 2) improved delivery of security and justice services; 3) development of local leadership and ownership of the reform process; and 4) sustainability of justice and security service
701:
SSR is not understood by researchers to be limited to a single political situation, but rather can be introduced in various contexts. The circumstances under which reform efforts are undertaken are often classified as three different reform environments: post-conflict,
495:
towards good security sector governance (SSG). Good SSG is usually defined as a number of idealized principles and good practices of a healthy security sector servicing its people. Likewise, the objective of SSR is defined as the application of the same principles of
459:
led development actors to look at the problem of insecurity from the perspective of good governance. The conclusion was that the security sector should adhere to the same rules of good governance as any other public service to curb conflict and violence.
1777:
654:. However, the goals of providing national and human security can be conflictual in the context of conflict-torn societies which lack the framework of democratic governance. According to Florian Weigand, the experiences of SSR in
1013:
690:; and attaining good SSG is seen by practitioners as a conflict prevention tool and as a post-conflict stabilizer. Examples of mechanisms that international actors reportedly use to perform security sector reform include
1125:
1177:
1322:
905:
Robinson, Colin D. "Rebuilding armies in southern
Somalia: What currently should donors realistically aim for?." Conflict, Security & Development 21, no. 3 (2021): 329. The speech can be seen at
1717:
Gebrehiwot Berhe, Mulugeta and
Detzner, Sarah (2020) Sustaining momentum: seizing the opportunity for SSR in Sudan. Conflict Research Programme. Conflict and Civil Society Research Unit, LSE. (
639:
use of force is regulated through strategies and policies. An operational level example would be improved and open interaction between the public and the security sector, including functioning
1005:
730:
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869:
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1935:
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424:(OSCE) adopted a Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security stating that the democratic control of the security sector as essential to stability.
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A multitude of different practical situations of good SSG exist according to development actors: For example, in a security sector led by good governance, the
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security management and oversight bodies, such as ministries of defence and internal affairs, financial management bodies and public complaints commissions;
282:
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There is no single globally accepted definition of security sector reform (SSR), but it generally refers to a process to reform or rebuild a state's
1725:
1519:
1432:
1170:
Securing peace and development: the role of the United
Nations in supporting security sector reform - Report of the Secretary-General (A/62/659)
467:(UNSC) adopted its first stand-alone resolution on SSR and within it the role of security sector reform in stabilizing post-conflict countries.
1738:
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327:
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658:, for example, have prompted a debate on the advantages of providing human rather than state security in the process of state-building.
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1459:
725:
251:
81:
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932:
977:"Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2151 (2014), Security Council Underscores Need for National Ownership of Security-Sector Reform"
675:
509:
452:
256:
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justice and law enforcement institutions, such as the judiciary, prisons, prosecution services, traditional justice systems; and
464:
984:
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and countries in
Eastern Europe that national security and its components were considered crucial in a state recovering from
175:
954:
907:
https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20020824040451/http://www.dfid.gov.uk:80/News/Speeches/files/sp13may.html
698:
discussions to use SSR in supporting the implementation and reviews of the states' national security policy and strategy.
892:
1389:
451:, Secretary of State for International Development, used the term for the first time, publicly, during a speech at the
1243:
Weiss, Thomas G. (2000-10-01). "Governance, good governance and global governance: Conceptual and actual challenges".
299:
1602:
1475:
Ghimire, Safal (March 2016). "Making security sector reform organic: infrastructures for peace as an entry point?".
1229:
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195:
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intelligence agencies be according to legislation. Different nomenclature of the same overall framework include
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320:
276:
225:
170:
66:
1851:
1357:
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56:
1930:
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783:. SSR Backgrounder Series. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). 2015.
740:
703:
640:
636:
377:
246:
180:
86:
1535:
835:
UN Security
Council Resolution 2151 (S/RES/2151) on Security sector reform: challenges and opportunities
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that such a chasm exists also because the 'SSR' concept does not talk about reforms in the benefactors.
599:
A diagram of the relationship between security sector reform and governance relative to time and quality
558:
220:
210:
165:
1090:
833:
1861:
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is defined by a legal framework. This subsequently requires, among others, that publicly transparent
150:
1866:
475:
1940:
1805:
1450:
Chanaa, Jane. "Adelphi Paper 344: Security Sector Reform: Issues, Challenges and
Prospects." (2002)
710:. Nevertheless, security sector reform is most commonly introduced in post-conflict settings after
546:
313:
155:
145:
31:
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How can security sector reforms contribute to State-Building? The case of the Afghan Police Reform
1036:
Elements for an EU-wide strategic framework to support security sector reform, JOIN(2016) 31 final
1748:
1492:
1287:
1268:
185:
140:
91:
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369:
118:
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Security Sector
Governance: Applying the principles of good governance to the security sector
1484:
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444:
190:
113:
1871:
1454:. New York: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
1892:
695:
687:
579:
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480:
373:
365:
215:
205:
160:
76:
1779:
Security Sector
Evolution: Understanding and Influencing How Security Institutions Change
862:
Security Sector Reform: Applying the principles of good governance to the security sector
1194:
924:
1904:
1118:
The OECD DAC Handbook on
Security System Reform (SSR) - Supporting Security and Justice
750:
671:
651:
609:
61:
1887:
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Security Sector Reform in Africa: The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach
17:
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617:
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To observe and measure the quality of SSG as well as set more definite objectives,
550:
534:
432:
71:
1488:
804:
1765:
Security Sector Reform: A Case Study Approach to Transition and Capacity Building
655:
613:
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381:
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to the security sector as to any other public sector service delivery, such as
1899:
1315:"Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Regional norms, local experiences"
886:
428:
39:
1793:
Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries
1686:
1618:
1264:
1228:. Vienna: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). 2016.
644:
505:
456:
436:
1421:. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).
1006:"UNDP sees Security Sector Reform as foundation for Peace and Development"
1831:
1223:
583:
1841:
666:
595:
1697:
The Challenges and Lessons Learned in Supporting Security Sector Reform
679:
1256:
538:
1856:
1718:
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Providing Security for the People: Security Sector Reform in Africa
1546:
The United Nations and Security Sector Reform: Policy and Practice
1365:
Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards
665:
594:
474:
1872:
United Nations (UN) Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)
1225:
Security Sector Governance and Reform: Guidelines for OSCE Staff
513:
1847:
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)
1087:
DCAF (Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces)
731:
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)
809:. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Paris: OECD DAC. 2005.
711:
628:
525:
The target of SSR are the components of the state that uphold
440:
516:(OECD) has defined four standards that SSR should strive for:
1295:. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
1082:
650:
SSR is aimed at the existence of both national security and
1867:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
1836:
1733:. London: Department for International Development (DFID).
1807:
The development-security nexus and security sector reform
487:, is a component of security sector governance and reform
888:
Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security
635:
mechanisms are established and working; and the state's
1799:. Washington: United States Institute of Peace (USIP).
1644:
Security Sector Reform and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
514:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1876:
1391:
Transitional Justice, DDR, and Security Sector Reform
955:"SSR: Securing its success, justifying its relevance"
1852:
International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)
422:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1826:
Organisations working on SSG/R or its subcategories
1762:Meharg, S.; Arnusch, A. (2010). Merrill, S. (ed.).
1727:
Understanding and Supporting Security Sector Reform
1071:. USAID, US Departments of Defense and State. 2009.
1846:
1588:Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
1447:
1418:Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
1862:Marsad - the Egyptian security sector observatory
1397:. International Center for Transitional Justice.
686:SSR is considered an instrument of international
1753:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1567:Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector
1313:International Security Forum 2016 (2016-06-13).
868:. SSR Backgrounder Series. Geneva: DCAF. 2015.
692:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
682:) providing security sector reform assistance
483:provided by the police, such as the pictured
321:
8:
953:Price, Megan; van Veen, Erwin (2014-08-19).
1743:. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05.
1342:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1650:. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
328:
314:
26:
1521:Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit
1042:. Strasbourg: European Commission. 2016.
1857:Justice Coopération Internationale (JCI)
1724:Hendrickson, D. (2002). Roth, C. (ed.).
1883:
762:
570:non-statutory security forces, such as
455:. Reportedly, the increasing number of
38:
1936:Social engineering (political science)
1832:African Security Sector Network (ASSN)
1746:
1335:
1921:Security sector governance and reform
1415:Bryden, Alan; Hänggi, Heiner (2005).
1383:
1381:
1358:"6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform"
1111:
1109:
1107:
1058:
1056:
806:Security System Reform and Governance
770:
768:
766:
342:security sector governance and reform
7:
1837:Centre for Security Governance (CSG)
1813:. London: University of Westminster.
1771:. Strategic Studies Institute (SSI).
1703:. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
919:
917:
915:
855:
853:
851:
849:
828:
826:
799:
797:
1641:Scnabel, A.; Ehrhardt, H. (2006).
1617:Lalá, A.; Fitz-Gerald, A. (2003).
1176:. New York: United Nations. 2008.
1144:The United Nations SSR Perspective
406:justice and security sector reform
356:) generally refer to a process in
25:
1518:Bastick, M.; Valasek, K. (2008).
891:. Vienna: OSCE. 1994. p. 3.
726:Gender and security sector reform
252:Sustainable Governance Indicators
1898:
1886:
1776:Piotukh, V.; Wilson, P. (2009).
1672:Bendix, D.; Stanley, R. (2008).
1435:from the original on 2017-09-15.
1404:from the original on 2017-11-07.
1374:from the original on 2015-11-23.
1367:. UN DDR Resource Centre. 2009.
1302:from the original on 2017-08-09.
1232:from the original on 2017-08-25.
1183:from the original on 2014-09-05.
1157:from the original on 2017-05-19.
1131:from the original on 2017-08-21.
1049:from the original on 2017-08-25.
965:from the original on 2017-08-26.
895:from the original on 2017-08-29.
875:from the original on 2017-09-13.
842:from the original on 2017-11-21.
790:from the original on 2017-09-15.
676:Democratic Republic of the Congo
510:Development Assistance Committee
453:Royal College of Defence Studies
431:staff observed from examples in
257:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
1666:Articles, papers and guidelines
1585:Hänggi, H.; Bryden, A. (2005).
1564:Hänggi, H.; Bryden, A. (2004).
1325:from the original on 2017-08-25
1205:from the original on 2017-04-23
1150:. New York: UN SSR Unit. 2012.
1093:from the original on 2017-11-07
1016:from the original on 2017-08-26
987:from the original on 2017-08-20
935:from the original on 2016-08-26
465:United Nations Security Council
1842:Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA)
1549:. Zurich: LIT Verlag MĂĽnster.
674:peacekeeping operation in the
533:Core security actors, such as
398:security sector reconstruction
1:
1489:10.1080/21647259.2016.1156813
1543:Ebo, A.; Hänggi, H. (2020).
631:are in place; oversight and
427:The framework emerged after
376:and its principles, such as
1626:. Shrivenham, UK: GFN-SSR.
300:Market governance mechanism
283:Governance, risk management
1957:
1388:Cutter Patel, Ana (2010).
1195:"What is Good Governance?"
572:private security companies
292:Environmental, social, and
1286:Weigand, Florian (2013).
1124:. Paris: OECD DAC. 2007.
605:international development
362:international development
929:Folke Bernadotte Academy
925:"Security Sector Reform"
838:. United Nations. 2014.
584:political party militias
277:Chief governance officer
1785:. LIBRA Advisory Group.
736:International relations
1065:Security Sector Reform
741:International security
683:
641:freedom of information
600:
523:
488:
481:quality of the service
390:security system reform
378:freedom of information
247:World Governance Index
18:Security sector reform
1790:McFate, Sean (2002).
1446:Chanaa, Jane (2002).
1245:Third World Quarterly
669:
598:
559:intelligence services
518:
478:
1804:Telatin, M. (2011).
1694:Eckhard, S. (2016).
1199:United Nations ESCAP
633:separation of powers
445:authoritarian regime
294:corporate governance
708:developed countries
547:paramilitary forces
508:. For example, the
372:of a state towards
1681:. Durban: ACCORD.
684:
601:
489:
447:. On 13 May 1998,
1740:978-1-86192-473-5
1710:978-3-95861-501-4
1657:978-92-808-1109-4
1633:978-0-9546500-0-1
1598:978-3-8258-9019-3
1577:978-3-8258-7770-5
1556:978-3-643-80311-5
1531:978-92-9222-074-7
1428:978-3-8258-9019-3
1257:10.1080/713701075
816:978-92-64-00786-4
576:liberation armies
527:national security
485:Police of Denmark
338:
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16:(Redirected from
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1601:. Archived from
1591:. Geneva: DCAF.
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1570:. Geneva: DCAF.
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1534:. Archived from
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1201:. 2009-06-10.
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