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306:, and the proliferation of rail travel in the mid-19th century made it possible for large numbers of people to visit coastal regions. The railways, seaside towns and resorts promoted the purported health benefits of sea water; and resort towns grew enormously. Resorts were set up throughout Europe in the late 18th century and early 19th century as far north as Scandinavia. In the United States, resorts such as
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when hundreds of bathers were saved when they were taken out to sea in a freak rip on what became known as Black Sunday. Lifesaving organisations also started in other countries – such as Canada and the United
Kingdom. As a result of the development of such organisations, lifesaving techniques became
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In Europe, the presence of good beaches for bathing, a warm climate and favourable exchange rates led to the rapid growth of tourism in Spain. By 1974, tourism had become Spain's leading industry and Spain is currently the world's second most popular tourism destination after France. Similarly, the
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prescribed by town authorities. In rivers, lakes and streams men swam in the nude. In
Australia, debate continued from the late 19th to the mid-20th century about what constituted appropriate bathing costume for both men and women. At one time, an ordinance suggesting men wear skirts to cover up in
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Modern airline transport has made travel to warmer locations more accessible and affordable. New tourist destinations have developed because of their access to good beaches. In
Australia, the Gold Coast became a popular destination with the population growing from 33,716 in 1961 to 135,437 in 1981
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and other parts of
Australia, bathing in the sea was banned during daylight between 1838 and 1902, because women's swimming costumes were considered indecent despite being neck to knee and men often swam nude, as was mixed swimming. Bathing was segregated in the United Kingdom until 1901.
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is a protective enclosure for sea bathing. Unlike bathing in a swimming pool, which is generally done for pleasure or exercise purposes, sea bathing was once thought to have curative or therapeutic value. It arose from the medieval practice of visiting
259:"Nor is this all. Think but of the surprise of His Majesty when, the first time of his bathing, he had no sooner popped his royal head under water than a band of music, concealed in a neighbouring machine, struck up "God save great George our King".
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than swimming. A tan became a sign of wealth, indicating that the individual was wealthy enough to go on holidays to a warmer climate. To gain an "all over tan", women's swimsuits became as abbreviated as the wearer was daring enough to wear, with
226:, with a John Setterington engraving showing machines in 1735. They were soon adopted in most of the aspiring English seaside resorts. Women would wear "bathing gowns" in the water while the men would wear long swimsuits. Some resorts such as
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was linked with excessive exposure to the sun. With
Australians having the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, the "Slip, Slop, Slap" campaign was developed to encourage people to slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat.
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advocating the practice. Sea bathing and sea water were advocated with winter considered to be the best time to follow the practice. Buchan's book was published until 1846 and was translated into many languages.
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With Buchan's recommendations, people suddenly flocked to the coasts, especially to Great
Britain and France. The public and authorities were concerned with the morality of general sea bathing.
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Though no longer widely considered to actually cure disease, shades of the supposed curative properties of sea water can still be noted with the trend of bath products containing
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also being seen. This fashion was met with considerable resistance from more conservative groups. In the 1950s, beach inspectors would harass women wearing shortish bikinis on
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were often paid employees of local governments employed when bathing was most popular. In
Australia, the Surf Bathing Association of NSW formed in 1907 to coordinate voluntary
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for the beneficial effects of the waters. The practice of sea bathing dates back to the 17th century but became popular in the late 18th century. The development of the first
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In 1903, Australian bathers were allowed to use public beaches in daylight hours. Then the prohibition to Sunday, Christmas and Easter bathing was revoked in the 1920s, and
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areas had a total population of just under 4 million. Tourism is one of the areas largest employees with tourists from around the world travelling to
Florida's beaches.
234:. These could be let down to allow a woman to enter and leave the water in privacy. If desired, the woman could also be dipped in privacy under the shelter of the hood.
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As public bathing became more popular, more inexperienced swimmers going out into unfamiliar waters put themselves at risk. In the US,
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in
Germany. Sea water was similarly believed to have medicinal benefits. The medicinal benefits of the sun were also being recognised.
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stated "The Sea air and Sea
Bathing together were nearly infallible, one or the other of them being a match for every Disorder..."
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There has been a tremendous growth in sea bathing, especially in the 20th century. However, the trend was slightly reversed after
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The growth in popularity of sea bathing developed from the perceived health benefits of mineral springs, such as those at
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enjoyed similar growth as first the railroad and then aircraft brought tourists to its beaches for bathing. By 2000, the
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was permitted from the 1940s. Restrictions on swimsuits also eased over time, with the designation of some beaches as
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In the 1940s, women’s magazines started using advertisements that encouraged sun bathing, with greater emphasis on
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increasingly displacing the one-piece swimsuit as the most common swimwear after the 1950s, and with even briefer
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and toured throughout the world as the "Australian mermaid" and the "diving Venus". Kellerman was arrested on a
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for wearing her trademark one-piece swimsuit but by the 1910s the style was becoming widely acceptable.
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The practice of sea-bathing developed starting in the mid-1800s into the modern cultural phenomenon of
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opened in parts of France and England. The first French marine hospital, Petit Berck, opened in 1861.
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Dippers or guides were used with the bathing machines and they escorted visitors into the water.
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81:. The death of large numbers of people while swimming in the open sea led to the introduction of
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standardised and competitions between competing clubs were established and have become popular.
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since the latter half of the 20th century, the development of seaside resort areas such as
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Australian Associated Press, "Slip, Slop, Slap message getting through" 18 November 2002
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73:. In the 19th century, the introduction of railways led to the further development of
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593:, Vol 5-6 pp. 35-36. Reprinted in Jane Austen Society of Australia article on bathing
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460:, Sydney; and G-strings continue to be banned on many beaches in the United States.
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and growing rapidly thereafter. The fastest growing regional areas in Australia
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By the end of the 18th century, sea bathing became highly fashionable with
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Selling places: the marketing and promotion of towns and cities, 1850-2000
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salt, which is claimed to provide some relief from certain skin diseases.
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which recommended the use of sea water for healing various diseases, and
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all having good beaches, warm weather and growth rates exceeding 20%.
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became popular not only amongst the French but with English visitors.
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Man and woman in swimsuits, c. 1910; she is exiting a bathing machine.
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throughout the world in the early 20th century. With the extension of
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established in the 1850s, rebuilt in the 1920s and recently restored
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in 1923. The Association proved its worth on February 6, 1938, on
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had modesty hoods or tilts which were canvas awnings attached to
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regularly visited seaside resorts and in her uncompleted novel
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Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns 1850-2000
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The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the 20th century
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Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf
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on beaches throughout Sydney. This organisation became the
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2002, Macquarie History, 2002 article on surf lifesaving
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The English Seaside Resort - A Social History 1750–1914
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accounting for a quarter of Greece's foreign earnings.
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for the first time with the bathing machines showing
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in the U.S. attracted millions of visitors annually.
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dates from the period as does the development of the
566:"Jane Austen Society of Australia page on bathing"
506:popularity of Greek beaches was a major factor in
420:, an Australian swimmer championed the use of a
388:In the United Kingdom there was no law against
698:, University of California Press July 1, 2002
255:recorded a humorous incident in her diaries.
183:c.1800. Several bathing machines can be seen.
8:
206:and woman's swimwear style of Germany, 1893
669:Fairfax, Syme and Weldon Associates 1987
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558:
556:
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373:Surf Lifesaving Association of Australia
283:recorded the use of bathing machines in
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128:In 1753, Dr. Richard Russell published
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815:United States Lifesaving Association
591:Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay
774:, Manchester University Press 2000
810:Surf Life Saving Australia history
804:Encyclopedia of Australian History
222:was the first resort to introduce
27:Bathing in the sea or in sea water
25:
767:, Leicester University Press 1983
678:Australian Bureau of Statistics,
286:The Expedition of Humphry Clinker
49:in the sea or in sea water and a
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397:the sea resulted in mass public
618:(1998) by Stephen Victor Ward.
344:Australia (early 20th century)
310:became very popular while the
1:
682:1998 Population Distribution
267:sprang up along the English
637:"History of St Kilda (pdf)"
846:
490:In the United States, the
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279:and Scarborough. In 1771,
667:Australians - A History
171:18th and 19th centuries
103:Miami metropolitan area
91:scheduled air transport
680:Year Book of Australia
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799:at Wikimedia Commons
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328:
302:The invention of the
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101:in Australia and the
99:Queensland Gold Coast
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747:Ruth Manning-Sanders
547:Photo of Scarborough
492:Gold Coast (Florida)
464:Modern beach tourism
271:, such as Weymouth,
263:During this period,
136:wrote his 1769 book
130:The Use of Sea Water
738:The Seaside Holiday
606:, pp 329-330 op cit
179:Sea bathing in mid
34:Kiama sea baths in
712:Routledge UK 2001
422:one-piece swimsuit
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334:
330:St Kilda Sea Baths
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208:
197:
185:
40:
795:Media related to
770:John K. Walton,
508:tourism in Greece
418:Annette Kellerman
342:Brighton-Le-Sands
248:God Save the King
138:Domestic Medicine
85:in Australia and
16:(Redirected from
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722:Stephen V Ward,
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642:. Archived from
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568:. Archived from
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430:public indecency
394:bathing costumes
340:Surf Bathing at
232:bathing machines
224:bathing machines
145:Marine hospitals
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369:surf lifesaving
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281:Tobias Smollett
204:Bathing machine
191:Sea bathing at
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121:in England and
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83:surf lifesaving
75:seaside resorts
64:bathing machine
36:New South Wales
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786:External links
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761:John K. Walton
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736:Anthony Hern,
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726:Spon Press UK
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589:Fanny Burney,
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356:and others as
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312:French Riviera
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741:Cresset Press
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649:on 2011-02-21
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574:. Retrieved
570:the original
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321:20th century
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195:in the 1840s
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117:in Belgium,
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797:Sea bathing
458:Bondi Beach
437:sun tanning
377:Bondi Beach
291:Jane Austen
273:Bournemouth
220:Scarborough
43:Sea bathing
38:, Australia
18:Sea-bathing
696:On Holiday
653:2010-09-09
576:2005-08-20
526:References
470:Beachgoing
428:beach for
365:lifeguards
239:George III
87:lifeguards
71:beachgoing
454:G-strings
446:monokinis
277:Blackpool
241:visiting
60:swimsuits
824:Category
755:Batsford
604:Sanditon
514:See also
399:protests
384:Swimwear
296:Sanditon
243:Weymouth
193:Boulogne
160:Dead Sea
152:melanoma
109:Benefits
51:sea bath
47:swimming
830:Bathing
743:UK 1967
442:bikinis
354:topless
304:railway
265:resorts
228:Margate
166:History
778:
730:
716:
702:
622:
485:Cairns
426:Boston
123:Aachen
647:(PDF)
640:(PDF)
496:Miami
481:Tweed
405:Women
269:coast
181:Wales
95:Ibiza
776:ISBN
757:1951
728:ISBN
714:ISBN
700:ISBN
620:ISBN
498:and
483:and
452:and
358:nude
119:Bath
77:and
56:spas
753:BT
409:In
115:Spa
45:is
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763:,
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553:^
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