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44:
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consumption of 20.3 kg (45 lb). Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as population growth. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit growth is still recorded in some countries, particularly in
2025:
2657:
3149:
738:. Many habitats are at risk which puts aquatic animals at risk as well. Aquatic animals play an important role in the world. The biodiversity of aquatic animals provide food, energy, and even jobs.
2652:
1501:(comparatively, commercial fishing generated USD$ 141 billion that same year). In 2021, the total revenue of recreational fishing industry in the United States overtook those of
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associated with recreational fishing have together conglomerated into a multibillion-dollar industry. In 2014 alone, around 11 million saltwater sportfishing participants the
2029:
2120:
2497:
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498:("swimmers") have active motility that are strong enough to propel and overcome the influence of water currents. These are the aquatic animals most familiar to the
1951:
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water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The
1413:
Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88% was utilized for direct human consumption, resulting in a record-high
2012:
2174:
1786:
2100:
3256:
2522:
1808:
Kalujnaia, S.; et al. (2007). "Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) using microarray technology".
1888:
1992:, Encyclopedia of earth, topic ed. Sidney Draggan, ed. in chief C. Cleveland, National Council on Science and the Environment (NCSE), Washington, DC
2672:
1042:, while still requiring access to water to inhabit, are separated into their own ecological classification. The majority of amphibians (class
2060:
1017:
1298:
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2001:
282:. They are distinct from terrestrial and semi-aquatic animals, who can survive away from water bodies, while aquatic animals often die of
2785:
2647:
2081:
2677:
1766:
1843:
Bisal, G.A.; Specker, J.L. (24 January 2006). "Cortisol stimulates hypo-osmoregulatory ability in
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L".
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for aquatic life to survive on land at all, as well as the highly aquatically adapted but land-dwelling
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animals that are highly evolved for life in water, although most extant aquatic reptiles, including
969:
in fish) and need to surface periodically to change breaths, but their ranges are not restricted by
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2547:
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113:
31:
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beyond sustainable levels in many world regions, causing the fishery industry to maladaptively
391:
Aquatic animals can be separated into four main groups according to their positions within the
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3056:
3031:
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2800:
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2432:
2372:
2332:
2302:
2272:
2183:
2056:
1825:
1762:
1666:
1611:
1470:
1442:. It was estimated in 2014 that global fisheries were adding US$ 270 billion a year to global
1240:
1232:
1212:
1178:
970:
906:
842:
830:
539:
515:
503:
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they inhabit, and many morphological and behavioral similarities among them are the result of
260:
155:
58:
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environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for organisms with pervious skins and
718:
because of the fragility of their environments. Aquatic animals are subject to pressure from
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2712:
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2517:
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1817:
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727:
499:
315:
94:
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846:
770:
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481:
101:
86:
47:
1000:, are technically semi-aquatic rather than fully aquatic, and most of them only inhabit
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125:
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82:
1871:"Nuôi trồng thủy sản, ngành học với nhiều cơ hội việc làm, đáp ứng nhu cầu xã hội"
1746:
1125:. Their abilities to breathe atmospheric oxygen are achieved via skin-breathing,
3290:
3111:
3086:
3081:
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2834:
2810:
2775:
2584:
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Aquatic animals (especially freshwater animals) are often of special concern to
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648:
601:
573:
543:
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457:
381:
361:
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62:
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after prolonged removal out of water due to either gill failure or compressive
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551:
253:
185:
121:
78:
43:
1968:
1533:
agencies (about USD$ 17 billion), contributed almost USD$ 129 billion to the
3116:
3021:
2805:
2569:
2562:
2537:
2447:
1577:
1565:
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1347:
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914:
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652:
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469:
419:
385:
249:
241:
221:
181:
177:
148:
137:
117:
2825:
1829:
777:. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their
17:
3318:
3313:
3066:
2876:
2422:
2417:
2342:
2055:(Third ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. p. 736.
1573:
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2292:
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1498:
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1319:
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1165:
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1067:
1051:
981:
962:
902:
894:
886:
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805:
781:
balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity,
778:
762:
731:
683:
636:
633:
609:
585:
561:
523:
511:
485:
399:
354:
342:
307:
256:
151:
1537:, roughly 1% of the national GDP and more than the economic sum of 17
372:
is most commonly used for animals that live in saltwater or sometimes
3326:
3300:
3061:
2387:
2152:
2009:
1987:
1518:
1514:
1482:
1419:
1363:
1327:
1267:
1114:
1024:(the only remaining descendants of the Mesozoic marine reptiles) and
989:
942:
922:
898:
812:
597:
569:
495:
350:
237:
74:
873:, etc.), the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing
89:
for all or most of its lifetime. Aquatic animals generally conduct
1506:
1311:
1297:
1047:
882:
605:
519:
465:
377:
369:
336:
303:
205:
201:
144:
57:
42:
1674: – Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water
1494:
2557:
1553:
1423:
1315:
1302:
Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by
1263:
1183:
1149:
1141:
1086:
terrestrial adults, and most of them may return to the water to
1079:
1063:
1059:
958:
954:
866:
785:
754:
621:
527:
473:
225:
133:
105:
3238:
2710:
2194:
2156:
2077:
Angling
Retains its Mainstream Appeal and Broad Economic Impact
360:
The term aquatic can be applied to animals that live in either
2619:
2609:
2026:"Prince Charles calls for greater sustainability in fisheries"
2005:
1526:
1443:
1303:
197:
140:
1970:
In brief, The State of World
Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018
196:. Some animals have fully aquatic life stages (typically as
957:-bearing aquatic animals, these air-breathing animals have
30:"Aquatic animals" redirects here. For the QI episode, see
27:
Animal that lives in water for most or all of its lifetime
1215:, as they are particularly sensitive to deterioration in
1889:"Từ điển THUẬT NGỮ NUÔI TRỒNG THỦY SẢN của FAO năm 2008"
977:
changes can still affect their physiology to an extent.
2107:
pages 6 and 8, NOAA Technical
Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-13.
1450:, that figure could rise by as much as US$ 50 billion.
1227:
of aquatic animals is also an important factor for the
464:
within the water column with no motility (most aquatic
3125:
2997:
2933:
2895:
2833:
2723:
2640:
2505:
2208:
2123:
Sportfishing in
America - A Reliable Economic Force
2115:
2113:
1008:were once a dominant group of ocean predators that
1938:What Is Aquatic Biodiversity; Why Is It Important?
761:may rupture if excess water is not excreted. Some
2002:Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate
1374:). The harvesting of aquatic animals, especially
1172:that allows them to survive out of water at the
1133:and even primitive lungs (lungfish and bichirs)
2098:“Fisheries Economics of the United States 2012”
1207:Aquatic animals play an important role for the
1434:fuelled by commercial incentives have reduced
65:, an example of air-breathing aquatic animals.
3250:
2458:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2168:
865:In addition to water-breathing animals (e.g.
8:
2053:Inland Fisheries Management in North America
2051:Hubert, Wayne; Quist, Michael, eds. (2010).
1747:"World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)"
1016:, although most of them died out during the
488:), causing them to be mostly carried by the
294:by their own body weight (as in the case of
192:between different water bodies during their
2523:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1158:) and some amphibious ones have both (e.g.
3257:
3243:
3235:
2839:
2720:
2707:
2205:
2191:
2175:
2161:
2153:
1950:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2096:National Marine Fisheries Service (2014)
502:, as their movements are obvious on the
341:The four main types of aquatic animals:
1910:
1908:
1726:The Humane Society of the United States
1695:
1097:also evolved to breathe air to survive
1943:
1918:. National Geographic. 31 October 2016
1521:(about USD$ 39.5 billion) and various
1182:) being routinely terrestrial hunting
953:or amphibious. Unlike the more common
823:plays a key role during this process.
267:, but adults are highly terrestrial).
147:when living in water. Some species of
1963:
1961:
1753:. 2 November 2016. pp. 162–163.
1751:International Regulatory Co-operation
1018:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
7:
1703:Biology Online Dictionary: "Aquatic"
1129:, or specialized organs such as the
572:of water bodies, which include both
530:, paddle-like appendages with large
456:("drifters"), more specifically the
402:("floaters"), more specifically the
2786:Oceanic physical-biological process
2648:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
132:), in which case they actually use
120:from terrestrial ancestors that re-
2079:-American Sportfishing Association
1857:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04373.x
1789:from the original on 29 April 2006
706:and intermediate recyclers in the
25:
1406:make up a major component of the
1310:Aquatic animals are important to
949:), although they are technically
628:of marine ecosystems), sedentary
3219:
3218:
3206:
3192:
2824:
2496:
2313:Colored dissolved organic matter
2028:. London Mercury. Archived from
1940:. Virginia, US. 2019. p. 2.
1590:
1446:, but by full implementation of
690:etc.). Many benthic animals are
564:("bottom dwellers") inhabit the
2658:Latin America and the Caribbean
1386:, provides direct and indirect
1251:aquatic animals, predominantly
1028:(which only evolved during the
686:, most non-bivalvian molluscs,
422:hanging from the underside for
3140:Ecological values of mangroves
2683:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1552:by serving as the subjects of
1517:; and together with personnel
1394:of over 500 million people in
526:. Nektons often have powerful
270:Aquatic animals are a diverse
124:to aquatic environments (e.g.
1:
2015:in Copenhagen, December 2009.
1432:destructive fishing practices
1408:primary sector of the economy
1274:that accumulate and transfer
1176:, with at least one species (
861:Air-breathing aquatic animals
773:excrete excess water via the
438:). They only move around via
263:(whose larvae are completely
252:, as well as some species of
188:, and many species routinely
3160:Marine conservation activism
3145:Fisheries and climate change
1722:"Protecting Marine Wildlife"
877:such as those in the orders
663:), and more actively moving
468:) or limited motility (e.g.
3155:Human impact on marine life
3032:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2268:Aquatic population dynamics
1822:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.025
1759:10.1787/9789264244047-41-en
1054:, but those from the order
310:, aquatic animals form the
176:Almost all aquatic animals
3374:
1544:Aquatic animals also have
1032:) remain fully aquatic in
742:Freshwater aquatic animals
274:group based purely on the
29:
3310:Pechton / Pecton / Pekton
3276:
3186:
2842:
2822:
2771:Marine primary production
2719:
2706:
2665:List of marine ecoregions
2494:
2204:
2190:
1440:fishing down the food web
671:) and crawl around (e.g.
624:-builders crucial to the
368:. However, the adjective
3017:Coastal biogeomorphology
3012:Marine coastal ecosystem
1986:C. Michael Hogan (2010)
1678:Wetland indicator status
1535:GDP of the United States
1066:) and some of the order
1010:altered the marine fauna
592:. These animals include
220:. Such examples include
156:eastern emerald sea slug
2925:Paradox of the plankton
2736:Diel vertical migration
2630:Freshwater swamp forest
2348:GIS and aquatic science
2196:General components and
1845:Journal of Fish Biology
1564:, as well as providing
1082:-bearing and sometimes
1046:) have a fully aquatic
93:in water by extracting
2751:Large marine ecosystem
2443:Shoaling and schooling
1662:Terrestrial locomotion
1572:values in the form of
1307:
1288:terrestrial ecosystems
1099:oxygen-deprived waters
765:accomplish this using
357:
158:, are even capable of
114:across enteral mucosae
66:
55:
3358:Animals by adaptation
3170:Marine protected area
3097:Salt pannes and pools
2872:Marine larval ecology
2847:Census of Marine Life
2731:Deep scattering layer
2688:San Francisco Estuary
2653:Africa and Madagascar
2478:Underwater camouflage
2258:Aquatic biomonitoring
2198:freshwater ecosystems
1810:Gen. Comp. Endocrinol
1657:Terrestrial ecosystem
1497:58 billion of retail
1301:
1170:cutaneous respiration
1146:freshwater gastropods
1002:freshwater ecosystems
929:" is also applied to
708:marine nitrogen cycle
518:is most important to
458:metazoan zooplanktons
428:Portuguese man o' war
340:
61:
46:
2905:Marine bacteriophage
2867:Marine invertebrates
2004:Policy brief of the
1877:on 11 November 2016.
1783:"Vertebrate Kidneys"
1642:Marine invertebrates
1531:fisheries management
1475:developing countries
1463:recreational fishing
1396:developing countries
1360:industrial chemicals
1294:Importance to humans
1034:saltwater ecosystems
788:have the ability to
767:contractile vacuoles
620:, some of which are
590:deep sea communities
442:, meaning they have
280:convergent evolution
276:natural environments
145:holding their breath
143:and are essentially
116:, although some are
3266:Groups of organisms
2781:Ocean fertilization
2590:Trophic state index
2548:Lake stratification
2278:Aquatic respiration
1785:. 3 November 2002.
1708:31 May 2009 at the
1459:subsistence fishing
1448:sustainable fishing
1235:as it reflects the
1164:). Many species of
1127:enteral respiration
973:in water, although
835:freshwater bivalves
827:Freshwater molluscs
724:destructive fishing
3270:aquatic ecosystems
3047:Intertidal wetland
3042:Intertidal ecology
2910:Marine prokaryotes
2852:Deep-sea community
2746:Iron fertilization
2669:Specific examples
2595:Upland and lowland
2513:Freshwater biology
2378:Microbial food web
2288:Aquatic toxicology
2231:Aquatic adaptation
2184:Aquatic ecosystems
2103:2022-01-25 at the
2084:2008-05-13 at the
1901:on 8 January 2016.
1652:Terrestrial animal
1617:Aquatic locomotion
1308:
1233:aquatic ecosystems
843:freshwater shrimps
792:between fresh and
702:who are important
556:aquatic locomotion
440:passive locomotion
358:
327:aquatic ecosystems
171:yellow-green algae
67:
56:
3340:
3339:
3232:
3231:
3213:Oceans portal
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3057:Hydrothermal vent
2993:
2992:
2882:Seashore wildlife
2713:Marine ecosystems
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2468:Thermal pollution
2433:Ramsar Convention
2373:Microbial ecology
2333:Fisheries science
2273:Aquatic predation
2062:978-1-934874-16-5
1667:Terrestrial plant
1612:Aquatic ecosystem
1241:carrying capacity
1213:indicator species
1179:Abdopus aculeatus
1020:and now only the
971:oxygen saturation
939:Lontra canadensis
933:mammals like the
831:freshwater snails
802:Anguilla anguilla
504:macroscopic scale
418:, sometimes with
408:surface ecosystem
216:after undergoing
180:in water, either
16:(Redirected from
3365:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3199:Lakes portal
3197:
3196:
3195:
3165:Marine pollution
2857:Deep-water coral
2840:
2828:
2761:Marine chemistry
2721:
2708:
2625:Freshwater marsh
2518:Freshwater biome
2500:
2216:Acoustic ecology
2206:
2192:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2130:. Archived from
2129:
2117:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1894:. Archived from
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:. Archived from
1867:
1861:
1860:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1816:(2007): 274–80.
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1700:
1632:Freshwater snail
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1548:significance in
1400:fishing industry
1370:, formerly also
1272:keystone species
1174:intertidal zones
1111:labyrinth fishes
728:marine pollution
716:conservationists
641:ambush predators
596:organisms (e.g.
550:(in the case of
500:common knowledge
482:escape responses
110:through the skin
97:via specialised
95:dissolved oxygen
85:, that lives in
21:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3353:Aquatic animals
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3272:
3263:
3233:
3228:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3174:
3135:Coral bleaching
3121:
3102:Seagrass meadow
2999:Marine habitats
2989:
2963:Coral reef fish
2929:
2915:Marine protists
2891:
2829:
2820:
2791:Ocean turbidity
2766:Marine food web
2715:
2694:
2636:
2575:River ecosystem
2528:Freshwater fish
2501:
2492:
2298:Bioluminescence
2283:Aquatic science
2200:
2186:
2181:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2137:on 27 July 2021
2134:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2105:Wayback Machine
2095:
2091:
2086:Wayback Machine
2074:
2070:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2032:on 14 July 2014
2024:
2023:
2019:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1916:"Ocean Habitat"
1914:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:Wayback Machine
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1598:Wetlands portal
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1550:human societies
1503:Lockheed Martin
1487:service sectors
1453:In addition to
1398:, and both the
1340:pharmaceuticals
1314:as a source of
1296:
1239:status and the
1205:
1200:
1131:labyrinth organ
1123:walking catfish
1095:amphibious fish
1006:Marine reptiles
980:There are also
863:
771:freshwater fish
744:
704:basal consumers
669:demersal fishes
667:who swim (e.g.
661:marine sediment
532:wetted surfaces
414:to stay at the
335:
126:marine reptiles
87:bodies of water
52:Jordania zonope
48:Longfin sculpin
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3202:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2953:Saltwater fish
2950:
2948:Marine reptile
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:Marine viruses
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2897:Microorganisms
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:Wild fisheries
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:Thorson's rule
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Marine biology
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Brackish marsh
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Lake ecosystem
2540:
2535:
2533:Hyporheic zone
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Microbial loop
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Eutrophication
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Cascade effect
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2236:Aquatic animal
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2109:
2089:
2068:
2061:
2043:
2017:
1994:
1979:
1957:
1929:
1904:
1880:
1862:
1851:(3): 421–432.
1835:
1800:
1774:
1767:
1738:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Marine biology
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Aquatic mammal
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1585:
1582:
1358:) and various
1295:
1292:
1229:sustainability
1221:climate change
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1084:skin-breathing
1076:metamorphosize
1050:form known as
927:aquatic mammal
875:marine mammals
862:
859:
819:) the hormone
759:cell membranes
743:
740:
736:climate change
712:
711:
665:bottom feeders
630:filter feeders
559:
548:jet propulsion
493:
490:water currents
451:
406:, inhabit the
374:brackish water
334:
331:
300:aquatic plants
298:). Along with
296:whale beaching
230:flying insects
169:with ingested
163:photosynthesis
154:, such as the
130:marine mammals
71:aquatic animal
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3370:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
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3282:
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3209:
3203:
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3163:
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3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Sponge ground
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Marine biomes
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Demersal fish
2971:
2969:
2968:Deep-sea fish
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Marine mammal
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
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2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Trophic level
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Sediment trap
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Phytoplankton
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
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2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
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2329:
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2324:
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2319:
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2306:
2304:
2301:
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2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Aquatic plant
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Anoxic waters
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
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1804:
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1784:
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1768:9789264266254
1764:
1760:
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1742:
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1717:
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1696:
1689:
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1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Marine mammal
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Aquatic plant
1625:
1623:
1620:
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1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
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1571:
1567:
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1559:
1555:
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1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:collected by
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:United States
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:manufacturing
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:is a popular
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
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1353:
1349:
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1337:
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1289:
1285:
1281:
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1269:
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1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:of the local
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:water quality
1214:
1210:
1203:Environmental
1202:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1161:Ampullariidae
1157:
1156:
1151:
1148:have evolved
1147:
1144:, while some
1143:
1139:
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1132:
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1003:
999:
998:marine iguana
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
967:swim bladders
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
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940:
936:
932:
928:
925:). The term "
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
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876:
872:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
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836:
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810:
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607:
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599:
595:
591:
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575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:) to achieve
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:buoy barnacle
433:
432:chondrophores
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:water surface
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
396:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
332:
330:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
261:algae octopus
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:metamorphosis
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
167:endosymbiosis
164:
161:
160:kleptoplastic
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
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92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
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49:
45:
41:
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35:
19:
3286:Macrobenthos
3265:
3127:Conservation
2978:Pelagic fish
2958:Coastal fish
2862:Marine fungi
2600:Water garden
2483:Water column
2428:Productivity
2403:Pelagic zone
2363:Macrobenthos
2353:Hydrobiology
2323:Ecohydrology
2235:
2139:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2122:
2092:
2076:
2071:
2052:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2020:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1976:. FAO. 2018.
1969:
1937:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1883:
1875:the original
1865:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1777:
1750:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1698:
1570:recreational
1543:
1452:
1412:
1324:raw material
1309:
1286:and even to
1225:Biodiversity
1206:
1192:rocky shores
1177:
1159:
1153:
1135:
1092:
1055:
1038:
994:water snakes
986:crocodilians
979:
938:
864:
825:
816:
801:
798:European eel
745:
713:
680:chelicerates
651:, who often
649:bobbit worms
626:biodiversity
602:sea anemones
566:benthic zone
403:
393:water column
390:
382:shallow seas
359:
272:polyphyletic
269:
259:such as the
214:semi-aquatic
208:they become
204:), while as
186:viviparously
175:
91:gas exchange
83:invertebrate
70:
68:
63:Sperm whales
51:
40:
33:
3291:Meiobenthos
3112:Sponge reef
3087:Rocky shore
3082:Oyster reef
3052:Kelp forest
2935:Vertebrates
2835:Marine life
2811:Viral shunt
2776:Marine snow
2678:Maharashtra
2585:Stream pool
2488:Zooplankton
2408:Photic zone
2368:Meiobenthos
2221:Algal bloom
1989:Overfishing
1566:educational
1539:U.S. states
1436:fish stocks
1428:Overfishing
1404:aquaculture
1368:bioplastics
1332:feeder fish
1306:, 1990–2030
1253:forage fish
1209:environment
1188:tidal pools
1155:Planorbidae
1107:mudskippers
1072:salamanders
1022:sea turtles
1012:during the
961:(which are
951:semiaquatic
935:river otter
919:eared seals
907:too evolved
905:), who are
839:crustaceans
817:Salmo salar
811:, while in
804:) uses the
747:Fresh water
720:overfishing
688:echinoderms
676:crustaceans
659:within the
618:sea squirts
574:shallow sea
552:cephalopods
544:webbed feet
508:cultivation
404:zooneustons
362:fresh water
333:Description
314:of various
284:dehydration
250:caddisflies
246:damselflies
242:dragonflies
210:terrestrial
182:oviparously
99:respiratory
18:Sea animals
3347:Categories
3092:Salt marsh
3027:Coral reef
2816:Whale fall
2796:Photophore
2673:Everglades
2641:Ecoregions
2580:Stream bed
2553:Macrophyte
2506:Freshwater
2338:Food chain
2251:Water bird
1922:28 October
1690:References
1558:literature
1493:generated
1477:, and the
1455:commercial
1415:per capita
1392:livelihood
1388:employment
1356:bryostatin
1352:cytarabine
1284:freshwater
1261:euryhaline
1198:Importance
1186:among the
1103:lungfishes
1101:, such as
1040:Amphibians
1026:sea snakes
963:homologous
947:Castoridae
915:true seals
783:diadromous
749:creates a
700:scavengers
696:detrivores
657:camoflauge
645:flatfishes
614:sea lilies
512:harvesting
478:larvaceans
420:appendages
376:, i.e. in
366:salt water
324:freshwater
265:planktonic
254:cephalopod
234:mosquitoes
222:amphibians
194:life cycle
79:vertebrate
77:, whether
3117:Tide pool
3022:Cold seep
2806:Upwelling
2570:Rheotaxis
2563:Fish pond
2538:Limnology
2463:Substrate
2448:Siltation
2318:Dead zone
1946:cite book
1731:7 October
1578:oceanaria
1471:developed
1380:shellfish
1372:whale oil
1348:krill oil
1336:fish meal
1322:) and as
1266:(such as
1255:(such as
1249:migratory
982:reptilian
911:pinnipeds
891:porpoises
809:prolactin
751:hypotonic
692:algivores
678:, marine
546:) and/or
514:of their
470:jellyfish
462:suspended
454:Planktons
386:estuaries
347:planktons
312:food webs
178:reproduce
149:gastropod
3319:Pleuston
3314:Plankton
3224:Category
3150:HERMIONE
3067:Mangrove
2877:Seagrass
2423:Pleuston
2418:Plankton
2398:Particle
2343:Food web
2141:10 April
2101:Archived
2082:Archived
2008:for the
1830:17324422
1787:Archived
1706:Archived
1584:See also
1562:heraldry
1546:cultural
1511:Chrysler
1469:in both
1344:fish oil
1278:between
1257:sardines
1245:habitats
1237:food web
1138:molluscs
1119:arapaima
1093:Certain
1052:tadpoles
1044:Amphibia
1030:Cenozoic
1014:Mesozoic
996:and the
975:salinity
945:(family
931:riparian
921:and the
903:manatees
887:dolphins
871:molluscs
855:copepods
851:crayfish
841:include
829:include
821:cortisol
769:, while
763:protists
757:, whose
637:molluscs
610:sea pens
582:littoral
540:flippers
524:seafoods
506:and the
486:copepods
448:motility
444:vagility
434:and the
424:foraging
412:buoyancy
410:and use
400:Neustons
343:neustons
320:brackish
308:microbes
292:asphyxia
257:molluscs
238:mayflies
232:such as
224:such as
36:episodes
32:List of
3332:Tripton
3306:Neuston
3281:Benthos
3077:Mudflat
3037:Estuary
3007:Bay mud
2985:Seabird
2741:f-ratio
2724:General
2605:Wetland
2393:Neuston
2358:Hypoxia
2303:Biomass
2293:Benthos
2209:General
2036:13 July
1683:Zoology
1672:Wetland
1607:Aquatic
1574:aquaria
1499:revenue
1467:pastime
1390:to the
1384:inkfish
1376:finfish
1328:fodders
1320:seafood
1276:biomass
1270:), are
1247:. Many
1166:octopus
1115:bichirs
1074:) will
1068:Urodela
990:turtles
965:to the
943:beavers
899:dugongs
895:Sirenia
879:Cetacea
869:, most
806:hormone
790:migrate
779:osmotic
732:hunting
684:octopus
673:decapod
634:bivalve
598:sponges
594:sessile
586:neritic
578:coastal
568:at the
562:Benthos
516:biomass
496:Nektons
446:but no
388:, etc.
355:benthos
351:nektons
288:hypoxia
228:, many
190:migrate
152:mollusc
138:breathe
122:adapted
118:evolved
104:called
73:is any
3327:Seston
3323:Plocon
3301:Nekton
3297:Herpon
3062:Lagoon
2388:Nekton
2246:Mammal
2241:Insect
2059:
2013:COP-15
2010:UNFCCC
1828:
1793:14 May
1765:
1519:salary
1515:Google
1483:retail
1420:Africa
1364:chitin
1362:(e.g.
1342:(e.g.
1330:(e.g.
1318:(i.e.
1312:humans
1280:marine
1268:salmon
1259:) and
1152:(e.g.
1048:larval
941:) and
923:walrus
893:) and
883:whales
813:salmon
794:saline
775:kidney
734:, and
653:burrow
643:(e.g.
639:) and
632:(e.g.
606:corals
588:) and
534:(e.g.
520:humans
480:, and
466:larvae
460:, are
426:(e.g.
378:oceans
370:marine
316:marine
206:adults
202:larvae
102:organs
75:animal
2453:Spawn
2135:(PDF)
2128:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1892:(PDF)
1523:tolls
1507:Intel
1495:USD$
1184:crabs
1168:have
1150:lungs
1142:gills
1140:have
1136:Most
1088:breed
1078:into
1064:toads
1060:frogs
1056:Anura
959:lungs
847:crabs
755:gills
570:floor
528:tails
474:salps
304:algae
226:frogs
134:lungs
106:gills
2558:Pond
2143:2022
2057:ISBN
2038:2014
1952:link
1924:2020
1826:PMID
1795:2006
1763:ISBN
1733:2020
1576:and
1568:and
1560:and
1554:arts
1527:fees
1525:and
1513:and
1485:and
1473:and
1457:and
1430:and
1424:Asia
1422:and
1402:and
1382:and
1366:and
1354:and
1334:and
1326:for
1316:food
1264:fish
1219:and
1121:and
1080:lung
1062:and
955:gill
901:and
889:and
867:fish
853:and
833:and
786:fish
698:and
647:and
622:reef
616:and
584:and
536:fins
510:and
353:and
322:and
306:and
248:and
200:and
198:eggs
165:via
128:and
3268:in
2620:Fen
2610:Bog
2006:FAO
1853:doi
1818:doi
1814:152
1755:doi
1444:GDP
1338:),
1304:FAO
1231:of
1211:as
1190:of
655:or
542:or
522:as
484:of
364:or
286:or
212:or
184:or
141:air
136:to
112:or
81:or
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