135:
1033:
suction only works at a close range. This two-phase prey capture mechanism is termed pivot-feeding. Seahorses have three distinctive feeding phases: preparatory, expansive, and recovery. During the preparatory phase, the seahorse slowly approaches the prey while in an upright position, after which it slowly flexes its head ventrally. In the expansive phase, the seahorse captures its prey by simultaneously elevating its head, expanding the buccal cavity, and sucking in the prey item. During the recovery phase, the jaws, head, and hyoid apparatus of the seahorse return to their original positions.
937:
potential to produce 17% more offspring than females in a breeding season. Also, females have "time-outs" from the reproductive cycle 1.2 times longer than those of males. This seems to be based on mate choice, rather than physiology. When the female's eggs are ready, she must lay them in a few hours or eject them into the water column. Making eggs is a huge cost to her physically, since they amount to about a third of her body weight. To protect against losing a clutch, the female demands a long courtship. The daily greetings help to cement the bond between the pair.
781:. During this phase the potential mates brighten in colour, quiver, and display rapid side-to-side body vibrations. These displays are performed alternately by both the male and the female seahorse. The following phases, 2 through 4, happen sequentially on the day of copulation. Phase 2 is marked by the female pointing, a behaviour in which the female will raise her head to form an oblique angle with her body. In phase 3 males will also begin the same pointing behaviour in response to the female. Finally, the male and female will repeatedly rise upward together in a
933:, only males tail-wrestle and snap their heads at each other. This discovery prompted further study of energy costs. To estimate the female's direct contribution, researchers chemically analyzed the energy stored in each egg. To measure the burden on the males, oxygen consumption was used. By the end of incubation, the male consumed almost 33% more oxygen than before mating. The study concluded that the female's energy expenditure while generating eggs is twice that of males during incubation, confirming the standard hypothesis.
1041:
550:
1455:
897:
763:
unison in what is known as a "predawn dance". They eventually engage in a "true courtship dance" lasting about 8 hours, during which the male pumps water through the egg pouch on his trunk which expands and opens to display its emptiness. When the female's eggs reach maturity, she and her mate let go of any anchors and drift upward snout-to-snout, out of the sea grass, often spiraling as they rise. They interact for about 6 minutes, reminiscent of courtship. The female inserts her
1328:
794:
behaviour for about 2 to 38 minutes. There is repeated reciprocal quivering. This starts when the male approaches the female, brightens and begins to quiver. The female will follow the male with her own display, in which she will also brighten and quiver about 5 seconds later. As the male quivers, he will rotate his body towards the female who will then rotate her body away. During phase 1 the tails of both seahorses are positioned within 1 cm of each other on the same
568:
160:
1336:
888:
or ocean currents which wash them away from feeding grounds or into temperatures too extreme for their delicate bodies. Less than 0.5% of infants survive to adulthood, explaining why litters are so large. These survival rates are actually fairly high compared to other fish, because of their protected gestation, making the process worth the great cost to the father. The eggs of most other fish are abandoned immediately after fertilization.
979:
864:
1468:
816:
1481:
911:
739:
1049:
2246:
1095:
585:, they do not have scales, but rather thin skin stretched over a series of bony plates, which are arranged in rings throughout their bodies. Each species has a distinct number of rings. The armor of bony plates also protects them against predators, and because of this outer skeleton, they no longer have ribs. Seahorses swim upright, propelling themselves using the
621:(the dwarf seahorse), with a top speed of about 1.5 m (5 ft) per hour. Since they are poor swimmers, they are most likely to be found resting with their prehensile tail wound around a stationary object. They have long snouts, which they use to suck up food, and their eyes can move independently of each other like those of a
1433:
The problem may be exacerbated by the growth of pills and capsules as the preferred method of ingesting seahorses. Pills are cheaper and more available than traditional, individually tailored prescriptions of whole seahorses, but the contents are harder to track. Seahorses once had to be of a certain
1281:
A water-quality problem will affect fish behaviour and can be shown by clamped fins, reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gasping at the surface. Seahorses require vertical swimming space to perform retroductive functions and to prevent depth-related health conditions like Gas Bubble
Syndrome, so a
969:
hypothesis may be an explanation. This hypothesis states, "males remain with a single female because of ecological factors that make male parental care and protection of offspring especially advantageous." Because the rates of survival for newborn seahorses are so low, incubation is essential. Though
887:
are ready to be born, the male expels them with muscular contractions. He typically gives birth at night and is ready for the next batch of eggs by morning when his mate returns. Like almost all other fish species, seahorses do not nurture their young after birth. Infants are susceptible to predators
871:
The fertilized eggs are then embedded in the pouch wall and become surrounded by a spongy tissue. The pouch provides oxygen, as well as a controlled environment incubator. Though the egg yolk contributes nourishment to the developing embryo, the male sea horses contribute additional nutrients such as
793:
This initial courtship behaviour takes place about 30 minutes after dawn on each courtship day, until the day of copulation. During this phase the males and females will remain apart during the night, but after dawn they will come together in a side-by-side position, brighten, and engage in courtship
1070:
Because data is lacking on the sizes of the various seahorse populations, as well as other issues including how many seahorses are dying each year, how many are being born, and the number used for souvenirs, there is insufficient information to assess their risk of extinction, and the risk of losing
806:
This phase begins with the female beginning her pointing posture, by leaning her body towards the male, who will simultaneously lean away and quiver. This phase can last up to 54 minutes. Following phase 2 is a latency period (typically between 30 minutes and four hours), during which the seahorses
1032:
on which it preys. After successfully closing in on the prey without alerting it, the seahorse gives an upward thrust and rapidly rotates the head aided by large tendons that store and release elastic energy, to bring its long snout close to the prey. This step is crucial for prey capture, as oral
1036:
The amount of available cover influences the seahorse's feeding behaviour. For example, in wild areas with small amounts of vegetation, seahorses will sit and wait, but an environment with extensive vegetation will prompt the seahorse to inspect its environment, feeding while swimming rather than
762:
behavior synchronizes the animals' movements and reproductive states, so that the male can receive the eggs when the female is ready to deposit them. During this time, they may change color, swim side by side holding tails or grip the same strand of sea grass with their tails, and wheel around in
2342:
have also been reported in books, dive magazines and on the
Internet. They can be distinguished from other species of seahorse by their 12 trunk rings, low number of tail rings (26–29), the location in which young are brooded in the trunk region of males and their extremely small size. Molecular
936:
Why the male seahorse (and other members of the
Syngnathidae) carries the offspring through gestation is unknown, though some researchers believe it allows for shorter birthing intervals, in turn resulting in more offspring. Given an unlimited number of ready and willing partners, males have the
832:
The final courtship phase includes 5–8 bouts of courtship. Each bout of courtship begins with both the male and female anchored to the same plant about 3 cm apart; usually they are facing each other and are still bright in colour from the previous phase. During the first bout, following the
1438:
practitioners and consumers. Declining availability of the preferred large, pale, and smooth seahorses has been offset by the shift towards prepackaged preparations, which makes it possible for TCM merchants to sell previously unused, or otherwise undesirable juvenile, spiny, and dark-coloured
849:
the brood pouch was found to be open for only six seconds while egg deposition occurred. During this time seawater entered the pouch where the spermatozoa and eggs meet in a seawater milieu. This hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. The fertilization is therefore
994:
Seahorses use their long snouts to eat their food with ease. However, they are slow to consume their food and have extremely simple digestive systems that lack a stomach, so they must eat constantly to stay alive. Seahorses are not very good swimmers, and for this reason they need to anchor
854:
among males. Within the
Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses) protected fertilization has not been documented in the pipefishes but the lack of any distinct differences in the relation of testes size to body size suggests that pipefishes may also have evolved mechanisms for more efficient
823:
The third phase begins with the females brightening and assuming the pointing position. The males respond with their own brightening and pointing display. This phase ends with the male departing. It usually lasts nine minutes and can occur one to six times during courtship.
1260:
Water quality is very important for the survival of seahorses in an aquarium. They are delicate species which should not be added to a new tank. The water parameters are recommended to be as follows although these fish may acclimatise to different water over time:
970:
not proven, males could have taken on this role because of the lengthy period the females require to produce their eggs. If males incubate while females prepare the next clutch (amounting to a third of body weight), they can reduce the interval between clutches.
1439:
animals. Dried seahorse retails from US$ 600 to $ 3000 per kilogram, with larger, paler, and smoother animals commanding the highest prices. In terms of value based on weight, seahorses retail for more than the price of silver and almost that of gold in Asia.
872:
energy-rich lipids and also calcium to allow them to build their skeletal system, by secreting them into the brood pouch that are absorbed by the embryos. Further they also offer immunological protection, osmoregulation, gas exchange and waste transport.
776:
Seahorses exhibit four phases of courtship that are indicated by clear behavioral changes and changes in the intensity of the courtship act. Phase 1, the initial courtship phase, typically takes place in the early morning one or two days before physical
1415:
723:
The evolution of seahorses from pipefish may have been an adaptation related to the biomechanics of prey capture. The unique posture of the seahorse allows them to capture small shrimps at larger distances than the pipefish is capable of.
957:
have been shown to breed in groups, showing no continuous mate preference. Many more species' mating habits have not been studied, so it is unknown how many species are actually monogamous, or how long those bonds actually last.
1027:
fish. In a study of seahorses, the distinctive head morphology was found to give them a hydrodynamic advantage that creates minimal interference while approaching an evasive prey. Thus the seahorse can get very close to the
1224:
Seahorses should be kept in an aquarium with low flow and placid tank mates. They are slow feeders, so fast, aggressive feeders will leave them without food. Seahorses can coexist with many species of shrimp and other
767:
into the male's brood pouch and deposits dozens to thousands of eggs. As the female releases her eggs, her body slims while his swells. Both animals then sink back into the sea grass and she swims away.
1221:) that are readily available from aquarium stores, and do not experience the stress of moving out of the wild. Although captive-bred seahorses are more expensive, they take no toll on wild populations.
750:
for 9 to 45 days until the seahorses emerge fully developed, but very small. The young are then released into the water, and the male often mates again within hours or days during the breeding season.
746:
The male seahorse is equipped with a brood pouch on the ventral, or front-facing, side of the tail. When mating, the female seahorse deposits up to 1,500 eggs in the male's pouch. The male carries the
921:
Reproduction is energetically costly to the male. This brings into question why the sexual role reversal even takes place. In an environment where one partner incurs more energy costs than the other,
3096:
Teske PR; Cherry MI; Matthee CA (2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus): molecular data suggest a West
Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean".
609:
is composed of square-like rings that can be unlocked only in the most extreme conditions. They are adept at camouflage, and can grow and reabsorb spiny appendages depending on their habitat.
798:
and both of their bodies are angled slightly outward from the point of attachment. However, the female will shift her tail attachment site, causing the pair to circle their common hold-fast.
2791:
Porter, Michael M; Novitskaya, Ekaterina; Castro-Ceseña, Ana Bertha; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2013). "Highly deformable bones: Unusual deformation mechanisms of seahorse armor".
850:
regarded as being physiologically 'external' within a physically 'internal' environment after the closure of the pouch. It is believed that this protected form of fertilization reduces
3887:
949:
that last through at least the breeding season. Some species show a higher level of mate fidelity than others. However, many species readily switch mates when the opportunity arises.
612:
Unusual among fish, a seahorse has a flexible, well-defined neck. It also sports a crown-like spine or horn on its head, termed a "coronet", which is distinct for each species.
541:(the short-snouted seahorse). These species form territories; males stay within 1 m (10 sq ft) of habitat, while females range over about one hundred times that.
6294:
3514:
Dudley, Jessica (October 2021). "Structural changes to the brood pouch of male pregnant seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) facilitate exchange between father and embryos".
5468:
1037:
sitting and waiting. Conversely, in an aquarium setting with little vegetation, the seahorse will fully inspect its environment and makes no attempt to sit and wait.
6048:
883:
The number of young released by the male seahorse averages 100–1000 for most species, but may be as low as 5 for the smaller species, or as high as 2,500. When the
6095:
5369:
925:
suggests that the lesser contributor takes the role of the aggressor. Male seahorses are more aggressive and sometimes fight for female attention. According to
6060:
833:
facing behaviour, the seahorses will rise upward together anywhere from 2 to 13 cm in a water column. During the final rise the female will insert her
467:
Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate salt water throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N. They live in sheltered areas such as
5759:
2885:
Garrick-Maidment, N.; Trewhella, S.; Hatcher, J.; Collins, K.j.; Mallinson, J.j. (1 January 2010). "Seahorse
Tagging Project, Studland Bay, Dorset, UK".
4672:
Zhang, Yan-Hong; Qin, Geng; Wang, Xin; Lin, Qiang (23 September 2016). "A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea".
3307:
6299:
3673:
3961:
Flynn, A. J.; Ritz, D. A. (June 1999). "Effect of habitat complexity and predatory style on the capture success of fish feeding on aggregated prey".
5513:
5317:
1451:
with further new species and partial taxonomic review, the number of recognized species in this genus is considered to be 46 (retrieved May 2020):
5343:
4403:
4378:
3788:
3626:
Masonjones, H. D.; Lewis, S. M. (2000). "Differences in potential reproductive rates of male and female seahorses related to courtship roles".
4798:, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)"
1081:
in many areas causes high cumulative effects on seahorses, with an estimated 37 million individuals being removed annually over 21 countries.
5091:
3891:
2571:
2736:
5461:
6003:
5998:
5993:
2695:
4258:
Lawson, J. M.; Foster, S. J.; Vincent, A. C. J. (January 2017). "Low bycatch rates add up to big numbers for a genus of small fishes".
3867:
3855:
2494:
615:
Seahorses swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins to steer. The slowest-moving fish in the world is
4364:
4245:
2992:
1178:
4890:
4792:
Short, Graham; Claassens, Louw; Smith, Richard; De
Brauwer, Maarten; Hamilton, Healy; Stat, Michael; Harasti, David (19 May 2020).
5503:
5428:
2451:
1077:, may already be extinct. Coral reefs and seagrass beds are deteriorating, reducing viable habitats for seahorses. Additionally,
875:
The eggs then hatch in the pouch, where the salinity of the water is regulated; this prepares the newborns for life in the sea.
700:. This has led to speculation that seahorses evolved in response to large areas of shallow water, newly created as the result of
5454:
2133:
5963:
5958:
4495:
3012:) from the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) Coprolitic Horizon in Tunjice Hills, Slovenia: The oldest fossil record of seahorses".
2970:
2509:
1116:
633:
Anatomical evidence, supported by molecular, physical, and genetic evidence, demonstrates that seahorses are highly modified
5348:
3488:
1213:
has become more popular. Such seahorses survive better in captivity, and are less likely to carry diseases. They eat frozen
1198:
keep them as pets, seahorses collected from the wild tend to fare poorly in home aquaria. Many eat only live foods such as
5730:
5356:
2432:
Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della
Sicilia: con varie osservazioni sopra i medesimi
1824:
248:
134:
4550:
Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research".
6289:
6083:
3567:
Whittington, Camilla M.; Griffith, Oliver W.; Qi, Weihong; Thompson, Michael B.; Wilson, Anthony B. (1 September 2015).
2525:
2517:
1435:
1363:
807:
display no courtship behaviour and females are not bright; males will usually display a pumping motion with their body.
5112:"Signatures of seaway closures and founder dispersal in the phylogeny of a circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage"
4121:
Bergert, B. A.; Wainwright, P. C. (14 March 1997). "Morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes
2561:
2542:
2410:). This combined with their small size accounts for why most species have only been noticed and classified since 2001.
1378:. Up to 20 million seahorses may be caught each year to be sold for such uses. Preferred species of seahorses include
1159:
6078:
6008:
5668:
5265:
5242:
4447:
Still, J. (2003). "Use of animal products in traditional
Chinese medicine: Environmental impact and health hazards".
2012:
1500:
1131:
159:
4915:
Teske, Peter; Michael Cherry; Conrad
Matthee (February 2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae:
2359:
from other members of the genus and therefore that the species diverged from the other species in the ancient past.
637:. The fossil record of seahorses, however, is very sparse. The best known and best studied fossils are specimens of
5747:
5742:
4064:
Wassenbergh, Sam Van; Strother, James A.; Flammang, Brooke E.; Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Aerts, Peter (6 March 2008).
2537:
1964:
1842:
1588:
1583:
5374:
1994:
1956:
1838:
1105:
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and end in mid-water copulation, in which the female will transfer her eggs directly into the male's brood pouch.
6053:
6038:
3142:
Lin, Qiang; Fan, Shaohua; Zhang, Yanhong; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Huixian; Yang, Yulan; et al. (14 December 2016).
2339:
2114:
1734:
1112:
39:
4343:
3403:
Look, Katrien J. W. Van; Dzyuba, Borys; Cliffe, Alex; Koldewey, Heather J.; Holt, William V. (1 February 2007).
2362:
Most pygmy seahorses are well camouflaged and live in close association with other organisms including colonial
1138:
2142:
2128:
1472:
1392:
5041:
Amanda C.J. Vincent & Rosie Woodroffe (1994). "Mothers little helpers: patterns of male care in mammals".
2563:
The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles: Descriptions of all Species with a Common Name
1040:
1668:
1297:, of which a few species live in the lower reaches of rivers. The supposed true "freshwater seahorse" called
5774:
5485:
5477:
3338:
2007:
1868:
1833:
1790:
1655:
1602:
1495:
537:
265:
31:
3681:
6070:
5715:
5693:
5626:
5616:
5611:
5182:
2322:
2280:
2174:
2119:
2025:
2016:
1761:
1752:
1641:
1555:
1546:
1283:
1145:
922:
733:
667:
661:
639:
549:
531:
142:
4546:
LOURIE, SARA A.; POLLOM, RILEY A.; FOSTER, SARAH J. (1 August 2016). "A global revision of the Seahorses
4321:
1362:. Despite a lack of scientific studies or clinical trials, the consumption of seahorses is widespread in
6221:
5673:
5638:
5405:
5270:
2211:
1989:
1968:
1900:
1650:
1569:
1560:
1509:
1454:
1073:
990:
to catch the copepod, which involves rotating their snout at high speed and then sucking in the copepod.
896:
355:
322:
5764:
1308:
1274:
Nitrite: 0 mg/L (0 ppm) (0.125 mg/L (0.125 ppm) may be tolerated for short periods)
1019:
and other small crustaceans are favorites, but some seahorses have been observed eating other kinds of
581:
appearance, with bent necks and long snouted heads and a distinctive trunk and tail. Although they are
1015:
seahorses ambush prey that floats within striking range, sitting and waiting until an optimal moment.
6268:
5860:
5653:
5579:
5433:
5384:
5291:
5229:
5123:
5050:
4928:
4805:
4735:
4615:
4267:
4193:
4138:
4028:
3970:
3925:
3271:
3214:
3155:
3105:
3021:
2937:
2894:
2690:
2334:
2316:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2250:
2220:
2183:
2179:
2147:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2054:
2045:
1998:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1891:
1882:
1863:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1627:
1622:
1611:
1597:
1537:
1523:
1271:
Ammonia: 0 mg/L (0 ppm) (0.01 mg/L (0.01 ppm) may be tolerated for short periods)
1127:
1059:
778:
617:
507:
4598:
Short, Graham; Smith, Richard; Motomura, Hiroyuki; Harasti, David; Hamilton, Healy (2 August 2018).
4235:
3823:
2444:
2165:
2087:
2041:
1972:
1960:
1854:
1716:
1327:
6120:
5658:
5643:
5535:
5525:
5508:
5498:
2928:
Freret-Meurer, Natalie (2013). "Seahorse Fingerprints: A New Individual Identification Technique".
2844:
Porter, Michael M; Adriaens, Dominique; Hatton, Ross L; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2015).
2304:
2161:
2036:
1980:
1877:
1850:
1805:
1781:
1743:
1729:
1720:
1384:
1359:
1054:
962:
712:, pointing to an origin there, with molecular data suggesting two later, separate invasions of the
659:, about 3 million years ago. The earliest known seahorse fossils are of two pipefish-like species,
594:
555:
493:
1976:
5725:
5589:
5530:
5016:
4987:
4217:
4162:
3994:
3815:
3769:
3712:
3651:
3549:
3385:
3330:
2953:
2826:
2718:
2292:
2225:
2192:
2105:
1896:
1819:
1748:
1711:
1542:
1485:
1371:
1351:
1304:
795:
298:
154:
4293:
3049:"Evolution of seahorses' upright posture was linked to Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats"
2744:
5410:
704:
events. The shallow water would have allowed the expansion of seagrass habitats that served as
577:
Seahorses range in size from 1.5 to 35 cm (0.6 to 13.8 in). They are named for their
567:
6246:
6090:
5920:
5907:
5720:
5700:
5621:
5540:
5520:
5392:
5278:
5159:
5141:
5087:
5066:
4944:
4882:
4833:
4771:
4753:
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4689:
4651:
4633:
4575:
4567:
4491:
4464:
4241:
4209:
4154:
4103:
4085:
4046:
3986:
3943:
3863:
3643:
3608:
3600:
3569:"Seahorse Brood Pouch Transcriptome Reveals Common Genes Associated with Vertebrate Pregnancy"
3541:
3434:
3426:
3240:
3232:
3183:
3121:
3078:
2988:
2910:
2867:
2808:
2567:
2490:
2206:
2068:
1846:
1810:
1775:
1679:
1636:
1528:
1514:
1399:
1312:
1299:
987:
915:
902:
851:
759:
526:
344:
311:
5420:
5397:
5220:
4999:
Amanda C.J. Vincent (1995). "A role for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds".
4426:
601:, located on either side of the head behind their eyes, are used for steering. They lack the
6105:
5925:
5754:
5688:
5599:
5493:
5149:
5131:
5058:
5008:
4979:
4936:
4874:
4823:
4813:
4761:
4743:
4681:
4641:
4623:
4559:
4456:
4275:
4201:
4146:
4093:
4077:
4036:
3978:
3933:
3807:
3761:
3704:
3635:
3590:
3580:
3531:
3523:
3465:
3416:
3377:
3322:
3279:
3222:
3173:
3163:
3113:
3068:
3060:
3029:
2945:
2902:
2857:
2800:
2328:
2156:
1951:
1909:
1659:
1459:
1388:
1335:
1210:
930:
4524:
6251:
6147:
5915:
5737:
4919:): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean".
4180:
Rosa, Ierecê L.; Dias, Thelma L.; Baum, Julia K. (2002). "Threatened Fishes of the World:
3364:
Masonjones, Heather D.; Lewis, Sara M. (1996). "Courtship Behavior in the Dwarf Seahorse,
2547:
2379:
1408:
1375:
1004:
978:
863:
693:
652:
648:
606:
436:
211:
5110:
Teske, Peter R.; Hamilton, Healy; Matthee, Conrad A.; Barker, Nigel P. (15 August 2007).
4966:
Amanda C.J. Vincent & Laila M. Sadler (1995). "Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorse,
5127:
5054:
4932:
4855:
4809:
4739:
4619:
4271:
4234:
Lourie, Sarah A.; Foster, Sarah J.; Cooper, Ernest W.T. and Vincent, Amanda C.J. (2004)
4197:
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333:
201:
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4460:
3117:
3008:Žalohar J.; Hitij T.; Križnar M. (2009). "Two new species of seahorses (Syngnathidae,
1467:
1152:
815:
720:
found the seahorse genome to be the most rapidly evolving fish genome studied so far.
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6189:
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5012:
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3811:
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3453:
3284:
3260:"Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management"
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2240:
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6236:
6184:
5663:
5584:
5283:
5247:
3655:
3527:
1199:
1016:
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or anything else that will keep the seahorse in place. They do this by using their
782:
708:
for the seahorses' upright posture. These tectonic changes occurred in the western
598:
456:
451:
380:
257:
221:
4279:
3938:
3909:
3730:
2663:
1286:
that is at least 20 inches/51 centimeters deep is recommended inside an aquarium.
1071:
more seahorses remains a concern. Some species, such as the paradoxical seahorse,
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3492:
3033:
2804:
5838:
5648:
5567:
5557:
5552:
5361:
5330:
5214:
5103:
Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World's Species and their Conversation
3454:"Testes investment and spawning mode in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae)"
3405:"Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse"
2245:
1427:
1355:
1344:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1218:
1094:
1048:
1008:
498:
435:, seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture and a curled
431:) meaning "sea monster" or "sea animal". Having a head and neck suggestive of a
67:
35:
4685:
3595:
2827:"The galloping evolution in seahorses: Entire genome of the seahorse sequenced"
965:
within fish is not common, it does appear to exist for some. In this case, the
6015:
5975:
5930:
5855:
5821:
5572:
4878:
4818:
4748:
4718:
Han, Sang-Yun; Kim, Jin-Koo; Kai, Yoshiaki; Senou, Hiroshi (30 October 2017).
4628:
4563:
4485:
4205:
4017:"Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey"
3982:
2949:
2906:
2368:
2258:
Pygmy seahorses are those members of the genus that are less than 15 mm (
1290:
1012:
834:
764:
758:
Before breeding, seahorses may court for several days. Scientists believe the
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602:
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476:
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440:
112:
77:
5145:
4886:
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4757:
4693:
4637:
4571:
4213:
4158:
4089:
3990:
3947:
3746:"Monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the Western Australian seahorse
3604:
3430:
3236:
2914:
2587:
6194:
5950:
5885:
5870:
5843:
5812:
5782:
5705:
5304:
5136:
3745:
3708:
3585:
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2862:
2845:
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1404:
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1316:
1214:
1195:
946:
697:
672:
622:
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480:
472:
171:
117:
61:
30:
This article is about the genus of fish. For the creature in mythology, see
5205:
5163:
5070:
4948:
4856:"Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae:
4837:
4775:
4701:
4655:
4579:
4468:
4107:
4081:
4050:
3647:
3639:
3612:
3545:
3438:
3244:
3187:
3125:
3082:
3064:
2871:
2812:
2278: in) wide. Previously the term was applied exclusively to the species
5446:
5257:
4150:
6241:
6206:
6199:
6142:
5833:
5797:
5199:
2384:
1340:
1294:
1192:
701:
687:
634:
590:
468:
271:
191:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
17:
3168:
2664:"The IUCN Red List of Seahorses and Pipefishes in the Mediterranean Sea"
6258:
6231:
6167:
6152:
6137:
6130:
6100:
6020:
5985:
5890:
5826:
5683:
5322:
4041:
4016:
3716:
3389:
3334:
3227:
3202:
2400:
2389:
2284:
but since 1997, discoveries have made this usage obsolete. The species
1315:. The latter, which is often confused with the former, can be found in
1250:
1119: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1078:
1029:
996:
983:
676:
512:
502:
280:
122:
97:
4604:, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of
4066:"Extremely fast prey capture in pipefish is powered by elastic recoil"
3888:"Why Does the Seahorse Have Its Odd Head? Mystery Solved – News Watch"
3536:
3421:
3404:
837:
and transfer her eggs through an opening into the male's brood pouch.
6263:
6226:
6211:
6110:
5877:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5710:
5335:
5028:
Amanda C.J. Vincent (1990). "A seahorse father makes a good mother".
3695:
Vincent, Amanda C. J. (1994). "Operational Sex Ratios in Seahorses".
3144:"The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology"
1423:
1024:
643:(though literature more commonly refers to them under the synonym of
420:
408:
396:
181:
5176:
3381:
3326:
5309:
4294:"Seahorse Stress, Disease & Health Problems | Ocean Rider Kona"
2612:
945:
Though seahorses are not known to mate for life, many species form
6162:
6115:
5940:
5848:
3963:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
3842:"What's Love Got to Do With It? The Truth About Seahorse Monogamy"
2356:
2244:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1419:
1334:
1326:
1246:
1233:
also make good tank-mates. Keepers are generally advised to avoid
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1000:
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909:
895:
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814:
737:
578:
566:
548:
432:
384:
5296:
3744:
Kvarnemo C; Moore G.I; Jones A.G; Nelson W.S; Avise J.C. (2000).
3201:
Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Roos, Gert; Ferry, Lara (25 January 2011).
1447:
On the basis of the newest overall taxonomic review of the genus
6157:
6125:
6043:
6030:
5970:
5787:
5101:
Sara A. Lourie, Amanda C.J. Vincent and Heather J. Hall (1999).
1230:
1011:
floating in the water or crawling on the bottom. With excellent
5450:
5180:
4728:, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)"
3203:"An adaptive explanation for the horse-like shape of seahorses"
6172:
1234:
1088:
2766:
2526:
2518:
2510:
696:
implies that pipefish and seahorses diverged during the Late
426:
414:
402:
2338:
have been described. Other species that are believed to be
1414:
Import and export of seahorses has been controlled under
1007:
to grasp their object of choice. Seahorses feed on small
4427:"Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and "Chinese Medicine""
3862:(8th ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer. pp. 370–1.
1985:(South African pygmy seahorse or Sodwana pygmy seahorse)
1430:
have chosen to opt out of the trade rules set by CITES.
518:
Colonies have been found in European waters such as the
982:
Seahorses rely on stealth to ambush small prey such as
3918:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1319:
environments, but is not actually a freshwater fish.
4849:
4847:
6069:
6029:
5984:
5949:
5906:
5773:
5484:
5189:
3483:
3481:
589:, another characteristic not shared by their close
5079:
4240:. Project Seahorse Advancing Marine Conservation,
3890:. Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
1277:S.G.: 1.021–1.024 at 23–24 °C (73–75 °F)
597:are the only other fish that swim vertically. The
4015:Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013).
3667:
3665:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
563:holding on to soft coral with its prehensile tail
4724:complex: taxonomic revision, and description of
483:. Four species are found in Pacific waters from
5082:Battle of the Sexes: The Natural History of Sex
4322:"Seahorse and Pipefish Foods | Tami Weiss"
4316:
4314:
4010:
4008:
3452:Kvarnemo, Charlotta; Simmons, Leigh W. (2004).
2767:"Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur mer"
511:, known as the dwarf seahorse, is found in the
3881:
3879:
3137:
3135:
2737:"Seahorses, Seahorse Pictures, Seahorse Facts"
1434:size and quality before they were accepted by
855:fertilization with reduced sperm competition.
5462:
4787:
4785:
4667:
4665:
4593:
4591:
4589:
2985:Seahorses: A Life-size Guide to Every Species
2489:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2007.
1202:and are prone to stress, which damages their
8:
3903:
3901:
6295:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
4713:
4711:
3674:"Seahorse Fathers Take Reins in Childbirth"
2254:(Satomi's pygmy seahorse) attached to coral
1293:seahorses" are usually the closely related
5469:
5455:
5447:
5177:
4484:Bensky, D., Clavey, S., Stoger, E. (2004)
4237:A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses
1265:Temperature: 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
133:
46:
5153:
5135:
4827:
4817:
4765:
4747:
4645:
4627:
4490:. Eastland Press, Inc. Seattle, 3rd ed.
4480:
4478:
4425:Stephen Barrett, M.D. (12 January 2011).
4097:
4040:
3937:
3594:
3584:
3535:
3469:
3458:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3420:
3283:
3226:
3177:
3167:
3072:
2861:
1476:, known as the "West Australian seahorse"
1179:Learn how and when to remove this message
4379:"Choosing Seahorse Species for the Reef"
4365:How to care for Seahorses & Pipefish
4266:(1). American Fisheries Society: 19–33.
3789:"Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses,
3489:"The biology of seahorses: Reproduction"
4487:Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica
4344:"Seahorse Tankmates | Will Wooten"
2418:
2032:(flatface seahorse, false-eye seahorse)
1418:since 15 May 2004. However, Indonesia,
1350:Seahorse populations are thought to be
1206:and makes them susceptible to disease.
379:) is any of 46 species of small marine
4070:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
3491:. The Seahorse Project. Archived from
734:Animal sexual behavior § Seahorse
34:. For the structure of the brain, see
4921:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3908:Woods, Chris M. C. (September 2002).
3731:"Why Do Male Seahorses Get Pregnant?"
900:Diagram of a pregnant male seahorse (
7:
5385:4bf897d7-d588-4513-87f3-84900dd7b516
4896:from the original on 4 December 2010
2725:. AQUATICLIFELAB. 13 September 2018.
2560:Jarvis, Dr Peter (13 January 2020).
1117:adding citations to reliable sources
690:dating back about 13 million years.
593:relatives, which swim horizontally.
5994:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles
4854:Lourie, Sara; Rudie Kuiter (2008).
4449:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
3672:Danielson, Stentor (14 June 2002).
2696:Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute
2638:"Rare seahorses breeding in Thames"
2426:Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S. (1810).
4508:"Seahorse Crusader Amanda Vincent"
3787:Vincent C.J.; Sadler L.M. (1995).
2434:. Palermo: Sanfilippo. p. 18.
25:
5935:
3886:Langley, Liz (26 November 2013).
3258:Foster S.J; Vincent C.J. (2004).
3047:Teske PR; Beheregaray LB (2009).
2846:"Why the seahorse tail is square"
2487:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2465:"New Names for Australian Fishes"
2188:(Walea soft coral pygmy seahorse)
1403:. Seahorses are also consumed by
867:Seahorses in Phase 4 of courtship
819:Seahorses in Phase 2 of courtship
6300:Extant Miocene first appearances
4184:Ginsburg, 1933 (Syngnathidae)".
3766:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00228.x
3471:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00395.x
3285:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00429.x
2719:""Hippocampus, a Peculiar Fish""
1616:Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin, 2016
1463:, known as the "common seahorse"
1411:, and many other ethnic groups.
1093:
1044:Seahorse hiding using camouflage
716:. In 2016, a study published in
158:
5043:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
4383:Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine
4186:Environmental Biology of Fishes
3573:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3409:Journal of Experimental Biology
2930:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2268: in) tall and 17 mm (
1366:, primarily in connection with
1104:needs additional citations for
392:. "Hippocampus" comes from the
3910:"Natural diet of the seahorse
3528:10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.002
2971:Guinness Book of World Records
1303:is not a valid species, but a
914:Pregnant male seahorse at the
828:Phase 4: Rising and copulation
1:
4941:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8
4461:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00055-4
4280:10.1080/03632415.2017.1259944
3939:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517121
3840:Weiss, Tami (10 April 2010).
3118:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8
1489:, known as "White's seahorse"
802:Phase 2: Pointing and pumping
535:(the long-snouted seahorse),
5063:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90033-7
5013:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80178-2
4984:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5
4346:. Fusedjaw.com. 25 June 2004
4324:. Fusedjaw.com. 25 June 2005
3812:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5
3034:10.1016/j.annpal.2009.03.002
2805:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.045
2463:Whitley, Gilbert P. (1931).
1364:traditional Chinese medicine
811:Phase 3: Pointing – pointing
655:, Italy, dating back to the
421:
409:
397:
289:
5669:semelparity and iteroparity
5105:. London: Project Seahorse.
4404:"Hippocampus spinosissimus"
3308:"Pregnant: And Still Macho"
2887:Marine Biodiversity Records
629:Evolution and fossil record
6316:
4686:10.11646/zootaxa.4170.2.11
4608:(Teleostei, Syngnathidae)"
2566:. Pelagic Publishing Ltd.
2527:
2519:
2511:
2238:
2138:(West Australian seahorse)
1632:(Coleman's pygmy seahorse)
1584:Hippocampus camelopardalis
1209:In recent years, however,
789:Phase 1: Initial courtship
731:
427:
415:
403:
29:
5760:Non-reproductive behavior
4879:10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.4
4819:10.3897/zookeys.934.50924
4749:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955
4629:10.3897/zookeys.779.24799
4564:10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
3983:10.1017/s0025315498000617
2950:10.1007/s10641-013-0118-6
2907:10.1017/S175526721000062X
2115:Hippocampus spinosissimus
2096:(Satomi's pygmy seahorse)
2050:(Pontoh's pygmy seahorse)
1859:(Japanese pygmy seahorse)
1725:(Denise's pygmy seahorse)
1675:(New Caledonian seahorse)
1533:(narrow-bellied seahorse)
605:typical of fishes. Their
304:
297:
286:
279:
263:
256:
155:Scientific classification
153:
141:
132:
49:
40:Seahorse (disambiguation)
5116:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3748:Hippocampus subelongatus
3678:National Geographic News
3014:Annales de Paléontologie
2469:The Australian Zoologist
2143:Hippocampus trimaculatus
2129:Hippocampus subelongatus
1801:(short-snouted seahorse)
845:During fertilization in
525:Two species live in the
5478:Animal sexual behaviour
5137:10.1186/1471-2148-7-138
4206:10.1023/a:1016152528847
3912:Hippocampus abdominalis
3709:10.1163/156853994X00091
3264:Journal of Fish Biology
2863:10.1126/science.aaa6683
2588:"sea horse or seahorse"
2543:A Greek–English Lexicon
2064:(pygmy thorny seahorse)
2008:Hippocampus patagonicus
1791:Hippocampus hippocampus
1771:(long-snouted seahorse)
1669:Hippocampus curvicuspis
1579:(short-headed seahorse)
1519:(West African seahorse)
1496:Hippocampus abdominalis
1374:, and pain, as well as
455:) they form the family
147:Hippocampus hippocampus
32:Hippocampus (mythology)
5627:traumatic insemination
4367:. seahorseaquariums.ie
4082:10.1098/rsif.2007.1124
3640:10.1006/anbe.1999.1269
3065:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0152
2355:belongs in a separate
2255:
2175:Hippocampus waleananus
2026:Hippocampus planifrons
2003:(paradoxical seahorse)
1762:Hippocampus guttulatus
1556:Hippocampus bargibanti
1490:
1477:
1464:
1347:
1332:
1062:
1045:
991:
918:
907:
868:
820:
743:
640:Hippocampus guttulatus
574:
564:
419:) meaning "horse" and
266:Syngnathus hippocampus
143:Short-snouted seahorse
38:. For other uses, see
5755:Interspecies breeding
5406:Paleobiology Database
5086:. London: BBC Books.
4722:Hippocampus coronatus
4151:10.1007/s002270050046
4021:Nature Communications
3586:10.1093/molbev/msv177
3207:Nature Communications
2983:Lourie, Sara (2016).
2534:Liddell, Henry George
2248:
2021:(Patagonian seahorse)
1990:Hippocampus paradoxus
1651:Hippocampus coronatus
1646:(tiger-tail seahorse)
1570:Hippocampus breviceps
1510:Hippocampus algiricus
1483:
1470:
1457:
1338:
1330:
1066:Threats of extinction
1051:
1043:
981:
913:
899:
866:
818:
741:
570:
552:
6269:Short-beaked echidna
6009:side-blotched lizard
5526:sexual ornamentation
5078:John Sparks (1999).
4602:Hippocampus japapigu
4527:. Save Our Seahorses
4525:"Save Our Seahorses"
3894:on 27 November 2013.
3366:Hippocampus zosterae
2251:Hippocampus satomiae
2221:Hippocampus zosterae
2101:Hippocampus sindonis
2083:Hippocampus satomiae
2078:(longsnout seahorse)
2055:Hippocampus pusillus
1938:Hippocampus mohnikei
1924:Hippocampus minotaur
1892:Hippocampus kelloggi
1873:(Jayakar's seahorse)
1864:Hippocampus jayakari
1834:Hippocampus japapigu
1780:Han, Kim, Kai &
1707:(softcoral seahorse)
1694:Hippocampus debelius
1623:Hippocampus colemani
1618:(Beibu Bay seahorse)
1612:Hippocampus casscsio
1598:Hippocampus capensis
1551:(Barbour's seahorse)
1538:Hippocampus barbouri
1524:Hippocampus angustus
1505:(big-belly seahorse)
1113:improve this article
1060:New England Aquarium
27:Genus of bony fishes
6290:Hippocampus (genus)
6096:Homosexual behavior
6061:Homosexual behavior
5916:Spawning strategies
5716:Bateman's principle
5536:sexy son hypothesis
5514:hormonal motivation
5509:reproductive system
5499:Sexual reproduction
5128:2007BMCEE...7..138T
5055:1994TEcoE...9..294W
4933:2004MolPE..30..273T
4810:2020ZooK..934..141S
4740:2017ZooK..712..113H
4620:2018ZooK..779...27S
4272:2017Fish...42...19L
4198:2002EnvBF..64..378R
4143:1997MarBi.127..563B
4127:Syngnathus floridae
4123:Hippocampus erectus
4033:2013NatCo...4.2840G
3975:1999JMBUK..79..487F
3930:2002NZJMF..36..655W
3596:20.500.11850/110832
3306:Milius, S. (2000).
3276:2004JFBio..65....1F
3219:2011NatCo...2..164V
3169:10.1038/nature20595
3160:2016Natur.540..395L
3110:2004MolPE..30..273T
3098:Mol Phylogenet Evol
3026:2009AnPal..95...71Z
2942:2013EnvBF..96.1399F
2899:2010MBdR....3E..73G
2741:National Geographic
2351:species found that
2228:& Gilbert, 1882
2152:(longnose seahorse)
2124:(hedgehog seahorse)
2037:Hippocampus pontohi
1947:(Japanese seahorse)
1933:(bullneck seahorse)
1887:(collared seahorse)
1878:Hippocampus jugumus
1806:Hippocampus histrix
1757:(Fisher's seahorse)
1744:Hippocampus fisheri
1730:Hippocampus erectus
1689:(lowcrown seahorse)
1360:habitat destruction
1307:sometimes used for
1055:Hippocampus erectus
923:Bateman's principle
772:Phases of courtship
742:Seahorse life-cycle
494:Hippocampus erectus
491:. In the Atlantic,
6044:Breeding behaviour
5765:Fisher's principle
5590:sexual intercourse
5531:handicap principle
4968:Hippocampus whitei
4720:"Seahorses of the
4260:Fisheries Magazine
4042:10.1038/ncomms3840
3791:Hippocampus whitei
3733:. Petseahorse.com.
3344:on 18 August 2011.
3228:10.1038/ncomms1168
2793:Acta Biomaterialia
2771:www.obs-banyuls.fr
2747:on 14 October 2016
2699:. 13 February 2019
2256:
2202:(White's seahorse)
2193:Hippocampus whitei
2110:(Sindo's seahorse)
2108:& Snyder, 1901
1919:(spotted seahorse)
1829:(Pacific seahorse)
1820:Hippocampus ingens
1712:Hippocampus denise
1664:(crowned seahorse)
1593:(giraffe seahorse)
1491:
1478:
1465:
1372:nocturnal enuresis
1348:
1333:
1313:hedgehog seahorses
1063:
1046:
992:
919:
908:
892:Reproductive roles
869:
821:
744:
575:
565:
55:Lower Miocene
6277:
6276:
6091:Lordosis behavior
5971:Frog reproduction
5921:Polyandry in fish
5701:Sexual dimorphism
5622:sperm competition
5541:Fisherian runaway
5521:Courtship display
5444:
5443:
5393:Open Tree of Life
5183:Taxon identifiers
5093:978-0-563-37145-8
4726:Hippocampus haema
4182:Hippocampus reidi
3422:10.1242/jeb.02673
3154:(7633): 395–399.
2936:(12): 1399–1405.
2856:(6243): aaa6683.
2573:978-1-78427-196-1
2229:
2215:
2207:Hippocampus zebra
2201:
2187:
2169:
2151:
2137:
2123:
2109:
2095:
2077:
2069:Hippocampus reidi
2063:
2049:
2031:
2020:
2002:
1984:
1946:
1932:
1918:
1904:
1886:
1872:
1858:
1828:
1814:
1800:
1786:(Korean seahorse)
1785:
1776:Hippocampus haema
1770:
1756:
1738:
1724:
1706:
1688:
1680:Hippocampus dahli
1674:
1663:
1645:
1637:Hippocampus comes
1631:
1617:
1607:(Knysna seahorse)
1606:
1592:
1578:
1564:
1550:
1532:
1518:
1504:
1289:Animals sold as "
1189:
1188:
1181:
1163:
916:New York Aquarium
903:Hippocampus comes
852:sperm competition
527:Mediterranean Sea
439:. Along with the
365:
364:
359:
348:
337:
326:
315:
252:
16:(Redirected from
6307:
6247:ringtailed lemur
6106:African wild dog
6079:Sexual selection
6039:Sexual selection
5959:Sexual selection
5600:pseudocopulation
5494:Sexual selection
5471:
5464:
5457:
5448:
5437:
5436:
5424:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5401:
5400:
5388:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5365:
5364:
5362:NHMSYS0021053453
5352:
5351:
5339:
5338:
5326:
5325:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5273:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5178:
5167:
5157:
5139:
5106:
5097:
5085:
5074:
5037:
5024:
5001:Animal Behaviour
4995:
4972:Animal Behaviour
4953:
4952:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4864:
4851:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4804:(934): 141–156.
4796:Hippocampus nalu
4789:
4780:
4779:
4769:
4751:
4734:(712): 113–139.
4715:
4706:
4705:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4631:
4595:
4584:
4583:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4521:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4255:
4249:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3829:on 23 July 2011.
3828:
3822:. Archived from
3806:(6): 1557–1569.
3797:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3703:(1/2): 153–167.
3692:
3686:
3685:
3684:on 24 June 2002.
3680:. Archived from
3669:
3660:
3659:
3628:Animal Behaviour
3623:
3617:
3616:
3598:
3588:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3424:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3337:. Archived from
3312:
3303:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3230:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2799:(6): 6763–6770.
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2743:. Archived from
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:Aquatic Life Lab
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:Project Seahorse
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2448:Rafinesque, 1810
2442:
2436:
2435:
2428:"G. Hippocampus"
2423:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2230:(dwarf seahorse)
2224:
2216:(zebra seahorse)
2210:
2196:
2178:
2160:
2157:Hippocampus tyro
2146:
2132:
2118:
2104:
2086:
2072:
2058:
2040:
2029:
2011:
1993:
1955:
1952:Hippocampus nalu
1941:
1927:
1913:
1910:Hippocampus kuda
1905:(great seahorse)
1895:
1881:
1867:
1837:
1823:
1815:(spiny seahorse)
1809:
1794:
1779:
1765:
1747:
1739:(lined seahorse)
1733:
1715:
1697:
1683:
1672:
1654:
1640:
1626:
1615:
1601:
1587:
1573:
1565:(pygmy seahorse)
1559:
1541:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1211:captive breeding
1184:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1121:
1097:
1089:
1005:prehensile tails
931:Project Seahorse
847:Hippocampus kuda
694:Molecular dating
443:and seadragons (
430:
429:
424:
418:
417:
412:
406:
405:
400:
354:
343:
332:
321:
310:
247:
163:
162:
137:
127:
64:
53:Temporal range:
47:
21:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6252:sexual swelling
6148:European badger
6065:
6025:
5980:
5945:
5902:
5769:
5738:Sexual conflict
5679:hermaphroditism
5480:
5475:
5445:
5440:
5432:
5427:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5404:
5396:
5391:
5383:
5381:
5373:
5368:
5360:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5329:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5303:
5295:
5290:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5256:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5077:
5040:
5030:Natural History
5027:
4998:
4965:
4961:
4959:Further reading
4956:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4514:television show
4506:
4502:
4483:
4476:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4377:Giwojna, Pete.
4376:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4233:
4229:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4076:(20): 285–296.
4063:
4062:
4058:
4014:
4013:
4006:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3860:Animal Behavior
3854:
3853:
3849:
3844:. fusedjaw.com.
3839:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3579:(12): 3114–31.
3566:
3565:
3561:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3495:on 3 March 2009
3487:
3486:
3479:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3382:10.2307/1447527
3363:
3362:
3349:
3341:
3327:10.2307/4012130
3321:(11): 168–170.
3310:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2548:Perseus Project
2508:
2504:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2380:coralline algae
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2235:Pygmy seahorses
2170:(Tyro seahorse)
1473:H. subelongatus
1445:
1393:H. trimaculatus
1376:labor induction
1354:as a result of
1325:
1185:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1098:
1087:
1068:
976:
943:
894:
881:
861:
843:
830:
813:
804:
791:
774:
756:
736:
730:
653:Rimini Province
649:Marecchia River
631:
607:prehensile tail
553:Spiny seahorse
547:
465:
437:prehensile tail
407:), itself from
275:
269:
246:
212:Syngnathiformes
157:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
59:
58:
51:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6313:
6311:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5548:Mating systems
5545:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5425:
5415:
5402:
5389:
5379:
5366:
5353:
5340:
5327:
5314:
5301:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5252:
5239:
5226:
5211:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5173:External links
5171:
5169:
5168:
5107:
5098:
5092:
5075:
5038:
5025:
4996:
4978:(6): 1557–69.
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4927:(2): 273–286.
4907:
4843:
4781:
4707:
4680:(2): 384–392.
4661:
4614:(779): 27–49.
4585:
4538:
4516:
4500:
4474:
4439:
4417:
4395:
4369:
4357:
4335:
4310:
4285:
4250:
4227:
4172:
4137:(4): 563–570.
4131:Marine Biology
4113:
4056:
4004:
3969:(3): 487–494.
3953:
3924:(3): 655–660.
3897:
3875:
3869:978-0878930050
3868:
3847:
3832:
3779:
3736:
3722:
3687:
3661:
3618:
3559:
3506:
3477:
3464:(3): 369–376.
3444:
3415:(3): 432–437.
3395:
3376:(3): 634–640.
3347:
3291:
3250:
3193:
3131:
3088:
3039:
3000:
2993:
2975:
2963:
2920:
2877:
2836:
2818:
2783:
2758:
2728:
2710:
2682:
2655:
2644:. 7 April 2008
2629:
2604:
2592:dictionary.com
2579:
2572:
2552:
2502:
2496:978-0199206872
2495:
2478:
2455:
2437:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2375:Antennellopsis
2239:Main article:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2171:
2153:
2139:
2125:
2111:
2097:
2079:
2065:
2051:
2033:
2022:
2004:
1986:
1948:
1934:
1920:
1906:
1888:
1874:
1860:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1787:
1772:
1758:
1740:
1726:
1708:
1690:
1676:
1665:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1552:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1444:
1441:
1331:Dried seahorse
1324:
1321:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1227:bottom-feeding
1204:immune systems
1187:
1186:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1067:
1064:
995:themselves to
975:
974:Feeding habits
972:
951:H. abdominalis
942:
939:
927:Amanda Vincent
893:
890:
880:
877:
860:
857:
842:
839:
829:
826:
812:
809:
803:
800:
790:
787:
773:
770:
755:
752:
729:
726:
714:Atlantic Ocean
681:middle Miocene
657:Lower Pliocene
630:
627:
546:
543:
538:H. hippocampus
520:Thames Estuary
464:
461:
371:(also written
363:
362:
361:
360:
349:
338:
327:
316:
302:
301:
295:
294:
284:
283:
277:
276:
270:
261:
260:
254:
253:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
202:Actinopterygii
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
139:
138:
130:
129:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
65:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6312:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6190:Spotted hyena
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5897:
5896:penis fencing
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:apophallation
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5775:Invertebrates
5772:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:opportunistic
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5632:penile spines
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5607:Fertilisation
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Pelvic thrust
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:mate guarding
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:(2): 118–22.
4454:
4450:
4443:
4440:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4246:0-89164-169-6
4243:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:J. Evol. Biol
3751:
3749:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:(2): 273–86.
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2994:9781782403210
2990:
2987:. Ivy Press.
2986:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2669:IUCN Red List
2665:
2659:
2656:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:Scott, Robert
2535:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2407:Acanthogorgia
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:H. bargibanti
2350:
2346:
2345:ribosomal RNA
2343:analysis (of
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:H. waleananus
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:H. bargibanti
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:Hippocampinae
2234:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1339:Seahorse and
1337:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130: –
1129:
1125:
1124:Find sources:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1102:This section
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:invertebrates
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
989:
988:pivot feeding
985:
980:
973:
971:
968:
967:mate-guarding
964:
959:
956:
952:
948:
940:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
917:
912:
905:
904:
898:
891:
889:
886:
878:
876:
873:
865:
858:
856:
853:
848:
841:Fertilization
840:
838:
836:
827:
825:
817:
810:
808:
801:
799:
797:
788:
786:
784:
780:
771:
769:
766:
761:
753:
751:
749:
740:
735:
727:
725:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:Pacific Ocean
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
668:H. slovenicus
664:
663:
662:H. sarmaticus
658:
654:
651:formation of
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
619:
613:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:pectoral fins
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
569:
562:
558:
557:
551:
544:
542:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:H. guttulatus
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
489:South America
486:
485:North America
482:
478:
474:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
423:
411:
399:
395:
394:Ancient Greek
391:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
306:
305:
303:
300:
296:
293:
291:
285:
282:
278:
273:
268:
267:
262:
259:
255:
250:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:Hippocampinae
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
57:to present –
56:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6237:olive baboon
6185:Hippopotamus
6173:domestic cat
6121:domestic dog
6049:golden eagle
6016:Crocodilians
5664:polygynandry
5585:cloacal kiss
5190:
5119:
5115:
5102:
5081:
5049:(8): 294–7.
5046:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5004:
5000:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4898:. Retrieved
4870:
4866:
4857:
4801:
4795:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4677:
4673:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4519:
4511:
4503:
4486:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4420:
4408:. Retrieved
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4382:
4372:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4301:. Retrieved
4298:Seahorse.com
4297:
4288:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4236:
4230:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4024:
4020:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3892:the original
3859:
3856:Alcock, John
3850:
3835:
3824:the original
3803:
3799:
3790:
3782:
3760:(6): 882–8.
3757:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3725:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3682:the original
3677:
3634:(1): 11–20.
3631:
3627:
3621:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3461:
3457:
3447:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3339:the original
3318:
3315:Science News
3314:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3151:
3147:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3059:(4): 521–3.
3056:
3052:
3042:
3020:(2): 71–96.
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2984:
2978:
2966:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2831:ScienceDaily
2830:
2821:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2694:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2562:
2555:
2541:
2505:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2340:unclassified
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2257:
2249:
2219:
2205:
2191:
2173:
2155:
2141:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2081:
2067:
2053:
2035:
2030:Peters, 1877
2024:
2006:
1988:
1950:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1890:
1876:
1862:
1832:
1818:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1760:
1742:
1728:
1710:
1692:
1685:J. D. Ogilby
1678:
1673:Fricke, 2004
1667:
1649:
1635:
1621:
1610:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1554:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1432:
1413:
1398:
1379:
1370:, wheezing,
1349:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1259:
1255:sea anemones
1223:
1208:
1200:brine shrimp
1190:
1175:
1169:January 2018
1166:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1123:
1111:Please help
1106:verification
1103:
1074:H. paradoxus
1072:
1069:
1053:
1035:
1017:Mysid shrimp
993:
960:
955:H. breviceps
954:
950:
944:
935:
920:
901:
882:
874:
870:
846:
844:
831:
822:
805:
792:
783:water column
775:
757:
745:
728:Reproduction
722:
717:
692:
666:
660:
647:), from the
645:H. ramulosus
644:
638:
632:
616:
614:
611:
576:
571:
554:
536:
530:
524:
517:
506:
497:ranges from
492:
466:
457:Syngnathidae
452:Phyllopteryx
450:
444:
388:
387:
376:
372:
368:
366:
352:Phyllopteryx
351:
340:
329:
318:
307:
287:
264:
258:Type species
242:
241:
222:Syngnathidae
146:
44:
5976:Salamanders
5856:Echinoderms
5839:sea anemone
5822:Cephalopods
5726:cannibalism
5649:promiscuity
5568:mating plug
5558:mating call
5553:mate choice
5331:iNaturalist
5248:Hippocampus
5235:Hippocampus
5221:Hippocampus
5215:Wikispecies
5191:Hippocampus
5007:: 258–260.
4917:Hippocampus
4858:Hippocampus
4558:(1): 1–66.
4548:Hippocampus
4432:11 December
4410:11 November
4350:11 November
4328:11 November
3800:Anim. Behav
3522:: 115–123.
3010:Hippocampus
2776:16 November
2648:11 November
2622:15 November
2446:Hippocampus
2349:Hippocampus
2335:H. japapigu
2317:H. satomiae
2311:H. severnsi
2299:H. colemani
2287:H. minotaur
1973:H. Hamilton
1855:H. Hamilton
1449:Hippocampus
1428:South Korea
1405:Indonesians
1400:H. mohnikei
1381:H. kellogii
1356:overfishing
1345:street food
1343:skewers as
1323:Consumption
1268:pH: 8.1–8.4
1243:triggerfish
1229:creatures.
1219:crustaceans
1191:While many
1052:Seahorses (
1009:crustaceans
986:. They use
684:lagerstätte
675:horizon of
671:, from the
618:H. zosterae
572:H. jayakari
545:Description
508:H. zosterae
499:Nova Scotia
477:coral reefs
398:hippókampos
389:Hippocampus
319:Farlapiscis
308:Acentronura
243:Hippocampus
228:Subfamily:
36:Hippocampus
6284:Categories
5951:Amphibians
5931:Salmon run
5861:Gastropods
5783:Arthropods
5748:intralocus
5743:interlocus
5721:bimaturism
5580:Copulation
5573:lek mating
5122:(1): 138.
4606:H. pontohi
4496:0939616424
4406:. Fishbase
4192:(4): 378.
3537:2123/31726
3213:(1): 164.
3053:Biol. Lett
2691:"Seahorse"
2512:ἱππόκαμπος
2414:References
2369:Lytocarpus
2364:hydrozoans
2305:H. pontohi
2013:Piacentino
1969:De Brauwer
1547:Richardson
1407:, central
1385:H. histrix
1352:endangered
1291:freshwater
1139:newspapers
1128:"Seahorse"
1013:camouflage
947:pair bonds
835:ovipositor
779:copulation
765:ovipositor
732:See also:
706:camouflage
673:coprolitic
603:caudal fin
587:dorsal fin
561:East Timor
556:H. histrix
446:Phycodurus
441:pipefishes
404:ἱππόκαμπος
341:Macleayina
249:Rafinesque
60:23–0
6218:Primates
6207:Pinnipeds
6195:Marsupial
6126:gray wolf
5886:earthworm
5871:love dart
5844:jellyfish
5813:butterfly
5706:anisogamy
5694:synchrony
5684:cuckoldry
5654:polyandry
5504:evolution
5146:1471-2148
4887:1175-5334
4873:: 54–68.
4758:1313-2970
4694:1175-5334
4638:1313-2970
4572:1175-5334
4214:0378-1909
4159:0025-3162
4090:1742-5689
3991:1469-7769
3948:0028-8330
3697:Behaviour
3605:0737-4038
3554:237505281
3431:0022-0949
3237:2041-1723
2915:1755-2672
2475:(4): 313.
2395:Muricella
2293:H. denise
2134:Castelnau
1961:Claassens
1869:Boulenger
1603:Boulenger
1486:H. whitei
1409:Filipinos
1368:impotence
1317:estuarine
1309:Barbour's
1215:mysidacea
1196:hobbyists
1058:) at the
1023:and even
961:Although
859:Gestation
796:hold-fast
760:courtship
754:Courtship
698:Oligocene
679:Hills, a
623:chameleon
595:Razorfish
583:bony fish
481:mangroves
473:estuaries
381:bony fish
377:sea horse
373:sea-horse
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
50:Seahorses
18:Seahorses
6242:mandrill
6200:kangaroo
6143:Elephant
6054:seabirds
5986:Reptiles
5936:Seahorse
5834:Cnidaria
5798:scorpion
5731:coercion
5689:seasonal
5659:polygyny
5644:monogamy
5617:external
5612:internal
5297:46567766
5255:BioLib:
5200:Wikidata
5164:17697373
5071:21236858
5036:: 34–43.
5021:54391512
4992:53192875
4949:14715220
4891:Archived
4838:32508498
4776:29187790
4702:27701270
4656:30166895
4580:27515600
4498:. p. 815
4469:12801499
4222:26782777
4167:84452341
4108:17626004
4051:24281430
4027:: 2840.
3999:86160386
3858:(2005).
3820:53192875
3774:40777563
3648:10640362
3613:26330546
3546:34517263
3516:Placenta
3439:17234612
3270:: 1–61.
3245:21266964
3188:27974754
3126:14715220
3083:19451164
2958:13917616
2872:26138983
2813:23470547
2703:15 April
2675:15 April
2642:BBC News
2390:sea fans
2385:Halimeda
2347:) of 32
2074:Ginsburg
2017:Luzzatto
1965:R. Smith
1847:Motomura
1843:R. Smith
1797:Linnaeus
1753:Evermann
1660:Schlegel
1656:Temminck
1589:Bianconi
1341:scorpion
1300:H. aimei
1295:pipefish
1284:refugium
1193:aquarium
1030:copepods
984:copepods
963:monogamy
941:Monogamy
702:tectonic
688:Slovenia
635:pipefish
591:pipefish
469:seagrass
369:seahorse
356:Swainson
334:Ginsburg
299:Synonyms
272:Linnaeus
218:Family:
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
6259:Raccoon
6232:gorilla
6168:cheetah
6153:Felidae
6138:Dolphin
6131:red fox
6071:Mammals
6021:Tuatara
5999:lizards
5891:epitoky
5827:octopus
5486:General
5421:5758410
5398:1007058
5323:8156547
5155:1978501
5124:Bibcode
5051:Bibcode
4929:Bibcode
4867:Zootaxa
4829:7253503
4806:Bibcode
4802:ZooKeys
4767:5704180
4736:Bibcode
4732:ZooKeys
4674:Zootaxa
4647:6110155
4616:Bibcode
4612:ZooKeys
4552:Zootaxa
4303:8 April
4268:Bibcode
4194:Bibcode
4139:Bibcode
4099:2607401
4029:Bibcode
3971:Bibcode
3926:Bibcode
3717:4535169
3656:5999610
3390:1447527
3335:4012130
3272:Bibcode
3215:Bibcode
3179:8127814
3156:Bibcode
3106:Bibcode
3074:2781918
3022:Bibcode
2938:Bibcode
2895:Bibcode
2850:Science
2597:19 June
2546:at the
2401:Annella
2388:), and
2329:H. nalu
2273:⁄
2263:⁄
2212:Whitley
2198:Bleeker
2162:Randall
1981:Harasti
1943:Bleeker
1915:Bleeker
1851:Harasti
1799:, 1758)
1721:Randall
1561:Whitley
1529:Günther
1460:H. kuda
1443:Species
1389:H. kuda
1305:synonym
1251:octopus
1153:scholar
1085:Aquaria
1079:bycatch
997:seaweed
677:Tunjice
513:Bahamas
503:Uruguay
463:Habitat
383:in the
323:Whitley
290:Species
281:Species
238:Genus:
208:Order:
198:Class:
6264:Rodent
6227:bonobo
6212:walrus
6111:coyote
6004:snakes
5941:Sharks
5882:Worms
5878:Sponge
5808:insect
5803:beetle
5793:spider
5711:oogamy
5434:126224
5418:uBio:
5382:NZOR:
5349:166487
5310:1HPPCG
5258:126803
5206:Q74363
5162:
5152:
5144:
5090:
5069:
5019:
4990:
4947:
4900:9 June
4885:
4836:
4826:
4774:
4764:
4756:
4700:
4692:
4654:
4644:
4636:
4578:
4570:
4531:13 May
4494:
4467:
4388:28 May
4244:
4220:
4212:
4165:
4157:
4106:
4096:
4088:
4049:
3997:
3989:
3946:
3866:
3818:
3772:
3715:
3654:
3646:
3611:
3603:
3552:
3544:
3437:
3429:
3388:
3370:Copeia
3333:
3243:
3235:
3186:
3176:
3148:Nature
3124:
3081:
3071:
2991:
2973:(2009)
2956:
2913:
2870:
2811:
2751:17 May
2613:"Home"
2570:
2528:κάμπος
2493:
2404:, and
2226:Jordan
2214:, 1964
2200:, 1855
2186:, 2009
2184:Kuiter
2182:&
2168:, 2009
2166:Lourie
2164:&
2150:, 1814
2136:, 1873
2122:, 1913
2106:Jordan
2094:, 2008
2092:Kuiter
2090:&
2088:Lourie
2076:, 1933
2062:, 2004
2060:Fricke
2048:, 2008
2046:Kuiter
2044:&
2042:Lourie
2019:, 2004
2015:&
2001:, 2010
1997:&
1995:Foster
1983:, 2020
1979:&
1945:, 1854
1931:, 1997
1917:, 1852
1903:, 1901
1901:Snyder
1899:&
1897:Jordan
1885:, 2001
1883:Kuiter
1871:, 1900
1857:, 2018
1853:&
1827:, 1858
1825:Girard
1813:, 1856
1784:, 2017
1769:, 1829
1767:Cuvier
1755:, 1903
1751:&
1749:Jordan
1737:, 1810
1723:, 2003
1719:&
1717:Lourie
1705:, 2009
1703:Kuiter
1701:&
1687:, 1908
1662:, 1850
1658:&
1644:, 1850
1642:Cantor
1630:, 2003
1628:Kuiter
1605:, 1900
1591:, 1854
1577:, 1869
1575:Peters
1563:, 1970
1549:, 1908
1545:&
1543:Jordan
1531:, 1870
1517:, 1856
1503:, 1827
1501:Lesson
1426:, and
1424:Norway
1253:, and
1231:Gobies
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1025:larval
718:Nature
579:equine
479:, and
471:beds,
428:κάμπος
422:kámpos
410:híppos
347:, 1907
345:Fowler
336:, 1937
330:Jamsus
325:, 1931
314:, 1853
274:, 1758
251:, 1810
6222:human
6180:Fossa
6163:tiger
6116:dingo
6101:Canid
6031:Birds
5964:frogs
5849:coral
5639:Modes
5429:WoRMS
5411:35862
5375:72046
5336:54541
5284:636V8
5271:64326
5017:S2CID
4988:S2CID
4894:(PDF)
4863:(PDF)
4218:S2CID
4163:S2CID
3995:S2CID
3827:(PDF)
3816:S2CID
3796:(PDF)
3770:S2CID
3713:JSTOR
3652:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3499:8 May
3386:JSTOR
3342:(PDF)
3331:JSTOR
3311:(PDF)
2954:S2CID
2520:ἵππος
2452:WoRMS
2357:clade
2180:Gomon
2148:Leach
2120:Weber
1999:Gomon
1957:Short
1929:Gomon
1839:Short
1782:Senou
1735:Perry
1699:Gomon
1420:Japan
1416:CITES
1247:squid
1239:tangs
1160:JSTOR
1146:books
1001:coral
879:Birth
559:from
433:horse
416:ἵππος
385:genus
6158:lion
5926:Eels
5908:Fish
5788:crab
5370:NCBI
5344:ITIS
5318:GBIF
5305:EPPO
5266:BOLD
5160:PMID
5142:ISSN
5088:ISBN
5067:PMID
4945:PMID
4902:2009
4883:ISSN
4871:1963
4834:PMID
4772:PMID
4754:ISSN
4698:PMID
4690:ISSN
4678:4170
4652:PMID
4634:ISSN
4576:PMID
4568:ISSN
4556:4146
4533:2014
4512:Nova
4492:ISBN
4465:PMID
4434:2013
4412:2009
4390:2024
4352:2009
4330:2009
4305:2024
4242:ISBN
4210:ISSN
4155:ISSN
4125:and
4104:PMID
4086:ISSN
4047:PMID
3987:ISSN
3944:ISSN
3864:ISBN
3644:PMID
3609:PMID
3601:ISSN
3542:PMID
3501:2007
3435:PMID
3427:ISSN
3374:1996
3241:PMID
3233:ISSN
3184:PMID
3122:PMID
3079:PMID
2989:ISBN
2911:ISSN
2868:PMID
2809:PMID
2778:2015
2753:2012
2705:2024
2677:2024
2650:2009
2624:2015
2599:2016
2568:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2372:and
1977:Stat
1811:Kaup
1515:Kaup
1397:and
1358:and
1311:and
1235:eels
1132:news
953:and
748:eggs
665:and
449:and
375:and
358:1839
312:Kaup
288:see
68:PreꞒ
6084:rut
5357:NBN
5292:EoL
5279:CoL
5243:AFD
5230:ADW
5150:PMC
5132:doi
5059:doi
5009:doi
4980:doi
4970:".
4937:doi
4875:doi
4824:PMC
4814:doi
4762:PMC
4744:doi
4682:doi
4642:PMC
4624:doi
4560:doi
4510:on
4457:doi
4276:doi
4202:doi
4147:doi
4135:127
4129:".
4094:PMC
4078:doi
4037:doi
3979:doi
3934:doi
3808:doi
3762:doi
3705:doi
3701:128
3636:doi
3591:hdl
3581:doi
3532:hdl
3524:doi
3520:114
3466:doi
3417:doi
3413:210
3378:doi
3368:".
3323:doi
3319:157
3280:doi
3223:doi
3174:PMC
3164:doi
3152:540
3114:doi
3069:PMC
3061:doi
3030:doi
2946:doi
2903:doi
2858:doi
2854:349
2801:doi
2378:),
1436:TCM
1115:by
929:of
885:fry
686:in
501:to
487:to
6286::
5431::
5408::
5395::
5372::
5359::
5346::
5333::
5320::
5307::
5294::
5281::
5268::
5245::
5232::
5217::
5202::
5158:.
5148:.
5140:.
5130:.
5118:.
5114:.
5065:.
5057:.
5045:.
5034:12
5032:.
5015:.
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5003:.
4986:.
4976:50
4974:.
4943:.
4935:.
4925:30
4923:.
4889:.
4881:.
4869:.
4865:.
4860:)"
4846:^
4832:.
4822:.
4812:.
4800:.
4784:^
4770:.
4760:.
4752:.
4742:.
4730:.
4710:^
4696:.
4688:.
4676:.
4664:^
4650:.
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4632:.
4622:.
4610:.
4588:^
4574:.
4566:.
4554:.
4477:^
4463:.
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