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dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. During the siege, many
Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saigō's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. In the meantime, on March 9, Saigō, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.
1275:. These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the
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523:, 1877. This painting was imagined and depicted by a French illustrator, portraying a central figure seated in a Western-style military uniform on a chair, likely based on hearsay as Saigō Takamori. The entourage surrounding him, all dressed in heavily armored samurai attire from the 1500s, is entirely a product of the French artist's imagination and is completely inaccurate.
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each. 14 such regiments existed for a total of 45,920 infantry. An engineer company contained 150 men. The engineers had 10 companies, giving a total of 1,500 engineers. The train companies contained 80 men. There were a total of six companies giving a total of 480 men. There were also nine coastal artillery battalions of 100 men, a total of 900 men.
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19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of
Kumamoto Castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. Kumamoto Castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saigō was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent
818:, confessed that they were spies who had been sent to assassinate Saigō. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saigō". Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to
1336:, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."
814:, and they found the prospect of rebellion by the numerous and fierce Satsuma samurai, led by the famous and popular Saigō, an alarming one. In December 1876, the Meiji government sent a police officer named Nakahara Hisao and 57 other men to investigate reports of subversive activities and unrest. The men were captured, and under
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Saigō wore his army uniform. Marching north, his army was hampered by the deepest snowfall
Satsuma had seen in more than 50 years, which, because of the similarity to the weather that had greeted those setting out to enact the Meiji Restoration nine years earlier, was interpreted by some as a sign of divine support.
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stockpiled at the
Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. This, accompanied by an elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, provoked open conflict. Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saigō's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. Over the next three days,
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A cavalry squadron contained 150 in wartime. However, due to difficulties in securing horses suited for modern war, only three squadrons were available, for a total of 450 cavalrymen (including the
Imperial guard squadron). An infantry regiment had three battalions of 1,088 men and 16 battalion staff
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political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of
Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. Support for Saigō was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central
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from £28,000,000 to £70,000,000. The costs of pacifying the former samurai led to the Meiji government becoming virtually bankrupt; the government was forced to sell off state-owned enterprises such as factories and mines to politically-connected merchants and former officials at low prices, leading
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had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. However, most of the garrison was from Kyūshū, while a significant number of officers were natives of
Kagoshima; their loyalties were open to question. Rather than risk desertions or defections, Tani decided to stand on the defensive. On February
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After his failure to take
Kumamoto, Saigō led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. Morale was extremely low, and lacking any strategy, the Satsuma forces dug in to wait for the next Imperial Army offensive. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for
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by the likely outcome of his being assassinated by Korean nationalists. Saigō expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. When
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of the Kokura
Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces
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against the
Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). At the height of the battle, Saigō wrote a private letter to Prince Arisugawa, restating his reasons for going to Tokyo. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. The government,
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and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. To aid in the air of legality,
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In 1871, the imperial government organised the Rasotsu, which expanded rapidly from its original 3,000 to 18,000 in 1877. These policemen were militarised and saw action throughout the rebellion. During the conflict, the government side expended, on average, 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000
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The imperial guard, a force drawn from the pro-imperial forces of the Boshin War, was organised into two regiments of infantry (4,384), one cavalry squadron (150), one artillery battalion (12 guns and 290 men), one engineer company (150), and a train company (80 men), giving a total of 5,054 men.
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The forces of Saigo were only partly modernised, with an ad hoc organisation made in 1877 with 6 infantry battalions of 2,000 men, each with 10 companies of 200 per battalion. There was little to no cavalry in the rebel army and only 200 gunners for the 28 mountain, 2 field and 30 mortar pieces
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outnumbered Saigō 60-to-1. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to
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As per the 1873 conscription law, Japan was divided into six military districts with conscripts drawn by lots, with seven years service (three active and four reserve) for the conscripted and service for 20 years in the national militia for those not chosen for active service.
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in Kagoshima. Soon 132 branches were established all over the prefecture. The “training” provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. Saigō also started an
1059:. However, Saigō burned his private papers and army uniform on August 19, and slipped away towards Kagoshima with his remaining able-bodied men. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saigō and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized
862:, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saigō, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saigō's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board
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The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. Most of Saigō's remaining forces either surrendered or committed
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north of Saigō's army, and Saigō was caught in a pincer attack. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery.
1266:. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from £13,700,000 to £10,250,000, and it raised Japan's
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On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and
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In order to cut Saigō off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody.
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The mobile artillery consisted of 12 mountain gun batteries with 1,920 men and six field gun batteries with 780 men, with each battery containing 12 guns. A total of 2,700 men with 108 guns were in the mobile artillery.
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On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto Castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. The main Imperial Army, under General
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After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end.
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and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. The rebellion lasted from 29 January until 24 September of 1877, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader,
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asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. Saigō was severely wounded. Legend says that one of his followers,
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before he could be captured. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saigō in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity.
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Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. Imperial forces emerged victorious, but with heavy casualties on both sides. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded.
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620:. The conflict effectively ended the samurai class and ushered in modern warfare fought by conscript soldiers instead of military nobles. It is also the most recent civil war fought in Japan.
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by force, but were repelled. The following day, Hayashi declared to Oyama that he could not permit Kawamura to go ashore when the situation was so unsettled, and that the attack on
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Presented with this sudden success, the greatly dismayed Saigō was reluctantly persuaded to come out of his semi-retirement to lead the rebellion against the central government.
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who had initially supported the reforms, was especially concerned about growing political corruption – popular prints depicted the rebel army with banners bearing the words
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would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saigō. On the same day, Saigō met with his lieutenants
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on March 19. After receiving reinforcements, the imperial force, now totaling 4,000 men, attacked the rear elements of the Satsuma army and drove them back.
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Word of Saigō's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. The government had just dealt with several small but violent samurai revolts in
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Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from
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had proven itself in battle. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a
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Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84.
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stand in his memory. Saigō Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of
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the plan was rejected, Saigō resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of
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Saigō's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the
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Buck, James H. (1973). "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle".
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of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. The very rapid and massive changes to
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In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". Mark Ravina, the author of
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The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on
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517:(seated, in French uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. News article in
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Samurai fighting the Imperial army during the Subjugation of Kagoshima in Sasshu (Satsuma), by
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To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saigō established a private academy known as the
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several weeks to permit reinforcement. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to
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1809:. Studies in war, society, and the military. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right
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debate of 1873. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provide a
640:, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new
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After Saigō rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young
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1005:. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of
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On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto Castle in a
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Imperial Japanese Army fortifications encircling Shiroyama. 1877 photograph.
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more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.
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officers of the Kumamoto garrison, who resisted Saigō Takamori's siege, 1877
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1490:. Illustrations: Giuseppe Rava. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 57–67.
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Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of
1975:
Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army
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Saigō and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a
730:, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces.
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Why Has Japan 'Succeeded'?: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos
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1025:, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct
656:, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the
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1873:. Cambridge (Mass.): the Belknap press of Harvard university press.
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442:
1807:
In the service of the Emperor: essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
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Shiba, Gorō; Ishimitsu, Mahito; Craig, Teruko; Shiba, Gorō (1999).
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1984:
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Giving up the gun : Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543-1879
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Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B (2006).
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Japanese Armies 1868–1877: The Boshin War & Satsuma Rebellion
1951:
Japanese political history since the Meiji renovation, 1868-2000
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1988:
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Japan Goes to War: A Chronology of Japanese Military Expansion
1826:
A modern history of Japan: from Tokugawa times to the present
1724:
The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History
1545:
The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History
1530:
The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History
1787:(Nachdr. ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
1187:, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions.
1106:(軍務所) banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort.
1932:
The last samurai: the life and battles of Saigō Takamori
1647:
The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
1334:
The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
1350:
Western interpretations include the 2003 American film
1846:
A history of Japan : from stone age to superpower
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to the instant formation of large industrial firms or
1689:"The Last Samurai: The True History Behind The Film"
1560:
East Asia: a cultural, social, and political history
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1892:. New York Chichester: Columbia University Press.
1032:On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saigō out of
840:In February 1877, the Meiji government dispatched
1146:Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces
3167:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1890:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his world, 1852-1912
1849:. New York: New York : St. Martin's Press.
1655:Names, Romanizations, and Spelling (page 2 of 2)
1297:had no appreciable effect. On 22 February 1889,
858:to ascertain the situation. Satsuma's governor,
3137:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
549:
34:
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1739:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
1595:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–95.
1346:List of Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion films
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2000:
1785:Remembering Aizu: the testament of Shiba Gorō
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8:
1934:. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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2484:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
1980:Organization of Imperial and Satsuma Forces
709:. Saigō was a strong proponent of war with
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676:, one of the senior Satsuma leaders in the
666:justification used to overthrow the former
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2007:
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451:
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31:
2887:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2497:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
1687:Mclaughlin, William (November 11, 2016).
1178:and marines under the command of Admiral
893:on February 12, Hayashi met with General
3213:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Japan
2270:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1403:
1065:
660:('expel the barbarian') portion of the
632:had been one of the key players in the
580:against the new imperial government of
3085:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1562:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 356–357.
1367:Also, the song Shiroyama in the album
885:to fight the Satsuma rebellion in 1877
1915:. Boston: Boston : D.R. Godine.
1828:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
2489:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
2245:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1481:
1479:
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1262:and causing the government to print
1258:(£8,400,000), forcing Japan off the
592:, which had been influential in the
3157:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
2399:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
1695:from the original on March 25, 2020
937:on February 14. The commandant of
933:The Satsuma vanguard crossed into
25:
1620:. Osprey Publishing. p. 202.
1618:Samurai: The World of the Warrior
1415:Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
601:, was shot and mortally wounded.
3215:
2857:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2120:
1385:
1375:is about the Satsuma rebellion.
1371:by the Swedish power metal band
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3282:Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion
2872:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1304:Saigō posthumously. Statues in
994:however, refused to negotiate.
970:with the assistance of General
758:government by the end of 1876.
3288:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
3127:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
2240:Imperial Rescript on Education
1212:and aided Saigō in committing
1075:Kagoshima boto shutsujinzu by
901:, and it was decided that the
753:school. The schools resembled
67:29 January – 24 September 1877
1:
2573:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
2479:Imperial General Headquarters
2070:Foreign commerce and shipping
1843:Henshall, Kenneth G. (2001).
881:Imperial troops embarking at
3396:Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion
2905:Hirohito surrender broadcast
2300:Greater East Asia Conference
1712:General and cited references
1250:during the Satsuma Rebellion
27:1877 Japanese samurai revolt
2285:Supreme Court of Judicature
1486:Esposito, Gabriele (2020).
702:new government, rich virtue
550:
3759:
3635:Hibiya incendiary incident
3390:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion
3252:Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion
2996:Second Philippine Republic
2769:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
1870:The making of modern Japan
1616:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
1343:
1155:
981:
926:
793:artillery shells per day.
588:. Its name comes from the
356:4,000 captured or deserted
3536:Military Academy incident
2877:Japan during World War II
2832:Pacification of Manchukuo
2724:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
2719:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2588:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
2310:Imperial Japanese Airways
2118:
1949:Sims, Richard L. (2001).
1591:Michio Morishima (1982).
802:assembled by the rebels.
687:
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484:
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353:21,000 killed and wounded
347:15,000 killed and wounded
341:
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39:
3524:League of Blood Incident
2852:Second Sino-Japanese War
2794:Racial Equality Proposal
2374:Agriculture and Commerce
1063:, overlooking the city.
1040:. Troops were landed at
929:Siege of Kumamoto Castle
923:Siege of Kumamoto Castle
2764:Washington Naval Treaty
2709:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
2694:First Sino-Japanese War
2513:Nuclear weapons program
2255:Great Japan Youth Party
2182:National seals of Japan
1824:Gordon, Andrew (2003).
1719:Henry Mounsey, Augustus
1429:"The Satsuma Rebellion"
844:, an official with the
2842:Motherland controversy
2812:Shōwa financial crisis
2604:Imperial Japanese Navy
2544:Imperial Japanese Army
2275:Peace Preservation Law
1953:. New York: Palgrave.
1888:Keene, Donald (2005).
1691:. War History Online.
1312:and near the ruins of
1251:
1248:Imperial Japanese Army
1234:
1195:
1167:
903:Imperial Japanese Army
886:
870:constituted an act of
837:
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738:Imperial Japanese Army
584:, nine years into the
524:
132:Commanders and leaders
3312:Shishigatani incident
2754:Siberian Intervention
2563:Railways and Shipping
2379:Commerce and Industry
2075:Industrial production
1930:Ravina, Mark (2004).
1907:Perrin, Noel (1979).
1737:The Meiji restoration
1427:Szczepanski, Kallie.
1245:
1228:
1193:
1165:
1108:Japan Currency Museum
1016:Retreat from Kumamoto
880:
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342:Casualties and losses
3542:February 26 incident
3408:Shimonoseki Campaign
3172:Political dissidence
3021:Occupied territories
2759:General Election Law
2583:Taiwan Army of Japan
1134:Battle of Tabaruzaka
984:Battle of Tabaruzaka
978:Battle of Tabaruzaka
918:The Southwestern War
762:Status of combatants
531:, also known as the
396:Meiji era rebellions
316:5,054 Imperial Guard
313:51,800 Imperial Army
3457:Shinpūren Rebellion
3414:Tenchūgumi incident
3384:Shakushain's revolt
3372:Shimabara Rebellion
3348:Yamashiro Rebellion
3318:Siege of Hōjūjidono
3246:Kibi Clan Rebellion
2991:Wang Jingwei regime
2901:Potsdam Declaration
2892:Soviet–Japanese War
2847:Anti-Comintern Pact
2837:January 28 incident
2822:London Naval Treaty
2699:Triple Intervention
2528:Supreme War Council
2412:deliberative bodies
1756:Monumenta Nipponica
1661:on August 7, 2011.
1651:John Wiley and Sons
1635:. Diane Publishing.
1547:. pp. 238–239.
1543:Mounsey, Augustus.
1528:Mounsey, Augustus.
1166:Battle of Shiroyama
1158:Battle of Shiroyama
1152:Battle of Shiroyama
948:Shinpūren rebellion
935:Kumamoto Prefecture
334:60 artillery pieces
55:Map of the campaign
3738:Shizoku rebellions
3487:Fukushima incident
3481:Takebashi incident
3445:Two Lords Incident
2714:Russo-Japanese War
2684:Two Lords Incident
2339:Imperial Household
1631:Perkins, Dorothy.
1340:In popular culture
1252:
1235:
1196:
1180:Kawamura Sumiyoshi
1168:
911:Shinohara Kunimoto
887:
850:Kawamura Sumiyoshi
838:
820:remove the weapons
742:
668:Tokugawa shogunate
525:
3733:Conflicts in 1877
3723:Satsuma Rebellion
3710:
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3706:
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3629:Nagasaki incident
3575:
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3493:Chichibu incident
3475:Satsuma Rebellion
3463:Akizuki Rebellion
3410: (1863–1864)
3402:Teradaya incident
3386: (1669–1672)
3374: (1637–1638)
3270:Jinshin Rebellion
3180:
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2669:Meiji Restoration
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2394:Greater East Asia
2280:Political parties
2235:Foreign relations
1960:978-0-312-23914-5
1941:978-0-471-08970-4
1922:978-0-87923-278-8
1899:978-0-231-12341-9
1880:978-0-674-00334-7
1865:Jansen, Marius B.
1856:978-0-312-23370-9
1835:978-0-19-511061-6
1816:978-0-8032-1708-9
1794:978-0-8248-2157-9
1746:978-0-8047-0815-9
1675:978-1-118-04556-5
1657:. Retrieved from
1569:978-0-618-13384-0
1497:978-1-4728-3706-6
1027:guerrilla attacks
889:On his return to
767:Imperial military
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137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
126:Satsuma Domain
116:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3755:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:1877 in Japan
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:Shinjuku riot
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
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3668:
3661:
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3655:
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3355:
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3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:Tengyō no Ran
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
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3247:
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3241:
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3208:
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3196:
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3173:
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3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Fukoku kyōhei
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
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3062:
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3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:Puppet states
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
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2945:
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2939:
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2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Fleet Faction
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:General Staff
2611:
2610:
2608:
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2594:
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2579:
2576:
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2556:
2554:
2553:General Staff
2551:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:military code
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:Imperial Diet
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Privy Council
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2397:
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2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
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2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Home Ministry
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
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2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Imperial Seal
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Flag of Japan
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
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2068:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
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1667:1-118-04556-4
1664:
1660:
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1602:9780521269032
1598:
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1571:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1539:
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1531:
1524:
1521:
1518:Perrin, p. 76
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
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1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
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1447:
1443:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:Hane Mikiso.
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
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1339:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:Emperor Meiji
1296:
1295:banzai charge
1292:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:national debt
1265:
1261:
1260:gold standard
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
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1125:
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1024:
1015:
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1008:
1004:
999:
995:
992:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
963:
960:
959:Nogi Maresuke
956:
951:
949:
944:
940:
936:
930:
922:
917:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
848:with Admiral
847:
846:Home Ministry
843:
836:
833:The clash at
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
813:
805:
803:
796:
794:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
761:
759:
756:
752:
747:
739:
735:
731:
729:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:social status
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
619:
618:gold standard
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
552:
547:
539:
534:
530:
522:
521:
516:
512:
500:
497:
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486:
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478:
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
448:
445:
433:
430:
428:
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420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
367:
355:
352:
351:
349:
346:
345:
340:
333:
330:
327:
326:
324:
319:18,000 police
318:
315:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
297:
295:
289:
279:
277:
275:
269:
259:
257:
255:
249:
239:
238:
236:
231:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Nogi Maresuke
204:
202:
192:
190:
180:
178:
168:
166:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Emperor Meiji
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
127:
117:
115:
104:
103:
98:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3699: (1970)
3693: (1968)
3687: (1952)
3681: (1946)
3662: (1923)
3656: (1918)
3637: (1905)
3631: (1886)
3625: (1873)
3606: (1686)
3600: (1441)
3568: (1970)
3562: (1961)
3556: (1945)
3550: (1945)
3544: (1936)
3538: (1934)
3532: (1932)
3526: (1932)
3520: (1931)
3514: (1931)
3495: (1884)
3489: (1882)
3483: (1878)
3477: (1877)
3474:
3471: (1876)
3465: (1876)
3459: (1876)
3453: (1874)
3447: (1868)
3428: (1864)
3422: (1864)
3416: (1863)
3404:(1862, 1866)
3398: (1837)
3392: (1789)
3380: (1651)
3368: (1603)
3344: (1441)
3338: (1428)
3332: (1221)
3326: (1201)
3320: (1184)
3314: (1177)
3308: (1160)
3302: (1156)
3105:Other topics
2941:
2779:Taishō Roman
2688:
2533:Conscription
2503:
2495:
2470:Armed Forces
2330:(ministries)
2230:Charter Oath
2225:Constitution
2107:State Shinto
2090:Essentialism
2040:Demographics
1950:
1931:
1910:
1889:
1869:
1845:
1825:
1806:
1784:
1759:
1755:
1736:
1727:. J. Murray.
1723:
1697:. Retrieved
1682:
1659:Google Books
1646:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1487:
1463:
1433:. Retrieved
1422:
1414:
1366:
1358:Edward Zwick
1356:directed by
1351:
1349:
1333:
1331:
1285:
1256:¥420,000,000
1253:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1172:final battle
1169:
1103:
1054:
1051:
1031:
1019:
1011:
1000:
996:
987:
964:
952:
932:
899:Itō Hirobumi
888:
872:lèse-majesté
867:
863:
854:
839:
825:
809:
800:
797:Rebel forces
791:
782:
778:
774:
770:
755:paramilitary
743:
720:
714:
681:
672:
661:
657:
627:
603:
551:Seinan Sensō
532:
528:
526:
518:
474:
426:
293:
273:
253:
217:
152:
100:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
3356:(1487–1488)
3350:(1485–1493)
3290: (764)
3284: (740)
3272: (672)
3266: (645)
3260: (527)
3254: (479)
3248: (463)
3147:Shōwa Modan
3122:Hakkō ichiu
3059:Philippines
2946:after 1943)
2924:Territories
2882:Pacific War
2742:World War I
2618:Air Service
2558:Air Service
2431:Gozen Kaigi
2147:(Yoshihito)
2139:(Mutsuhito)
2085:Nationalism
2030:Agriculture
1458:Buck, 1973.
1431:. ThoughtCo
1209:kaishakunin
1206:, acted as
1183:Yamagata's
943:Tani Tateki
722:casus belli
594:Restoration
201:Tani Tateki
3717:Categories
3654:Rice riots
3646:Taishō era
3589:Pre-Modern
3237:Pre-Modern
3230:rebellions
2911:Occupation
2734:Taishō era
2679:Boshin War
2523:War crimes
2319:Government
2295:Tonarigumi
2202:Privy Seal
2197:State Seal
2155:(Hirohito)
2080:Militarism
2035:Censorship
1506:1130012340
1362:Boshin War
1291:conscripts
1281:kokuryūkai
1231:Yoshitoshi
1077:Yoshitoshi
1034:Miyakonojō
1007:Miyanohara
638:Boshin War
624:Background
612:to modern
533:Seinan War
494:Tabaruzaka
44:rebellions
18:Seinan War
3697:Koza riot
3671:Shōwa era
3615:Meiji era
3580:Riots and
3504:Shōwa era
3437:Meiji era
3228:coups and
3226:Attempted
3112:Sonnō jōi
3064:Singapore
3049:Hong Kong
3011:Azad Hind
2986:Mengjiang
2981:Manchukuo
2955:Kantō-shū
2897:Surrender
2804:Shōwa era
2789:Truku War
2660:Meiji era
2628:Tokkeitai
2593:Kempeitai
2504:Senjinkun
2421:Daijō-kan
2384:Munitions
2265:Mokusatsu
2055:Education
1699:March 25,
1578:607716664
1435:March 16,
1398:Citations
1306:Ueno Park
1238:Aftermath
1185:artillery
1061:Shiroyama
991:Hitoyoshi
835:Kagoshima
751:artillery
746:Shi-gakkō
728:Kagoshima
716:Seikanron
663:sonnō jōi
628:Although
586:Meiji era
499:Shiroyama
412:Shinpūren
3090:Yen bloc
3078:Ideology
3069:Thailand
2938:Karafuto
2931:Colonies
2518:Kamikaze
2461:Military
2364:Treasury
2218:Policies
2209:Kimigayo
2130:Emperors
2097:Politics
2065:Eugenics
2023:Overview
1867:(2000).
1805:(1998).
1735:(1972).
1721:(1879).
1693:Archived
1653:, 2011.
1417:. p. 115
1379:See also
1302:pardoned
1277:genyosha
1273:zaibatsu
1104:Gunmusho
1023:Miyazaki
883:Yokohama
654:language
636:and the
572:, was a
538:Japanese
489:Kumamoto
432:Chichibu
305:Strength
72:Location
2651:History
2623:Marines
2260:Kokutai
2165:Symbols
2145:Taishō
2102:Statism
2045:Economy
1776:2383560
1373:Sabaton
1318:bushido
1215:seppuku
1056:seppuku
1038:Nobeoka
816:torture
806:Prelude
713:in the
696:
630:Satsuma
578:samurai
559:
546:Hepburn
427:Satsuma
417:Akizuki
294:†
274:†
254:†
42:Shizoku
3362:(1591)
3054:Malaya
3029:Borneo
2965:Taiwan
2960:Nan'yō
2950:Chōsen
2943:naichi
2153:Shōwa
2137:Meiji
2112:Kazoku
2060:System
1957:
1938:
1919:
1896:
1877:
1853:
1832:
1813:
1791:
1774:
1743:
1673:
1665:
1599:
1576:
1566:
1504:
1494:
1288:heimin
1233:, 1877
812:Kyūshū
608:, the
574:revolt
290:
270:
250:
111:
88:Result
77:Kyūshū
3591:Japan
3239:Japan
3034:Burma
2747:Entry
2441:Peers
2305:Senbu
2290:Tokkō
1772:JSTOR
1310:Tokyo
1046:Saiki
868:Takao
864:Takao
855:Takao
711:Korea
614:Japan
582:Japan
81:Japan
2359:Navy
2354:Army
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