Self-harm - Knowledge (XXG)

1622:, although scholarship is divided as to whether this is usually before puberty or later in adolescence. Meta-analyses have not supported some studies' conclusion that self-harm rates are increasing among adolescents. It is generally thought that self-harm rates increase over the course of adolescence, although this has not been studied thoroughly. The earliest reported incidents of self-harm are in children between 5 and 7 years old. In addition there appears to be an increased risk of self-harm in college students than among the general population. In a study of undergraduate students in the US, 9.8% of the students surveyed indicated that they had purposefully cut or burned themselves on at least one occasion in the past. When the definition of self-harm was expanded to include head-banging, scratching oneself, and hitting oneself along with cutting and burning, 32% of the sample said they had done this. In Ireland, a study found that instances of hospital-treated self-harm were much higher in city and urban districts, than in rural settings. The CASE (Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe) study suggests that the life-time risk of self-injury is ~1:7 for women and ~1:25 for men. 1638:/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicide, established in 1989, demonstrated that, for each age group, the female rate of self-harm exceeded that of the males, with the highest rate among females in the 13–24 age group and the highest rate among males in the 12–34 age group. However, this discrepancy has been known to vary significantly depending upon population and methodological criteria, consistent with wide-ranging uncertainties in gathering and interpreting data regarding rates of self-harm in general. Such problems have sometimes been the focus of criticism in the context of broader psychosocial interpretation. For example, feminist author Barbara Brickman has speculated that reported gender differences in rates of self-harm are due to deliberate socially biased methodological and sampling errors, directly blaming medical discourse for pathologising the female. 1780: 450: 438: 1659:

significant physical illness. Under 10% of the patients gave a history of earlier self-harm, while both the repetition and suicide rates were very low, which could be explained by the absence of factors known to be associated with repetition, such as personality disorder and alcohol abuse. However, NICE Guidance on Self-harm in the UK suggests that older people who self-harm are at a greater risk of completing suicide, with 1 in 5 older people who self-harm going on to end their life. A study completed in Ireland showed that older Irish adults have high rates of deliberate self-harm, but comparatively low rates of suicide.

1439: 3069:, p. 178: "Some authors differentiate self harm from self injury .... Self harm may be defined as any act that causes psychological or physical harm to the self without a suicide intention, and which is either intentional, accidental, committed through ignorance, apathy or poor judgement. By far the most common form of self harm is drug overdose which requires standard medical management in the first instance. Self injury, on the other hand, is a kind of self harm which leads to visible, direct, bodily injury. Self injury includes cutting, burning, scalding and injurious insertion of objects into the body" 2010:, p. 1040: "ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage." 1515: 1607:

sources: psychiatric samples, hospital admissions and general population surveys. A 2015 meta-analysis of reported self-harm among 600,000 adolescents found a lifetime prevalence of 11.4% for suicidal or non-suicidal self-harm (i.e. excluding self-poisoning) and 22.9% for non-suicidal self-injury (i.e. excluding suicidal acts), for an overall prevalence of 16.9%. The difference in SH and NSSI rates, compared to figures of 16.1% and 18.0% found in a 2012 review, may be attributable to differences in methodology among the studies analyzed.

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person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. Some providers may recommend harm-reduction techniques such as snapping of a rubber band on the wrist, but there is no consensus as to the efficacy of this approach.

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differentiation may have been important to both safeguard the reputations of asylums against accusations of medical neglect and to protect patients and their families from the legal or religious consequences of a suicide attempt. In 1896, the American ophthalmologists George Gould and Walter Pyle categorized self-mutilation cases into three groups: those resulting from "temporary insanity from hallucinations or melancholia; with suicidal intent; and in a religious frenzy or emotion".

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suicide. In older adults, influenced by a combination of interconnected individual, societal, and healthcare factors, including financial and interpersonal problems and comorbid physical conditions and pain, with increased loneliness, perceived burdensome of ageing, and loss of control reported as particular motivations. There is a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Self-harm may become a means of managing and controlling

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individuals who do self-harm, both genders are just as equally likely to use the method of skin-cutting. However, females who self-cut are more likely than males to explain their self-harm episode by saying that they had wanted to punish themselves. In New Zealand, more females are hospitalized for intentional self-harm than males. Females more commonly choose methods such as self-poisoning that generally are not fatal, but still serious enough to require hospitalization.

1615:. However, studies based only on hospital admissions may hide the larger group of self-harmers who do not need or seek hospital treatment for their injuries, instead treating themselves. Many adolescents who present to general hospitals with deliberate self-harm report previous episodes for which they did not receive medical attention. In the United States up to 4% of adults self-harm with approximately 1% of the population engaging in chronic or severe self-harm. 1364:

care at the emergency department. Both people who self-harm and staff in the study highlighted the failure of the healthcare system to support, the lack of specialist care. People who self-harm in the study often felt shame or being judged due to their condition, and said that being listened to and validated gave them hope. At the same time staff experienced frustration from being powerless to help and were afraid of being blamed if someone died by suicide.

1798: 1119:, and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse may also contribute. Other predictors of self-harm and suicidal behavior include feelings of entrapment, defeat, lack of belonging, and perceiving oneself as a burden along with having an impulsive personality and/or less effective social problem-solving skills. Two studies have indicated that self-harm correlates more with 1702:, and prisoners who wish to avoid physical confrontations may resort to self-harm as a ruse, either to convince other prisoners that they are dangerously insane and resilient to pain or to obtain protection from the prison authorities. Prisoners are sometimes placed in cells with no furniture or objects to prevent them from harming themselves. Self-harm also occurs frequently in inmates who are placed in 1397:(DBT) can be successful for those individuals exhibiting a personality disorder, and could potentially be used for those with other mental disorders who exhibit self-harming behavior. Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm. In adolescents multisystem therapy shows promise. According to the classification of Walsh and Rosen 381: 356:. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage. 38: 975:. The disorder is defined as intentional self-inflicted injury without the intent of dying by suicide. Criteria for NSSI include five or more days of self-inflicted harm over the course of one year without suicidal intent, and the individual must have been motivated by seeking relief from a negative state, resolving an interpersonal difficulty, or achieving a positive state. 130: 1213: 477: 160: 458: 1642:

homeless and runaway youths (aged 16–19) with 72% of males and 66% of females reporting a history of self-harm. However, in 2008, a study of young people and self-harm saw the gender gap widen in the opposite direction, with 32% of young females, and 22% of young males admitting to self-harm. Studies also indicate that males who self-harm may also be at

2239: 1095:, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in a Münchausen patient. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in Münchausen's than in self-harm. 1275:

self-harming. Studies of clinical and non-clinical populations suggest that people who engage in self-harm have higher pain thresholds and tolerance in general, although a 2016 review characterized the evidence base as "greatly limited". There is no consensus as to the reason for this apparent phenomenon.

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There are also difficulties in meeting the need of patients that self-harm in mental healthcare. Studies have shown that staff found the care for people who self-harm emotionally challenging and they experienced an overwhelming responsibility in preventing the patients from self-harming and the care

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are often the first point of contact with healthcare for people who self-harm. As such they are crucial in supporting them and can play a role in preventing suicide. At the same time, according to a study conducted in England, people who self-harm often experience that they do not receive meaningful

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Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the

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because, to the self-harmer, it works; it enables them to deal with intense stress in the current moment. The patterns sometimes created by it, such as specific time intervals between acts of self-harm, can also create a behavioral pattern that can result in a wanting or craving to fulfill thoughts

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This gender discrepancy is often distorted in specific populations where rates of self-harm are inordinately high, which may have implications on the significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender. A study in 2003 found an extremely high prevalence of self-harm among 428

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A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical

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Those who engage in self-harm face the contradictory reality of harming themselves while at the same time obtaining relief from this act. It may even be hard for some to actually initiate cutting, but they often do because they know the relief that will follow. For some self-harmers this relief is

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Aggregated research has found no difference in the prevalence of self-harm between men and women. This is in contrast to past research which indicated that up to four times as many females as males have direct experience of self-harm, which many had argued was rather the result of data collection

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In individuals with developmental disabilities, occurrence of self-harm is often demonstrated to be related to its effects on the environment, such as obtaining attention or desired materials or escaping demands. As developmentally disabled individuals often have communication or social deficits,

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controls physical processes that are automatic (e.g., saliva production). The sympathetic nervous system innervates (e.g., is physically connected to and regulates) many parts of the body involved in stress responses. Studies of adolescents have shown that adolescents who self-injure have greater

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behavior; however, in many cases, this is inaccurate. Many self-harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or

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Only recently have attempts to improve health in the developing world concentrated on not only physical illness but also mental health. Deliberate self-harm is common in the developing world. Research into self-harm in the developing world is however still very limited although an important case

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It is difficult to gain an accurate picture of incidence and prevalence of self-harm. Even with sufficient monitoring resources, self-harm is usually unreported, with instances taking place in private and wounds being treated by the self-harming individual. Recorded figures can be based on three

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Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) is a well-established treatment for self-injurious behavior in youth and is probably useful for decreasing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury. Several other treatments including integrated CBT (I-CBT), attachment-based family therapy (ABFT),

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and harsh discipline by parents. The coping mechanisms are being spread in local communities as people are surrounded by others who have previously deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide. One way of reducing self-harm would be to limit access to poisons; however many cases involve

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In a study of a district general hospital in the UK, 5.4% of all the hospital's self-harm cases were aged over 65. The male to female ratio was 2:3 although the self-harm rates for males and females over 65 in the local population were identical. Over 90% had depressive conditions, and 63% had

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While the motivations for self harm vary, the most commonly endorsed reason for self harm given by adolescents is "to get relief from a terrible state of mind". Young people with a history of repeated episodes of self harm are more likely to self-harm into adulthood, and are at higher risk of

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study reported only two motives: "to draw attention" and "because of anger". For some people, harming themselves can be a means of drawing attention to the need for help and to ask for assistance in an indirect way. It may also be an attempt to affect others and to manipulate them in some way

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There does not appear to be a difference in motivation for self-harm in adolescent males and females. Triggering factors such as low self-esteem and having friends and family members who self-harm are also common between both males and females. One limited study found that, among those young

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released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous opioids that are released in response to physical injury, acting as natural painkillers and inducing pleasant feelings, and in response to self-harm would act to reduce tension and emotional distress. Many people do not feel physical pain when

889:(SIB) are different terms to describe tissue damage that is performed intentionally and usually without suicidal intent. The adjective "deliberate" is sometimes used, although this has become less common, as some view it as presumptuous or judgmental. Less common or more dated terms include 1175:

use and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Norway and England found that, in general, cannabis use may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking has also been associated with both non-suicidal self injury and suicide attempts in adolescents, although the nature of the

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is often credited with the initial clinical characterization of self-harm, self-harm is not a new phenomenon. There is frequent reference in 19th-century clinical literature and asylum records which make a clear clinical distinction between self-harm with and without suicidal intent. This

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self-harm may be their way of obtaining these things which they are otherwise unable to obtain in a socially appropriate way (such as by asking). One approach for treating self-harm thus is to teach an alternative, appropriate response which obtains the same result as the self-harm.

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Zoo or laboratory rearing and isolation are important factors leading to increased susceptibility to self-harm in higher mammals, e.g., macaque monkeys. Non-primate mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs. For example,

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Assessment of motives in a medical setting is usually based on precursors to the incident, circumstances, and information from the patient. However, limited studies show that professional assessments tend to suggest more manipulative or punitive motives than personal assessments.

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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed in section 2 of the DSM-5-TR under the category "other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention". While NSSI is not a separate mental disorder, the DSM-5-TR adds a diagnostic code for the condition in-line with the

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Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC, Featherston OJ, Rapti I, Garcia-Anguita A, Villasis-Keever M, Reebye P, Christou E, Al Kabir N, Christou PA (October 2018). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Self-Harm in Adolescents: Meta-Analyses of Community-Based Studies 1990–2015".

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Madge N, Hewitt A, Hawton K, de Wilde EJ, Corcoran P, Fekete S, et al. (June 2008). "Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study".

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were young and few expressed a desire to die, but death was relatively common in the young in these cases. The improvement of medical management of acute poisoning in the developing world is poor and improvements are required in order to reduce mortality.

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function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis.

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Emotional pain activates the same regions of the brain as physical pain, so emotional stress can be a significantly intolerable state for some people. Some of this is environmental and some of this is due to physiological differences in responding. The

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Although self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal.

8060: 1247:, separating the mind from feelings that are causing anguish. This may be achieved by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering being felt is caused by the self-harm instead of the issues they were facing previously: the 1610:

The World Health Organization estimates that, as of 2010, 880,000 deaths occur as a result of self-harm (including suicides). About 10% of admissions to medical wards in the UK are as a result of self-harm, the majority of which are

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seeds, and the reduction of access to these agents would be difficult. Great potential for the reduction of self-harm lies in education and prevention, but limited resources in the developing world make these methods challenging.

363:. Self-harm in childhood is relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the 1980s. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher in older people who self-harm. 1377:

resourceful adolescent parent program (RAP-P), intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A-IN), mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A), and integrated family therapy are probably efficacious.

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in general to include suicidal acts. (This article principally discusses non-suicidal acts of self-inflicted skin damage or self-poisoning.) The inconsistent definitions used for self-harm have made research more difficult.

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There are many movements among the general self-harm community to make self-harm itself and treatment better known to mental health professionals, as well as the general public. For example, March 1 is designated as

3466:, p. 1040: "Indeed, it has become apparent that self-injury occurs even in nonclinical and high-functioning populations such as secondary school students, college students, and active-duty military personnel". 1083:. As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in self-harm. An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking, 3642:

Joyce PR, Light KJ, Rowe SL, Cloninger CR, Kennedy MA (March 2010). "Self-mutilation and suicide attempts: relationships to bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, temperament and character".

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Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognized mental disorder, self-harm often co-occurs with psychiatric conditions. Self-harm is for example associated with eating disorders,

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Self-harm in non-human mammals is a well-established but not widely known phenomenon. Its study under zoo or laboratory conditions could lead to a better understanding of self-harm in human patients.

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Escelsior A, Belvederi Murri M, Corsini GP, Serafini G, Aguglia A, Zampogna D, et al. (January 2021). "Cannabinoid use and self-injurious behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Claassen CA, Trivedi MH, Shimizu I, Stewart S, Larkin GL, Litovitz T (April 2006). "Epidemiology of Nonfatal Deliberate Self-Harm in the United States as Described in Three Medical Databases".

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The most common form of self-harm for adolescents, according to studies conducted in six countries, is stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object. For adults ages 60 and over, self-

606:("I will circumcise myself"), because to avoid naming their friends, the girls said they had cut themselves. Historian Lynn Thomas described the episode as significant in the history of 4244: 1329:

are common in individuals who self-harm and as a result self-harm may be an indicator of depression and/or other psychological problems. As of 2021, there is little or no evidence that

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have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. Common forms of self-harm include damaging the skin with a sharp object or scratching with the fingernails,

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Ougrin D, Tranah T, Stahl D, Moran P, Asarnow JR (February 2015). "Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis".

1779: 2956: 1766:, causing damage to feathers that can range from feather shredding to the removal of most or all feathers within the bird's reach, or even the mutilation of skin or muscle tissue. 48: 4754:

Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, McCauley E, Smith CJ, Stevens AL, Sylvers P (2005). "Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicide among adolescent girls".

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Bell M, O'Doherty E, O'Carroll A, McAnaney B, Graber S, McGale B, Hutchinson D, Moran P, Bonner B, O'Hagan D, Arensman E, Reulbach U, Corcoran P, Hawton K (21 January 2010),

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therefore acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to "stop" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation.

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is associated with self-harming behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for self-harm. A study which analyzed self-harm presentations to emergency rooms in

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Jacobson CM, Gould M (21 March 2007). "The Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Among Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature".

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provide diagnostic criteria for self-harm. It is often seen as only a symptom of an underlying disorder, though many people who self-harm would like this to be addressed.

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during March 1909 to mutilate her body. Her plan was to carve 'Votes for Women' from her breast to her cheek, so that it would always be visible. But after completing the

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Self-injury may result in serious injury and scarring. While non-suicidal self-injury by definition lacks suicidal intent, it may nonetheless result in accidental death.

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Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S (2007). "Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment".

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focuses mainly on maintaining the safety for the patients, for example by removing dangerous items or physical restraint, even if it is believed to be ineffective.

8187: 1087:, hand-biting, and head-banging. According to a meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with 6793:

Bowen AC, John AM (2001). "Gender differences in presentation and conceptualization of adolescent self-injurious behavior: implications for therapeutic practice".

7267: 4200: 4993:; OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.50 to 4.58; N=53; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 20). 4970:; OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.50; N=30; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 19). 8268: 8142: 7179:

Knipe D, John A, Padmanathan P, Eyles E, Dekel D, Higgins JP, Bantjes J, Dandona R, Macleod-Hall C, McGuinness LA, Schmidt L, Webb RT, Gunnell D (1 June 2022).

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Sigafoos J, Meikle B (January 1996). "Functional communication training for the treatment of multiply determined challenging behavior in two boys with autism".

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of objects, and hair-pulling. The locations of self-harm are often areas of the body that are easily hidden and concealed from the sight of others. Neither the

4898:"Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between disorders using English national record linkage" 5835:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 5424:"Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials" 4274:

Rossow I, Hawton K, Ystgaard M (2009). "Cannabis use and deliberate self-harm in adolescence: a comparative analysis of associations in England and Norway".

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Patton GC, Hemphill SA, Beyers JM, Bond L, Toumbourou JW, McMorris BJ, Catalano RF (April 2007). "Pubertal Stage and Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents".

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Thomas LM (November 1996). ""Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)": the gender and generational politics of the 1956 ban on clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya".

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Hawton K, Kingsbury S, Steinhardt K, James A, Fagg J (June 1999). "Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: the role of psychological factors".

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have noticed similar behaviors. One known as "barbering" involves a mouse obsessively grooming the whiskers and facial fur off themselves and cage-mates.

958:, and other acts that do not directly lead to visible injuries. Others explicitly exclude these. Some sources, particularly in the United Kingdom, define 4252: 1719:(SIAD) around the world. On this day, some people choose to be more open about their own self-harm, and awareness organizations make special efforts to 1827: 5516:

Bird F, Dores PA, Moniz D, Robinson J (July 1989). "Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training".

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Nock MK, Mendes WB (February 2008). "Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers".

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Nixon MK, Cloutier PF, Aggarwal S (November 2002). "Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents".

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Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA (2005). "Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm".

667:(high lethality) self-mutilators who cut. The "delicate" cutters were young, multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline 8332: 7031:

Haw C, Hawton K, Sutton L, Sinclair J, Deeks J (February 2005). "Schizophrenia and Deliberate Self-Harm: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors".

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Connolly MD, Zervos MJ, Barone CJ, Johnson CC, Joseph CL (November 2016). "The Mental Health of Transgender Youth: Advances in Understanding".

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behavior. People who self-harm are not usually seeking to end their own life; it has been suggested instead that they are using self-harm as a

4257: 1006:) have shown self-harm being dependent on environmental factors such as obtaining attention or escape from demands. Some individuals may have 449: 6712: 6612:

Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Shah ZH, Tuohimaa P (January 2006). "Hair barbering in mice: implications for neurobehavioural research".

6384: 5972: 5961: 5950: 3881: 3378: 3302: 3270: 3176: 2966: 2904: 2829: 2692: 2645: 2559: 2377: 2252: 2163: 515:"cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-harm is forbidden under 8281: 1171:

found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of self-harm presentations. A 2009 study in the relation between

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adolescents are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm than their cisgender peers. This can be attributed to distress caused by

437: 4002:, p. 11 ("the incidence of suicidal behaviours varies seasonally and increases rapidly at this age (e.g. puberty effects)"), citing 3900: 4204: 2020:

Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E (2007). "Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation".

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diagnosis. The "coarse" cutters were older and generally psychotic. Ross and McKay (1979) categorized self-mutilators into nine groups:

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Doyle L, Sheridan A, Treacy MP (2017-01-25). "Motivations for adolescent self-harm and the implications for mental health nurses".

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is intentional conduct that is considered harmful to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin

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use and self-injurious behaviors has defined the extent of this association, which is significant both at the cross-sectional (

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Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ (March 2006). "Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model".

5674:"Deliberate self harm: systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition" 3586: 1305: 1236: 289: 4480:

Hawton K, Cole D, O'Grady J, Osborn M (September 1982). "Motivational aspects of deliberate self-poisoning in adolescents".

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Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning

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David JA, Rifkin WJ, Chiu ES (December 2018). "Current Management of Self-Inflicted Wounds in Surgery: A Critical Review".

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study is that of Sri Lanka, which is a country exhibiting a high incidence of suicide and self-poisoning with agricultural

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emotionally. However, those with chronic, repetitive self-harm often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully.

8291: 5759:, p. 193: "ational rates of self-harm have not been well established in most countries, including the United States." 3478:"Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3368: 1643: 1519: 6210: 4552: 4455: 1228:, in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the person's life over which they had no control (e.g., through abuse). 854:

are mutilations repeated generationally and "reflect the traditions, symbolism, and beliefs of a society" (p. 226).

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Corcoran P, Reulbach U, Perry IJ, Arensman E (December 2010). "Suicide and deliberate self harm in older Irish adults".

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Ear-piercing, nail-biting, small tattoos, cosmetic surgery (not considered self-harm by the majority of the population)

109: 5635:

Muehlenkamp JJ (2006). "Empirically supported treatments and general therapy guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury".

5019:"Experiences of care for self-harm in the emergency department: the perspectives of patients, carers and practitioners" 4950:"Flupenthixol may reduce repetition of SH compared with placebo by post‐intervention based on evidence from one trial ( 1522:, which is a measure of each country's disease burden, for self-inflicted injuries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 1196:) levels, and highlighting the role of the chronic use of the substance, and the presence of depressive symptoms or of 399: 56: 7844: 7062: 6557:

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represent class I and II self-mutilation behavior (see classification section in this article); for these conditions

1698:

Deliberate self-harm is especially prevalent in prison populations. A proposed explanation for this is that prisons

5213:"'There is no progression in prevention' – The experiences of mental health nurses working with repeated self-harm" 1297: 541: 1353:

found no difference between low and ultra-low doses. As of 2012, no clinical trials have evaluated the effects of

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Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self-mutilation into two categories:

566:

in European society. Sometimes, students who did not fence would scar themselves with razors in imitation.

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considered self-mutilation as a non-fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term

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In dogs, canine obsessive-compulsive disorder can lead to self-inflicted injuries, for example canine

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physiological reactivity (e.g., skin conductance) to stress than adolescents who do not self-injure.

1279: 919: 858:

are historically transient and cosmetic such as piercing of earlobes, nose, eyebrows as well as male

668: 549: 442: 345: 333: 261: 153:

Deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-injury (SI), self-poisoning, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), cutting

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or natural poisons. Many people admitted for deliberate self-poisoning during a study by Eddleston

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behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).

1193: 1189: 992: 301: 5117:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension" 5068:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension" 8376: 8013: 7873: 7830: 7698: 7249: 7140:

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Different sources draw various distinctions between some of these terms. Some sources define

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conceal their scars with clothing. Self-harm in such individuals may not be associated with

813: 792:

Wrist- or body-cutting, self-inflicted cigarette burns and tattoos, major wound-excoriation

773: 569: 559: 321: 305: 202: 511:

by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood. A reference to the priests of

8286: 8208: 7309:"International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm" 6123: 5833:

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girls cut each other's vulvas in the 1950s as a symbol of defiance, in the context of the

577: 504: 349: 285: 277: 265: 238: 234: 5740: 5165: 717:

Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I–IV, defining

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is uncontrollable self-harm and self-mutilation, and may include biting (particularly

1131:

as well as increased likelihoods of experiencing bullying, abuse, and mental illness.

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and is a significant predictor of suicide. There are parallels between self-harm and

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is accepted as a primary social factor increasing the incidence of self-harm, as is

8327: 7931:"Pubertal timing and self-harm: a prospective cohort analysis of males and females" 7514: 7299: 6851: 6785: 6641: 5886: 5293: 4398: 4396: 4303: 3590: 2769: 1923: 1752: 1680:

Some of the causes of deliberate self-poisoning in Sri Lankan adolescents included

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primarily psychological while for others this feeling of relief comes from the

642:

psychotic – eye or ear removal, genital self-mutilation, and extreme amputation

588:, and her plan was aborted by the authorities. She wrote of this in her memoir 8238: 8110: 7947: 7607: 7590: 7568: 7551: 7399: 7153: 7116: 6806: 6570: 6219: 6030: 5605: 5345: 4820: 4767: 4580: 4556: 4342: 4287: 3656: 3494: 3477: 2330: 1907: 1865: 1185: 927:

refers to a broader range of circumstances, including wounds that result from

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as intentionally positive terminology to counter more negative associations.

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The results of self-flagellation, as part of an annual Shia mourning ritual (

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New survey reveals almost one in three young females have tried to self-harm

4686: 3780: 3763: 1740: 1669: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1035: 508: 453:

Mural of the Mourning of the Buddha, with various figures in ethnic costumes

17: 8009: 7966: 7921: 7869: 7826: 7783: 7731: 7694: 7616: 7577: 7533: 7488: 7453: 7444: 7427: 7418: 7373: 7344: 7325: 7288: 7245: 7216: 7171: 7124: 7087: 7052: 7023: 6970: 6932: 6903: 6843: 6777: 6739: 6687: 6633: 6578: 6456: 6269: 6092: 6048: 5932: 5878: 5502: 5467: 5408: 5373: 5354: 5311: 5254: 5189: 5150: 5101: 5052: 4931: 4882: 4828: 4775: 4740: 4705: 4646: 4350: 4295: 4161: 4089: 4037: 3789: 3707: 3699: 3664: 3628: 3561: 3553: 3511: 3244: 2739: 2348: 2123: 2071: 1961: 1915: 1159:

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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Many people who self-harm state that it allows them to "go away" or

6244:"Repetitive skin-cutting: Parental bonding, personality and gender" 4205:"Drug misuse and dependence – UK guidelines on clinical management" 3203:"Nonsuicidal self-injury scar concealment from the self and others" 2365:

Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice

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found a possible reduction in repetition, while one small trial of

655:

conventional – nail-clipping, trimming of hair, and shaving beards.

639:

puberty rites – hymen removal, circumcision, or clitoral alteration

610:

because it made clear that its victims were also its perpetrators.

562:

at certain traditional German universities are an early example of

6073:

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The most distinctive characteristic of the rare genetic condition

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Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L, Havertape L, Plener PL (December 2012).

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Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya

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4660:

Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD (April 2011).

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harboring a desire to feel real or to fit into society's rules.

1002:

Studies of individuals with developmental disabilities (such as

584:

on her breast and ribs she requested sterile dressings to avoid

512: 367:, such as birds and monkeys, are also known to harm themselves. 226: 168: 8131: 6423:"Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates" 5820: 5816: 5804: 3424: 3098: 3094: 3082: 2783:

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have been found effective according to meta-analytic evidence.

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as factors that might increase the risk of self-injury among

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Accepted by some subgroups but not by the general population

4226: 4224: 1278:

As a coping mechanism, self-harm can become psychologically

600:

campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya

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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice

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Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice

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Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbala tragedy

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reduce repetition of self-harm. In limited research into

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Self-harm is frequently described as an experience of

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A common belief regarding self-harm is that it is an

320:

The motivations for self-harm vary; some use it as a

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The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

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controls arousal and physical activation (e.g., the

710:

After the 1970s the focus of self-harm shifted from

496:

Self-harm was, and in some cases continues to be, a

260:

The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some

8315: 8267: 8196: 8165: 8101: 8046: 7263:"Multiple meanings of self harm: A critical review" 6179:Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Johnson KD (2003). 4853:

Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology

4414: 4128:"Self-mutilation behaviour in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome" 3721:Wessely S, Akhurst R, Brown I, Moss L (June 1996). 2434:National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004). 1755:are known to precipitate self-harm in lab animals. 1254:Alternatively, self-harm may be a means of feeling 764:Piercings, saber scars, ritualistic clan scarring, 175: 149: 144: 7843: 7061: 3290: 2892: 344:. Self-harm is often associated with a history of 7313:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 6988:"Deliberate Self-harm and Suicide in Adolescents" 4600: 3293:Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience 1762:. Captive birds are sometimes known to engage in 1442:Deaths from self-harm per million people in 2012 1180:on literature concerning the association between 625:. He began a classification system of six types: 7657:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 7060:Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC (June 2012). 6012: 6010: 5960:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFDixonFeatherston ( 5911:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 5422:Lee MT, Mpavaenda DN, Fineberg NA (2019-04-24). 3813: 3811: 2631: 2629: 2554:. Produccion Editorial Dante. pp. 207–208. 645:organic brain diseases – which allow repetitive 8188:Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder 6318:Eddleston M, Sheriff MH, Hawton K (July 1998). 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 5949:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGilliesChristou ( 4521: 4519: 3764:"[Self-harm and personality disorders]" 3054: 2895:Self Mutilation: Theory, Research and Treatment 2857:Indicators of Self-Mutilation: Youth in Custody 2849: 2847: 2091: 2089: 1935: 1933: 7463:"Self-harm in older adults: systematic review" 7268:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 6659:Medical books, chapters, and overview articles 5217:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 4201:National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse 1321:treatments can be used in self-harm including 62:Please review the contents of the article and 8143: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4799:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 4230: 3954:. Institute of Race Relations. Archived from 3400: 3320:"Toward a functional analysis of self-injury" 3078: 2999: 2398:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2179: 2177: 2175: 1618:The onset of self-harm tends to occur around 8: 7986:(1). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 70–75. 6120:"Women and Parasuicide: a Literature Review" 5956: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5781: 5779: 5777: 4449: 4447: 3102: 2995: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2096:Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R (June 2003). 1192:) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95% 312:. Studies also provide strong support for a 8173:Dimensional models of personality disorders 7710:Gill JH (May 2001). "Avian Skin Diseases". 6218:, Affinity Healthcare, 2008, archived from 5945: 5905:Kerr PL, Muehlenkamp JJ, Turner JM (2010). 5334:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5282:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5211:Murphy C, Keogh B, Doyle L (October 2019). 4375: 4126:Cauwels RG, Martens LC (1 September 2005). 4060:The International Journal of Transgenderism 3991: 3602: 3600: 3284: 3282: 3256: 3254: 2640:. 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Hogrefe Publishing Group: 176–183. 6559:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 6516:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 6122:. Women's Health Council. Archived from 5732: 4902:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4256:, Northern Ireland: CAWT, archived from 3463: 2683:. In Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y (eds.). 2247:. Great Britain: The Stationery office. 2007: 723: 405:Relevant discussion may be found on the 241:, as well as more societally acceptable 7502:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6986:Greydanus DE, Shek D (September 2009). 5164:O'Connor S, Glover L (September 2017). 3768:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 3146:"A Guide to DSM-5: Section 3 Disorders" 3030: 2699:(131 for the girls as "central actors") 2319:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1942:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1844: 1775: 636:religious – self-flagellants and others 488:Although the 20th-century psychiatrist 7063:"Self-harm and suicide in adolescents" 5518:American Journal of Mental Retardation 5323: 5321: 4613:Kirtley, O'Carroll & O'Connor 2016 4132:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 3926:"Third World faces self-harm epidemic" 3895: 3893: 3609:Research in Developmental Disabilities 3536:Johnson CP, Myers SM (November 2007). 3161: 3159: 2525: 2268: 2266: 2264: 1381:may also be used to assist those with 714:psycho-sexual drives of the patients. 480:A ritual flagellation tool known as a 7935:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 7741:Anomalies and curiosities of medicine 7033:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 6884:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 5736: 4049: 4047: 3740:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024471 3196: 3194: 3144:Stetka BS, Correll CU (21 May 2013). 3014: 2362:Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P (1997). 836:culturally sanctioned self-mutilation 649:, hand-biting, finger-fracturing, or 7: 8282:Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy 7543:Other medical and scientific sources 6599: 5971:sfnm error: no target: CITEREF2018 ( 5549:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 5428:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 5005:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 4530:. The Wellcome Trust. Archived from 4372:Lofthouse & Yager-Schweller 2009 4317:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 4182:. U. S. National Library of Medicine 3988:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 3976:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 3324:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2368:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1644:a greater risk of completing suicide 7628:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 6197:10.1046/j.1532-7795.2003.01304003.x 5659:10.17744/mehc.28.2.6w61cut2lxjdg3m7 5637:Journal of Mental Health Counseling 5017:Robinson J, Bailey E (March 2022). 4454:Cutter D, Jaffe J, Segal J (2008). 2922:Hospital & Community Psychiatry 2443:. The British Psychological Society 2313:Klonsky ED, Glenn CR (March 2008). 2156:Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence 1296:is composed of two components: the 602:. The movement came to be known as 484:, used in Shia Muharram observances 171:on the forearm from prior self-harm 8307:Transference focused psychotherapy 6185:Journal of Research on Adolescence 3171:. Mental Health Foundation. 2006. 2961:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 2797:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1969.tb02071.x 2732:10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00062.x 2482:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x 659:Pao (1969) differentiated between 544:. Some branches of Islam mark the 25: 7842:Patton GC, Viner R (March 2007). 6749:Medical reviews and meta-analyses 6732:Self-harm: Longer-term Management 6427:American Journal of Public Health 4482:The British Journal of Psychiatry 4415:Doyle, Sheridan & Treacy 2017 3820:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3727:Journal of Public Health Medicine 3297:. Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out. 2102:The British Journal of Psychiatry 1747:, and very high (toxic) doses of 8183:Trauma model of mental disorders 7845:"Pubertal transitions in health" 7550:Butler AM, Malone K (May 2013). 7281:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2003.00287.x 6795:Counselling Psychology Quarterly 6085:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x 5967: 5741:§ 7.3.5 Narrative synthesis 5401:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x 4639:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015 4145:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00330.x 4030:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012 4018:The Journal of Adolescent Health 3451:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00085.x 3367:Claveirole A, Gaughan M (2011). 3219:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.040 3123:American Psychiatric Association 2315:"Resisting Urges to Self-Injure" 1854:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1796: 1778: 1176:relationship is unclear. A 2021 379: 128: 36: 27:Intentional injury to one's body 8159:Borderline personality disorder 7887:"Why Do Adolescents Self-Harm?" 7743:. New York: Bell Publishing Co. 7261:McAllister M (September 2003). 6699:. New York, London: Routledge. 6242:Marchetto MJ (September 2006). 4756:Development and Psychopathology 4601:Chapman, Gratz & Brown 2006 4528:"Pain and deliberate self-harm" 4458:. HELPGUIDE.org. Archived from 3207:Journal of Psychiatric Research 1385:diagnoses, such as depression, 1061:borderline personality disorder 558:such as those acquired through 209:intention. Other terms such as 8038:Royal College of Psychiatrists 7803:(9812). Elsevier BV: 236–243. 7515:10.1002/14651858.CD013669.pub2 7142:Journal of Affective Disorders 6824:Behaviour Research and Therapy 6668:Journal of Clinical Psychology 6019:International Psychogeriatrics 5294:10.1002/14651858.cd013667.pub2 4331:Journal of Affective Disorders 3587:American Academy of Pediatrics 2770:10.1080/21674086.1935.11925248 2638:Encyclopedia of body adornment 2470:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1357:on adolescents who self-harm. 1306:parasympathetic nervous system 1237:Office for National Statistics 870:Classification and terminology 290:post-traumatic stress disorder 64:add the appropriate references 1: 8292:Mentalization-based treatment 7980:British Journal of Psychiatry 7862:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3 7810:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61141-0 7724:10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30040-3 7595:British Journal of Psychiatry 7556:British Journal of Psychiatry 7467:British Journal of Psychiatry 7226:Current Opinion in Pediatrics 7080:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5 6528:10.1016/S0091-3057(83)80011-2 5851:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 4865:10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281 4733:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3 4072:10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130 3055:David, Rifkin & Chiu 2018 2552:An Overview of the Maya World 2287:10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 2198:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 2064:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 2050:Skegg K (2005). "Self-harm". 1520:disability-adjusted life year 550:a ritual of self-flagellation 8277:Dialectical behavior therapy 8229:Idealization and devaluation 7432:Evidence Based Mental Health 7426:Townsend E (November 2014). 7366:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803065c7 7238:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283306825 7198:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000282 7105:Archives of Suicide Research 6992:The Keio Journal of Medicine 6925:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001706 6770:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000243 6626:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.09.004 5989:Journal of Threat Assessment 5924:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.090110 4276:Archives of Suicide Research 3589:, 2007-10-29, archived from 2158:. London: Jessica Kingsley. 1395:Dialectical behavior therapy 1379:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1323:dialectical behavior therapy 866:is equivalent to self-harm. 359:Self-harm tends to begin in 8034:Information about self-harm 7766:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056199 7428:"Self-harm in young people" 5543:Carr EG, Durand VM (1985). 4581:"Precursors to Self Injury" 3265:. Manchester: 42nd Street. 2891:Walsh BW, Rosen PM (1988). 772:, minor wound-excoriation, 552:, using chains and swords. 49:reliable medical references 8393: 7974:Zahl DL, Hawton K (2004). 7739:Gould GM, Pyle WL (1896). 7045:10.1521/suli.35.1.50.59260 6963:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018 6896:10.1521/suli.2006.36.2.192 6836:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 5495:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009 3621:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003 2958:Bodies Under Siege, 2nd ed 2818:Ross RR, McKay HB (1979). 2186:Clinical Psychology Review 2034:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289 1954:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 1896:Clinical Psychology Review 1298:sympathetic nervous system 733:Degree of Physical Damage 542:mortification of the flesh 526:Self-harm is practised in 8323:BPDFamily (support group) 8178:Impulse-control disorders 7948:10.1017/S2045796020000839 7906:10.1027/0227-5910/a000369 7608:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116111 7569:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113506 7400:10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3 7185:PLOS Global Public Health 7154:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.068 7117:10.1080/13811110701247602 6913:Annals of Plastic Surgery 6807:10.1080/09515070110100956 6571:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.010 6472:Self injury awareness day 6031:10.1017/S1041610210001377 5606:10.1177/01454455960201003 5346:10.1002/14651858.CD012013 5074:(Plain English summary). 4821:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.28 4768:10.1017/s0954579405050522 4343:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.020 4288:10.1080/13811110903266475 4231:Greydanus & Shek 2009 3657:10.3109/00048670903487159 3495:10.1017/S0033291716000027 3401:Greydanus & Shek 2009 3289:Pembroke LR, ed. (1994). 3079:Jacobson & Gould 2007 3000:Jacobson & Gould 2007 2899:. Guilford. of N..Y, NY. 2331:10.1017/S1352465808004128 2022:Psychoanalytic Psychology 1975:Groschwitz RC, Plener P. 1908:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 1866:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z 1818:Self-destructive behavior 1717:Self-injury Awareness Day 1165:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1161:Benzodiazepine dependence 1057:autism spectrum disorders 1024:intentional drug overdose 899:self-destructive behavior 825:Psychotic decompensation 530:by the ascetics known as 192:if serious injuries occur 166: 157: 55:or relies too heavily on 6602:, pp. 474–475, 482. 6439:10.2105/ajph.2013.301742 6336:10.1136/bmj.317.7151.133 6158:10.1177/1357034X04047857 5690:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.441 5561:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111 5441:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079 4914:10.1177/0141076814522033 3336:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197 3103:Butler & Malone 2013 3019:§ 2.1.1 Terminology 2996:Butler & Malone 2013 2854:Roe-Sepowitz DE (2005). 2757:Psychoanalytic Quarterly 2154:Fox C, Hawton K (2004). 1700:are often violent places 1302:fight-or-flight response 1294:autonomic nervous system 1287:Autonomic nervous system 913:. Others use the phrase 721:as rows II, III and IV. 8214:Emotional dysregulation 7663:(2–3). Wiley: 134–142. 6705:10.4324/9781315164182-8 6377:Codes of the Underworld 6261:10.1348/147608305X69795 5957:Dixon & Featherston 5821:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012 4687:10.1073/pnas.1102693108 4553:"Myths about self harm" 4376:Lengel & Styer 2019 4180:Genetics Home Reference 3994:, p. 1133, citing 3992:Patton & Viner 2007 3781:10.4045/tidsskr.08.0140 3578:For a lay summary, see 3099:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012 1407:habit reversal training 1004:intellectual disability 929:organic brain syndromes 907:self-injurious behavior 903:self-inflicted violence 887:self-injurious behavior 883:nonsuicidal self-injury 864:deviant self-mutilation 840:deviant self-mutilation 462:One of the consequences 8197:Symptoms and behaviors 7445:10.1136/eb-2014-101840 7326:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10 5946:Gillies & Christou 4439:Zahl & Hawton 2004 4176:"Lesch-Nyhan syndrome" 3762:Urnes O (April 2009). 3700:10.1006/jado.1999.0228 3688:Journal of Adolescence 3554:10.1542/peds.2007-2361 3482:Psychological Medicine 2591:Hilchot Khovel u-Mazik 1806:from excessive licking 1603: 1518:World-map showing the 1511: 1217: 1113:Abuse during childhood 1065:dissociative disorders 784:Subculture acceptance 485: 473: 454: 446: 298:dissociative disorders 229:. The exact bounds of 8219:Feelings of emptiness 6614:Behavioural Processes 6106:Bowen & John 2001 6001:10.1300/J177v01n01_07 5860:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5769:Bowen & John 2001 5753:Bowen & John 2001 5735:, p. 98, citing 5594:Behavior Modification 5133:10.1192/bjo.2021.1006 5121:Pulmonary Circulation 5072:Pulmonary Circulation 4947:, pp. 2, 19–20: 4494:10.1192/bjp.141.3.286 4388:Rasmussen et al. 2016 3832:10.1192/bjp.152.3.416 2538:Gould & Pyle 1896 2410:10.1002/gps.930020208 2275:Women's Health Issues 2115:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 1685:pesticides or yellow 1517: 1441: 1361:Emergency departments 1345:, one small trial of 1327:personality disorders 1215: 1099:Psychological factors 950:, such as to include 925:self-inflicted injury 891:parasuicidal behavior 739:Social Acceptability 730:Examples of behavior 697:ingesting or inhaling 590:Prisons and Prisoners 479: 460: 452: 440: 392:synthesis of material 262:personality disorders 8348:Sibling estrangement 7993:10.1192/bjp.185.1.70 6397:"Walling up madness" 5819:, p. 6, citing 5757:Claassen et al. 2006 5755:, pp. 360–361. 3439:Sociological Inquiry 2720:Gender & History 2598:Damages (Jewish law) 2550:Gualberto A (1991). 1704:solitary confinement 1425:Avoidance techniques 1141:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome 960:deliberate self-harm 920:Self-inflicted wound 750:Superficial to mild 736:Psychological State 669:personality disorder 663:(low lethality) and 264:. People with other 8353:Personal boundaries 8343:Family estrangement 8338:Emotional blackmail 7856:(9567): 1130–1139. 7480:10.1192/bjp.2019.11 7074:(9834): 2373–2382. 6494:LifeSIGNS web pages 6292:on October 15, 2008 5845:(9859): 2095–2128. 5817:Gillies et al. 2018 5805:Gillies et al. 2018 5771:, pp. 360–361. 5084:10.3310/alert_49221 5035:10.1192/bjo.2022.35 4678:2011PNAS..108.6270K 4429:, pp. 236–243. 4417:, pp. 134–142. 4405:, pp. 186–200. 4390:, pp. 176–183. 4378:, pp. 130–131. 4004:Roberts et al. 2020 3990:, p. 2374 and 3425:Gillies et al. 2018 3415:, pp. 189–190. 3403:, pp. 145–146. 3261:Spandler H (1996). 3095:Gillies et al. 2018 3083:Gillies et al. 2018 2955:Favazza AR (1996). 2934:10.1176/ps.44.2.134 2824:. Lexington Books. 2058:(9495): 1471–1483. 1600: more than 850 1339:dietary supplements 1194:confidence interval 1190:confidence interval 1093:Münchausen syndrome 781:Benign to agitated 302:psychotic disorders 8102:External resources 7005:10.2302/kjm.58.144 6680:10.1002/jclp.20411 6254:(3): 445–459(15). 5182:10.1111/papt.12113 3996:Patton et al. 2007 3950:Fikette L (2005). 3168:Truth Hurts Report 2992:Plener et al. 2015 2679:Thomas LM (2000). 2636:DeMello M (2007). 1984:Suicidology Online 1626:Gender differences 1604: 1534: less than 80 1512: 1325:. Psychiatric and 1218: 1014:Signs and symptoms 946:more broadly than 576:, used a stint in 486: 474: 455: 447: 402:to the main topic. 396:verifiably mention 390:possibly contains 338:emotional numbness 205:, usually without 190:emergency medicine 8361: 8360: 8316:Family challenges 8302:Social psychiatry 8259:Suicidal ideation 8125: 8124: 7669:10.1111/jpm.12360 6859:Chaney S (2012). 6714:978-1-315-16418-2 6674:(11): 1039–1043. 6385:978-0-691-11937-3 6330:(7151): 133–135. 6126:on April 28, 2008 5788:Psychiatric Times 5721:Haris et al. 2022 5684:(7156): 441–447. 5229:10.1111/inm.12626 4945:Witt et al. 2021a 4672:(15): 6270–6275. 4633:(11): 1333–1341. 4441:, pp. 70–75. 4427:Moran et al. 2012 4403:Troya et al. 2019 4000:Knipe et al. 2022 3883:978-0-14-028053-1 3870:Strong M (1999). 3805:, pp. 50–51. 3413:Troya et al. 2019 3380:978-0-470-72345-6 3304:978-1-904697-04-6 3272:978-1-900782-00-5 3178:978-1-903645-81-9 2968:978-0-8018-5300-5 2906:978-0-89862-731-2 2831:978-0-669-02116-5 2709:Thomas L (2003). 2694:978-1-55587-995-2 2647:978-0-313-33695-9 2561:978-968-7232-19-5 2379:978-0-7234-2590-8 2254:978-0-11-621548-2 2165:978-1-84310-237-3 1790:Moluccan cockatoo 1723:about self-harm. 1317:Several forms of 1155:Drugs and alcohol 1105:depersonalization 1081:conduct disorders 980:attention-seeking 832: 831: 795:Mild to moderate 778:Mild to moderate 540:, it is known as 435: 434: 427: 274:anxiety disorders 243:body modification 196: 195: 139:Medical condition 137: 136: 113: 16:(Redirected from 8384: 8209:Eating disorders 8152: 8145: 8138: 8129: 8044: 8021: 7995: 7970: 7960: 7950: 7925: 7891: 7881: 7847: 7838: 7812: 7787: 7777: 7744: 7735: 7706: 7680: 7651: 7640:10.1037/h0080171 7620: 7610: 7581: 7571: 7537: 7527: 7517: 7492: 7482: 7457: 7447: 7422: 7412: 7402: 7377: 7348: 7338: 7328: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7257: 7220: 7210: 7200: 7175: 7165: 7136: 7099: 7065: 7056: 7027: 7017: 7007: 6982: 6944: 6907: 6878: 6876: 6874:10.16995/ntn.646 6855: 6818: 6789: 6743: 6726: 6691: 6646: 6645: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6375:Diego Gambetta. 6373: 6367: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6347: 6315: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6263: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6217: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6146:Body and Society 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6042: 6025:(8): 1327–1336. 6014: 6005: 6004: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5965: 5954: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5902: 5891: 5890: 5872: 5862: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5783: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5750: 5744: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5489:(2): 97–107.e2. 5478: 5472: 5471: 5461: 5443: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5357: 5340:(12): CD012013. 5325: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5240: 5223:(5): 1145–1154. 5208: 5202: 5201: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4844: 4833: 4832: 4814: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4762:(4): 1105–1127. 4751: 4745: 4744: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4689: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4555:. Archived from 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4451: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4249: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4209: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4147: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4013: 4007: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3815: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3577: 3572:. Archived from 3548:(5): 1183–1215. 3533: 3524: 3523: 3497: 3488:(7): 1345–1358. 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3101:, pp. 1–2; 3092: 3086: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3012: 3003: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2898: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2607: 2601: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2465: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2310: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2246: 2235: 2218: 2217: 2181: 2170: 2169: 2151: 2128: 2127: 2117: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1981: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1849: 1800: 1786:Feather-plucking 1782: 1764:feather-plucking 1663:Developing world 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1399:trichotillomania 1391:bipolar disorder 1335:mood stabilizers 1198:mental disorders 1169:Northern Ireland 1129:gender dysphoria 1069:bipolar disorder 993:coping mechanism 956:eating disorders 814:self-enucleation 774:trichotillomania 756:Mostly accepted 724: 570:Constance Lytton 560:academic fencing 430: 423: 419: 416: 410: 383: 382: 375: 342:sense of failure 322:coping mechanism 306:gender dysphoria 286:eating disorders 266:mental disorders 235:eating disorders 162: 142: 132: 131: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 40: 39: 32: 21: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8311: 8287:McLean Hospital 8263: 8192: 8161: 8156: 8126: 8121: 8120: 8097: 8096: 8055: 8030: 8025: 8024: 7973: 7928: 7889: 7884: 7841: 7790: 7747: 7738: 7709: 7654: 7625: 7588: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7508:(3): CD013669. 7495: 7460: 7425: 7380: 7351: 7306: 7293: 7291: 7260: 7223: 7191:(6): e0000282. 7178: 7139: 7102: 7059: 7030: 6985: 6957:(10): 733–741. 6947: 6919:(6S): S79–S88. 6910: 6881: 6858: 6821: 6792: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6729: 6715: 6694: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6498: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6476: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6317: 6316: 6303: 6295: 6293: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6016: 6015: 6008: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5970: 5959: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5785: 5784: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5751: 5747: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5650:10.1.1.666.6159 5634: 5633: 5629: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5355:1854/LU-8573483 5327: 5326: 5319: 5288:(3): CD013667. 5275: 5274: 5270: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5007:, p. 2380. 5003: 4999: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4846: 4845: 4836: 4812:10.1.1.506.4280 4796: 4795: 4791: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4524: 4517: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374:, p. 644; 4370: 4366: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4319:, p. 2376. 4315: 4311: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3803:Haw et al. 2005 3801: 3797: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3579: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3427:, pp. 4–5. 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3085:, pp. 4–5. 3081:, p. 131; 3077: 3073: 3067:McAllister 2003 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3043:McAllister 2003 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3013: 3006: 2990:, p. 178; 2988:McAllister 2003 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2821:Self-Mutilation 2817: 2816: 2812: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2617: 2616:, Jafariya news 2609: 2608: 2604: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2467: 2466: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2255: 2244: 2237: 2236: 2221: 2183: 2182: 2173: 2166: 2153: 2152: 2131: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1991: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1893: 1892: 1881: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1814: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1729: 1721:raise awareness 1712: 1696: 1665: 1656: 1628: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1374: 1355:pharmacotherapy 1331:antidepressants 1315: 1289: 1272:beta endorphins 1210: 1208:Pathophysiology 1157: 1137: 1101: 1053: 1051:Mental disorder 1048: 1016: 933:substance abuse 895:self-mutilation 872: 810:Auto-castration 798:Psychic crisis 727:Classification 719:Self-mutilation 623:partial suicide 616: 586:blood poisoning 578:Holloway Prison 507:performed auto- 505:Maya priesthood 431: 420: 414: 411: 404: 394:which does not 384: 380: 373: 365:Captive animals 314:self-punishment 278:substance abuse 239:substance abuse 219:self-mutilation 140: 133: 129: 124: 118: 115: 72: 61: 57:primary sources 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8390: 8388: 8380: 8379: 8369: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8297:Schema therapy 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8224:Hypersexuality 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8083: 8072: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047:Classification 8041: 8040: 8029: 8028:External links 8026: 8023: 8022: 7971: 7926: 7882: 7839: 7788: 7760:(6): e056199. 7745: 7736: 7718:(2): 463–492. 7707: 7652: 7634:(2): 197–206. 7623: 7622: 7621: 7601:(5): 326–328. 7562:(5): 324–325. 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7493: 7473:(4): 186–200. 7458: 7423: 7378: 7360:(4): 508–514. 7349: 7304: 7275:(3): 177–185. 7258: 7232:(5): 641–645. 7221: 7176: 7137: 7111:(2): 129–147. 7100: 7057: 7028: 6998:(3): 144–151. 6983: 6945: 6908: 6890:(2): 192–212. 6879: 6856: 6830:(3): 371–394. 6819: 6801:(4): 357–379. 6790: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6727: 6713: 6692: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6604: 6592: 6565:(4): 587–598. 6549: 6522:(6): 891–894. 6506: 6484: 6462: 6433:(3): 442–447. 6413: 6401:Prison Insider 6388: 6368: 6359: 6301: 6275: 6234: 6202: 6191:(4): 457–474. 6171: 6136: 6110: 6108:, p. 361. 6098: 6079:(6): 667–677. 6062: 6006: 5979: 5938: 5917:(2): 240–259. 5892: 5825: 5809: 5797: 5773: 5761: 5745: 5725: 5713: 5664: 5643:(2): 166–185. 5627: 5584: 5555:(2): 111–126. 5535: 5508: 5473: 5414: 5395:(4): 337–350. 5379: 5317: 5268: 5203: 5176:(3): 480–501. 5156: 5107: 5058: 5009: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4971: 4937: 4908:(5): 194–204. 4888: 4859:(3): 357–392. 4834: 4789: 4746: 4727:(2): 123–146. 4711: 4652: 4617: 4615:, p. 361. 4605: 4603:, p. 383. 4593: 4569: 4544: 4515: 4488:(3): 286–291. 4472: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4392: 4380: 4364: 4321: 4309: 4282:(4): 340–348. 4266: 4263:on 8 July 2011 4235: 4220: 4217:on 2012-10-11. 4192: 4167: 4138:(9): 573–575. 4118: 4095: 4066:(4): 447–458. 4043: 4024:(5): 489–495. 4008: 3980: 3968: 3942: 3917: 3889: 3882: 3862: 3853: 3826:(3): 416–417. 3807: 3795: 3774:(9): 872–876. 3754: 3733:(2): 129–132. 3713: 3694:(3): 369–378. 3678: 3651:(3): 250–257. 3634: 3615:(2): 145–162. 3596: 3576:on 2009-02-08. 3525: 3468: 3456: 3445:(2): 162–179. 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3379: 3359: 3330:(2): 197–209. 3310: 3303: 3278: 3271: 3250: 3190: 3177: 3155: 3136: 3107: 3105:, p. 325. 3087: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. S82. 3047: 3045:, p. 178. 3035: 3033:, p. 198. 3023: 3004: 3002:, p. 131. 2980: 2967: 2947: 2928:(2): 134–140. 2912: 2905: 2880: 2843: 2830: 2810: 2791:(3): 195–206. 2775: 2764:(3): 408–466. 2746: 2726:(3): 338–363. 2701: 2693: 2671: 2653: 2646: 2625: 2602: 2578: 2567: 2560: 2542: 2530: 2515: 2511:Angelotta 2015 2503: 2453: 2423: 2404:(2): 105–110. 2385: 2378: 2354: 2325:(2): 211–220. 2300: 2281:(2): 121–125. 2260: 2253: 2219: 2192:(5): 531–554. 2171: 2164: 2129: 2108:(6): 537–542. 2085: 2039: 2028:(2): 289–305. 2012: 2000: 1967: 1948:(2): 324–333. 1929: 1902:(2): 226–239. 1879: 1860:(5): 447–457. 1843: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1804:Lick granuloma 1802: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1777: 1760:lick granuloma 1728: 1725: 1711: 1708: 1695: 1694:Prison inmates 1692: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1627: 1624: 1613:drug overdoses 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1373: 1370: 1343:antipsychotics 1314: 1311: 1288: 1285: 1283:of self-harm. 1209: 1206: 1156: 1153: 1136: 1133: 1121:pubertal phase 1100: 1097: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1032:self-embedding 1015: 1012: 997:emotional pain 871: 868: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 807: 803: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 786: 785: 782: 779: 776: 766:sailor tattoos 762: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 741: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 657: 656: 653: 643: 640: 637: 634: 619:Karl Menninger 615: 614:Classification 612: 572:, a prominent 490:Karl Menninger 468:was practiced 433: 432: 387: 385: 378: 372: 369: 282:mood disorders 194: 193: 179: 173: 172: 164: 163: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 138: 135: 134: 127: 125: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8389: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8365: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7597:(Editorial). 7596: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7558:(Editorial). 7557: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6507: 6496: 6495: 6488: 6485: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6414: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379:. Princeton. 6378: 6372: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6279: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6235: 6225:on 2008-12-01 6221: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6152:(4): 87–111. 6151: 6147: 6140: 6137: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5733:Townsend 2014 5729: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4972: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4559:on 2019-11-02 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4534:on 2008-09-16 4533: 4529: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4462:on 2008-05-11 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3958:on 2008-03-03 3957: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3907:on 2009-03-19 3906: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593:on 2011-03-24 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3464:Klonsky 2007b 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097:, p. 6; 3096: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994:, p. 1; 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2870:on 2012-02-25 2866: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2615: 2614: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Mishneh Torah 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575:1 Kings 18:28 2571: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008:Klonsky 2007b 2004: 2001: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1727:Other animals 1726: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1594: 800–850 1588: 720–800 1582: 640–720 1576: 560–640 1570: 480–560 1564: 400–480 1558: 320–400 1552: 240–320 1546: 160–240 1528: no data 1521: 1516: 1508: 194–395 1502: 147–193 1496: 122–146 1448: no data 1440: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:schizophrenia 1384: 1380: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1262:or numbness ( 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1249:physical pain 1246: 1241: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188:= 1.569, 95% 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:meta-analysis 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089:schizophrenia 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989:para-suicidal 986: 981: 976: 974: 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:drug overdose 949: 945: 940: 938: 937:autoeroticism 934: 930: 926: 922: 921: 916: 915:self-soothing 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 828:Unacceptable 827: 824: 821: 819: 815: 811: 808: 805: 804: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 787: 783: 780: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 760: 759: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 742: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 725: 722: 720: 715: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 654: 652: 648: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 628: 627: 626: 624: 620: 613: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 565: 564:scarification 561: 557: 556:Dueling scars 553: 551: 547: 546:Day of Ashura 543: 539: 535: 534: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 494: 491: 483: 478: 471: 470:self-flogging 467: 463: 459: 451: 444: 439: 429: 426: 418: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 388:This section 386: 377: 376: 370: 368: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 315: 311: 307: 304:, as well as 303: 299: 295: 294:schizophrenia 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 191: 187: 183: 180: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 156: 152: 148: 143: 126: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 69: 65: 59: 58: 54: 50: 45:This article 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 8363: 8333:Complex PTSD 8328:Codependency 8248: 8204:Dissociation 8109: 8085: 8074: 8059: 7983: 7979: 7938: 7934: 7897: 7893: 7853: 7849: 7800: 7796: 7757: 7753: 7740: 7715: 7711: 7660: 7656: 7631: 7627: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7559: 7555: 7505: 7501: 7470: 7466: 7438:(4): 97–99. 7435: 7431: 7390: 7386: 7357: 7353: 7316: 7312: 7300:Academia.edu 7298:– via 7292:. Retrieved 7272: 7266: 7229: 7225: 7188: 7184: 7145: 7141: 7108: 7104: 7071: 7067: 7039:(1): 50–62. 7036: 7032: 6995: 6991: 6954: 6950: 6916: 6912: 6887: 6883: 6864: 6827: 6823: 6798: 6794: 6764:(2): 75–80. 6761: 6757: 6731: 6696: 6671: 6667: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6595: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6499:, retrieved 6493: 6487: 6477:, retrieved 6471: 6465: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6405:. Retrieved 6403:. 2022-04-14 6400: 6391: 6376: 6371: 6362: 6327: 6323: 6294:, retrieved 6290:the original 6284: 6278: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6227:, retrieved 6220:the original 6211: 6205: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6128:. Retrieved 6124:the original 6113: 6101: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6022: 6018: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5941: 5914: 5910: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5812: 5807:, p. 4. 5800: 5791: 5787: 5764: 5748: 5728: 5723:, p. 3. 5716: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5600:(1): 60–84. 5597: 5593: 5587: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5524:(1): 37–48. 5521: 5517: 5511: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5337: 5333: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5026: 5023:BJPsych Open 5022: 5012: 5000: 4940: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4856: 4852: 4805:(1): 28–38. 4802: 4798: 4792: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4585:. Retrieved 4561:. Retrieved 4557:the original 4547: 4536:. Retrieved 4532:the original 4485: 4481: 4475: 4464:. Retrieved 4460:the original 4434: 4422: 4410: 4383: 4367: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4312: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4258:the original 4251: 4238: 4212:the original 4195: 4184:. 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Retrieved 2820: 2813: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2684: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2637: 2618:, retrieved 2612: 2605: 2594: 2593:ch. 5, etc. 2590: 2585:Maimonides, 2581: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2533: 2506: 2476:(1): 40–47. 2473: 2469: 2445:. Retrieved 2436: 2401: 2397: 2364: 2357: 2322: 2318: 2278: 2274: 2240: 2189: 2185: 2155: 2105: 2101: 2055: 2051: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2003: 1992:. 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