1193:
774:
740:
985:
675:
1322:
133:
1339:
165:
149:
36:
757:
814:. These were mobile, but lacked protection for the crew. The next step was to mount the guns on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provide an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. Many of the early designs were improvised, and the lessons learned led to better designs later in the war. For example, the first British design, "
1204:
1084:
961:, which mounted powerful guns on modern chassis adopting the full-casemate enclosure of the crew compartment as the Germans had done with the StuG III. These had the advantage of being relatively cheap to build and mounting a larger gun compared to the conventional tank that they were derived from, but at the expense of flexibility.
1183:
main battle tank carried a 60 mm mortar in the small troop compartment in the rear, which fired through an opening in the roof, allowing the crew to remain protected. This was useful for fighting nearby infantry, as a mortar is shorter-ranged and cheaper to shoot than the large main gun, as well
578:
The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before the towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and set up the guns. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought—usually towed—to the new location. By
1282:, the G6-52. It can fire up to six rounds in quick succession that will land nearly simultaneously. This is achieved by firing the shells at different trajectories so that the first round has the longest flight time and the last round the shortest. This is an improvement of the concept of
1038:, which were unarmored trucks with a simple rocket rack on the back, a cheap and crushingly effective weapon, provided area saturation was called for rather than accurate fire. The Axis powers had captured the Katyusha and made their own versions; Germany created the
1025:
being typical examples. A different route was chosen by the
Soviets, who did not develop a specialized indirect-fire vehicle, but following a tradition of dual-purpose towed artillery, built a series of versatile assault guns with indirect-fire capabilities (example
623:
organized small units of horse artillery that were distributed among their cavalry formations in the early 18th century. While not forming large batteries and employing only lighter 2- and 3-pound guns, they were still effective and inflicted serious losses to
1248:
much more quickly and effectively and, if desired, more frequently than previously possible. In conjunction with modern logistic systems (where the SP gun's systems can track and report on ammunition consumption and levels) with similar navigation systems and
1008:
All major nations developed self-propelled artillery that would be able to provide indirect support while keeping pace with advancing armoured formations. These were usually lightly armoured vehicles with an open-topped hull; the
American
619:. Batteries towed light field guns where most or all of the crew rode horses into battle. The gunners were trained to quickly dismount, deploy the guns and provide instant fire support to cavalry, and act as a flexible reserve. The
968:
were designed to provide direct-fire support to infantry in the face of enemy defenses. Although often similar to tank destroyers, they carried larger-caliber guns with weaker anti-armor performance but capable of firing powerful
1109:
for local defense, which project one or more smoke grenades in a pattern that allows them to lay down a smoke screen some distance in order to conceal the vehicle from enemy observers. Mortar carriers are vehicles which carry a
727:, on a Vickers medium tank chassis. It was designed and built for investigations into a general approach to warfare where all arms, infantry and artillery included, would be able to operate over the same terrain as tanks. The
702:
and carried a heavy field gun. The gun could either be fired from the vehicle, or removed and set up as normal. In effect, the carrier replaced the use of a separate horse team or internal combustion engine-powered
807:
As the war progressed, most nations developed self-propelled artillery. Some early attempts were often no more than a field gun or anti-tank gun mounted on a truck—a technique known in the
British Army as carrying
558:
on a tracked chassis so they superficially resemble tanks. However, they are generally lightly armoured, which is insufficient to withstand direct-fire combat; nonetheless this protects their crews against
1075:, among others, are still developed with large-caliber, direct-fire weapons. Self-propelled indirect-fire artillery remains important and continues to develop alongside the general-purpose field gun.
594:
have also been used for rapid artillery deployment albeit at considerable expense and risk, mitigating one of towed artillery's disadvantages. Both self-propelled and towed artillery remain in the
1184:
as being better suited to wounding enemy infantry taking cover behind objects. However, since the mortar is only a secondary weapon in this case, the
Merkava is not considered a mortar carrier.
547:
that fired both high-explosive and anti-tank ammunition, direct-fire vehicles had specialized roles, with assault guns providing close fire-support for infantry and tank destroyers mounting an
796:
doctrine called for combined-arms action, which required fire support for armoured units, during the invasion of Poland and France this was provided by the
Luftwaffe using
586:
Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be deployed in areas that self-propelled guns cannot reach. Since the
930:(StuG III) assault gun, in 1936–1937 pioneered the later casemate-style fully enclosed armor that would be used on almost all late-war German self-propelled artillery and
1260:
mean that the rapid displacement can occur without significant disruption to actually firing missions as it is possible for the ammunition to keep up with the guns.
640:
in 1790s
Austria, Hannover, Portugal, Russia, France, Great Britain and Sweden had all formed regular units of horse artillery. The arm was employed throughout the
850:
644:
and remained in use throughout the entire 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century, when advances in weapons technology finally made it obsolete.
1315:" than guns, since there is less restriction on size (calibre). A multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) can be used to saturate a large area with sub-munitions.
200:
1179:
mortar turret. There are also numerous AFVs and even main battle tanks that can be equipped with a mortar, either outside or inside the cabin. The
Israeli
773:
1192:
53:
579:
comparison, self-propelled artillery can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This
481:
equipped with its own propulsion system to move toward its firing position. Within the terminology are the self-propelled gun, self-propelled
1437:
636:
to organize the first regular horse artillery unit in 1759. Other nations quickly realized the capability of the new arm and by the start of
1504:
ScafeČ™, Cornel (2004). "Buletinul
Muzeului Național Militar, Nr. 2/2004" [Bulletin of the National Military Museum, No. 2/2004].
1372:
838:
792:
At the outbreak of World War II, virtually all artillery was still being moved around by artillery tractors or horses. While the German
443:
335:
247:
100:
325:
72:
1577:
1558:
1535:
1507:
193:
119:
723:) after the end of the War. This mounted an 18-pounder field gun, capable of both the usual artillery trajectories and high-angle
1582:
79:
1068:
1480:
1131:
57:
1214:
Self-propelled artillery remains important in the equipment of many modern armies. It saw a significant role throughout the
1321:
939:
The
Soviets experimented with truck- and tank-based self-propelled weapons, producing a few Komsomolets tractor-mounted 57
864:
The
Germans also mobilized their anti-tank guns, using light, obsolete or captured tracked vehicles. Examples include the
720:
86:
1338:
997:
265:
232:
186:
1592:
1040:
370:
68:
1278:
One example of the increased firepower provided by modern mobile howitzers is the latest version of the 155 mm
739:
1230:
1225:
Modern SP artillery is highly computerized, with the ability to self-survey firing positions using systems such as
365:
330:
984:
46:
1226:
1123:
1045:
989:
637:
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355:
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257:
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1303:
1237:/ballistic computers and digital communications, allows individual guns to disperse over a wide area and still
1035:
1031:
1001:
458:
305:
219:
1168:
826:
chassis, but in a mounting that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective
1072:
1064:
295:
949:
819:
1150:
1139:
1092:
724:
674:
620:
486:
453:
242:
237:
1048:, an early prototype of which was armed with a Katyusha. It also had self-propelled howitzer versions.
1244:
These capabilities also increase survivability manyfold as modern SP artillery can displace and avoid
1160:
1055:, the assault gun fell from use with a general trend towards a single heavy gun-equipped vehicle, the
93:
974:
927:
612:
591:
345:
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227:
1272:
1245:
1234:
1115:
651:
633:
629:
560:
380:
209:
153:
1290:) concept. The necessary rapid reloading is made possible by an automated ammunition feed system.
583:
ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance in open battlefields.
132:
1312:
1250:
1022:
1014:
970:
827:
815:
687:
679:
981:, both fully casemated in their design, are examples of this type of self-propelled artillery.
1554:
1531:
1486:
1476:
1433:
1367:
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704:
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1466:
1299:
1164:
1056:
894:
858:
846:
782:
494:
490:
423:
403:
1308:
1111:
902:, built on medium tank chassis. In the same way self-propelled anti-tank guns such as the
842:
663:
641:
616:
580:
510:
506:
360:
300:
285:
731:
also experimented with truck- and tank-mounted artillery, but produced none in quantity.
1287:
1238:
1100:
1088:
993:
823:
536:
428:
280:
164:
148:
17:
926:). The single most-produced armored fighting vehicle design for Germany in WW II, the
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834:
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418:
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275:
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173:
1427:
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1208:
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953:
casemate-armored vehicles had started to appear at the front, starting with the
919:
911:
907:
889:
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691:
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572:
539:, which were typically well-armoured vehicles often based upon the chassis of a
532:
528:
521:
438:
393:
157:
35:
756:
719:
developed by the British for their motorised warfare experimental brigade (the
1263:
A modern battery of six guns, each firing 43 kg projectiles with a burst
1143:
1119:
932:
923:
881:
833:
The first battery of self-propelled artillery guns was created when Hauptmann
793:
655:
564:
555:
413:
398:
388:
1114:
as a primary weapon. Numerous vehicles have been used to mount mortars, from
1377:
1283:
1135:
1010:
877:
873:
788:
self-propelled artillery vehicle on the Eastern Front, January–February 1944
716:
498:
478:
169:
1490:
1175:(Advanced Mortar System), which is a 120 mm automatic twin-barrelled,
977:
based on the StuG III, and the immense 152 mm howitzer-armed, Soviet
1257:
1253:
1219:
1215:
899:
865:
728:
647:
554:
Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles often mount their main gun in a
544:
502:
482:
433:
1203:
804:
effectively acting as artillery. Conventional towed howitzers followed.
1180:
1083:
1060:
1027:
978:
915:
763:
625:
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514:
690:
was the first example of a self-propelled gun, fielded in 1917 during
178:
958:
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were built. Some designs were based on existing chassis (such as the
810:
760:
658:
to be mounted and fired from the back of camels. It was used by the
1134:, to vehicles specifically intended to carry a mortar, such as the
1271:
of ordnance per minute for up to four minutes. This is an immense
1268:
1202:
1191:
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1018:
983:
954:
944:
854:
772:
755:
748:
738:
673:
163:
147:
141:
137:
131:
1030:). A related and novel program was the development of the Soviet
1345:
1172:
695:
540:
615:, early 17th-century experiments were made with early types of
182:
29:
853:
was the forerunner to German tracked field guns such as the
650:
was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from the
666:, where the transportation of heavy cannons is difficult.
27:
Artillery mounted on a vehicle for mobility and protection
752:
105 mm self-propelled artillery vehicle in Normandy, 1944
1547:
Beute-Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer der Deutschen Wehrmacht
1059:, although some wheeled AFVs such as the South African
1380:– US military vehicle and related supply designations
1198:
self-propelled 155 mm Howitzer model 2000 Zuzana
662:, especially those of Iran, especially in the rugged
1551:
Captured Halftracks and Tanks of the German Military
1511:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Total Publishing: 210–237.
922:); others were converted from battle-damaged tanks (
493:. They are high-mobility vehicles, usually based on
973:projectiles. The German 105 mm howitzer-armed
837:, a mechanical engineer and battery captain in the
527:In the past, self-propelled artillery has included
379:
256:
218:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1286:(MRSI), itself an enhancement of the earlier TOT (
1275:, which can be delivered with very high accuracy.
1471:. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p.
1429:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
1311:have greater ranges and carry much more complex "
1159:(Tulip) self-propelled 240 mm heavy mortar.
543:. In lieu of the standard tank's general-purpose
1553:] (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag.
707:, and allowed a new way for the gun to be used.
1530:(in Swedish and English). Militärhistor. Förl.
517:launcher. They are usually used for long-range
1267:of four rounds per minute, can deliver over a
947:guns early in the war. By 1943, the series of
1528:Kungliga artilleriet: Det ridande artilleriet
914:), leftover chassis from cancelled programs (
888:Czech chassis. These led to better-protected
845:howitzers on the chassis of captured British
194:
8:
1452:
851:10.5 cm leFH 16 GeschĂĽtzwagen Mk VI 736 (e)
567:and therefore they are usually included as
715:The next major advance can be seen in the
201:
187:
179:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1396:
1394:
1413:
1390:
1317:
1239:deliver rounds on target simultaneously
1241:with the other guns in their battery.
849:light tanks to mobilize his guns. His
7:
1404:, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 6.
1233:. This, in conjunction with digital
575:for defense against enemy infantry.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1373:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
444:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
1284:multiple-round simultaneous impact
1163:, a joint venture between Finnish
1105:Many vehicles have used ancillary
25:
1142:is a mortar carrier based on the
1545:Spielberger, Walter J. (1992) .
1368:List of self-propelled howitzers
1337:
1320:
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1218:era conflicts and in the 1991
1044:, while Romania developed the
1:
1402:Field Artillery and Firepower
721:Experimental Mechanized Force
880:light tank chassis, and the
694:. It was based on the first
524:support on the battlefield.
1465:Chamberlain, Peter (1975).
1432:. Oxford University Press.
1426:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004).
1231:inertial navigation systems
1041:8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer
1609:
1297:
1126:, such as variants of the
1124:infantry fighting vehicles
1116:improvised civilian trucks
1098:
569:armoured fighting vehicles
69:"Self-propelled artillery"
1400:Bailey, Johnathan B. A.,
1036:multiple rocket launchers
936:-format tank destroyers.
884:, which was based on the
660:Islamic gunpowder empires
638:French Revolutionary Wars
571:. Many are equipped with
551:to take on enemy armour.
1578:Self-propelled artillery
1508:National Military Museum
1304:Multiple rocket launcher
1002:Katyusha rocket launcher
868:, using captured French
497:carrying either a large
471:Self-propelled artillery
459:Multiple rocket launcher
449:Self-propelled artillery
1583:Combat vehicles by type
1526:Hedberg, Jonas (1987).
1065:Maneuver Combat Vehicle
957:, and by late 1944 the
839:227th Infantry Division
598:of many modern armies.
160:arriving in Afghanistan
18:Self-propelled Howitzer
1211:
1200:
1096:
1046:Mareșal tank destroyer
1005:
950:Samokhodnaya Ustanovka
898:– with fully enclosed
789:
770:
753:
683:
176:
161:
145:
1206:
1195:
1169:BAE Systems Hägglunds
1093:postwar Sherman tanks
1086:
1004:version also existed.
987:
783:Hummel" (Sd.Kfz. 165)
776:
759:
742:
677:
592:transport helicopters
489:, and self-propelled
487:self-propelled mortar
454:Self-propelled mortar
167:
151:
135:
1294:Rockets and missiles
1258:lifting capabilities
654:. It featured small
475:locomotive artillery
54:improve this article
1468:Mortars and rockets
1246:counterbattery fire
820:25 pdr gun-howitzer
652:early modern period
634:Frederick the Great
211:History of the tank
154:Panzerhaubitze 2000
1593:English inventions
1351:launching a rocket
1212:
1201:
1188:Howitzers and guns
1097:
1087:IDF Makmat 160 mm
1006:
790:
771:
754:
725:anti-aircraft fire
688:Gun Carrier Mark I
684:
680:Gun Carrier Mark I
531:vehicles, such as
509:, or some form of
177:
162:
146:
1439:978-0-19-566526-0
1416:, pp. 11–13.
1363:List of artillery
1051:After the end of
964:Heavily armoured
928:SturmgeschĂĽtz III
781:late production "
705:artillery tractor
613:Thirty Years' War
495:continuous tracks
467:
466:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1600:
1564:
1541:
1513:
1512:
1506:Bulletin of the
1501:
1495:
1494:
1462:
1456:
1453:Spielberger 1992
1450:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1341:
1324:
1300:Rocket artillery
1161:Patria Hägglunds
1057:main battle tank
996:, armed with an
942:
711:Between the wars
632:. This inspired
630:Seven Years' War
491:rocket artillery
424:Main battle tank
404:Super-heavy tank
212:
203:
196:
189:
180:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1608:
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1603:
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1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1588:Weapon fixtures
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1567:
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1525:
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1516:
1503:
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1298:Main articles:
1296:
1190:
1171:, manufactures
1103:
1081:
1034:self-propelled
1017:and the German
1015:Sexton (25 pdr)
940:
843:10.5 cm leFH 16
818:", carried the
737:
713:
672:
664:Iranian plateau
642:Napoleonic Wars
617:horse artillery
609:
604:
581:shoot-and-scoot
537:tank destroyers
468:
463:
375:
252:
214:
210:
207:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1606:
1604:
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1536:
1521:
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1496:
1481:
1457:
1455:, p. 212.
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1354:
1353:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1295:
1292:
1288:time on target
1273:weight of fire
1189:
1186:
1146:tank chassis.
1140:Israeli Makmat
1122:, to modified
1101:Mortar carrier
1099:Main article:
1089:mortar carrier
1080:
1077:
1013:, the British
994:tank destroyer
872:tractors, the
841:, mounted his
824:Valentine tank
736:
733:
712:
709:
698:, the British
671:
668:
608:
605:
603:
600:
465:
464:
462:
461:
456:
451:
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441:
436:
431:
429:Tank destroyer
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328:
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308:
303:
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296:Czechoslovakia
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271:United Kingdom
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262:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1605:
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1562:
1560:3-613-01255-3
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1537:91-85266-39-6
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1259:
1255:
1254:load dropping
1252:
1247:
1242:
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1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:breech-loaded
1174:
1170:
1166:
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1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:M3 half track
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:smoke mortars
1102:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:, and the US
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
998:M-30 howitzer
995:
991:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
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962:
960:
956:
952:
951:
946:
937:
935:
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917:
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909:
905:
904:Jagdpanzer IV
901:
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
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31:
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1331:Panzerwerfer
1307:
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1265:firing speed
1262:
1243:
1235:fire control
1224:
1213:
1167:and Swedish
1154:
1151:Russian army
1148:
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1053:World War II
1050:
1039:
1007:
966:assault guns
963:
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893:
890:assault guns
886:Panzer 38(t)
876:, using the
870:Lorraine 37L
863:
832:
809:
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802:dive-bombers
791:
747:
735:World War II
714:
686:The British
685:
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621:Russian army
610:
585:
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573:machine guns
553:
533:assault guns
526:
474:
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448:
409:Cruiser tank
351:Soviet Union
238:World War II
174:Russian Army
144:, Iraq, 2008
116:
110:January 2010
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1280:G6 howitzer
1209:Bandkanon 1
1156:2S4 Tyulpan
920:Sturer Emil
908:Jagdpanther
786:150 mm
768:assault gun
692:World War I
670:World War I
656:swivel guns
611:During the
588:Vietnam War
529:direct-fire
522:bombardment
439:Assault gun
394:Medium tank
346:South Korea
341:North Korea
291:New Zealand
228:World War I
170:2S19M2 Msta
158:German Army
1572:Categories
1482:0668038179
1251:palletized
1207:A Swedish
1144:M4 Sherman
1120:insurgents
933:Jagdpanzer
924:Sturmtiger
882:Marder III
794:Blitzkrieg
607:Precursors
565:small arms
414:Flame tank
399:Heavy tank
389:Light tank
172:-S of the
140:firing in
80:newspapers
1378:G-numbers
1136:2S31 Vena
1073:M1128 MGS
1011:M7 Priest
988:Romanian
900:casemates
878:Panzer II
874:Marder II
743:Disabled
717:Birch gun
499:field gun
479:artillery
266:Australia
1357:See also
1220:Gulf War
1216:Cold War
1132:M113 APC
1118:used by
1032:Katyusha
912:Brummbär
866:Marder I
800:'Stuka'
729:Red Army
682:(60 pdr)
678:British
648:Zamburak
626:Prussian
596:arsenals
590:, heavy
561:shrapnel
545:main gun
519:indirect
503:howitzer
483:howitzer
434:Tankette
243:Cold War
233:Interwar
136:British
1520:Sources
1491:2067459
1309:Rockets
1196:Slovak
1181:Merkava
1153:uses a
1079:Mortars
1067:of the
1061:Rooikat
1028:ISU-152
990:Mareșal
979:ISU-152
975:StuH 42
916:Elefant
764:ISU-152
602:History
515:missile
371:Ukraine
306:Germany
258:Country
156:of the
94:scholar
1557:
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1489:
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1328:German
1313:shells
1165:Patria
1138:. The
1112:mortar
1063:, the
1023:Hummel
959:SU-100
941:
859:Hummel
828:Sexton
816:Bishop
811:portee
779:German
766:heavy
761:Soviet
745:German
700:Mark I
556:turret
511:rocket
507:mortar
361:Sweden
336:Poland
326:Israel
301:France
286:Canada
138:AS-90s
96:
89:
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67:
1549:[
1385:Notes
1269:tonne
1091:(see
1069:JGSDF
1019:Wespe
992:M-00
955:SU-85
945:ZiS-2
855:Wespe
822:on a
749:Wespe
477:) is
356:Spain
331:Japan
321:Italy
281:China
142:Basra
101:JSTOR
87:books
1555:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1349:MLRS
1346:M270
1302:and
1229:and
1173:AMOS
1149:The
1130:and
1021:and
1000:. A
918:and
906:and
857:and
696:tank
563:and
541:tank
535:and
381:Type
316:Iraq
311:Iran
276:Cuba
73:news
1344:US
1227:GPS
943:mm
220:Era
56:by
1574::
1485:.
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1473:35
1393:^
1222:.
971:HE
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202:e
195:t
188:v
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84:·
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