337:
patient was instructed to look at twenty different phrases, each consisting of one to three syllables, then read the phrase. If the patient failed to read the phrase, the process was repeated. If the patient failed to read the phrase again, the process was abandoned. To progress from a set of one syllable phrases to two syllable phrases and two syllable phrases to three syllable phrases, an 80% success rate was necessary. This treatment was partially successful. Although fewer phonemic paraphasias were produced due to this treatment, speaking efficiency was not improved by this study. This is partially because the focus of the treatment was on sound production rather than semantic content. Improvements lasted for six weeks before the patient regressed.
333:. A traditional approach requires treatment beginning at the level of breakdown – in the case of paraphasia, at the level of the phoneme. There are commercially available workbooks that provide various activities such as letter, word-picture, or word-word matching, and sentence completion, among other things. The difficulty of these activities varies with the level of treatment. However, these treatments have not been proven to be clinically productive.
164:
which one word is replaced with another phonologically related to the intended word; phonemic ones, in which one word is replaced with a nonword phonologically related to the intended word; and approximations, an attempt to find the word without producing either a word or nonword. These types of errors are associated with
Wernicke's aphasia, among others. Phonemic paraphasias are often caused by lesions to the
253:
preserve length, although the gender of the target word was preserved in more than half of the errors in one case study. It is hypothesized that verbal paraphasias are not the result of a random process but from a precise deficit in a single area. Verbal paraphasias are the only type of paraphasias that can also be linked to nonfluent aphasias, and they are mainly caused by lesions to the
176:. This type of paraphasia also occurs in other languages as well. For example, case studies have been performed with German speakers, which demonstrated that 30.8% of paraphasias occurred at the beginning of the word in patients with Wernicke's aphasia and 22.6% for patients with Broca's aphasia. In English speakers this tendency to create errors at the beginning of the word remained.
217:, and the previously mentioned pause can be used to indicate the relative severity of the neologism; less severe neologistic paraphasias can be recognized as a distortion of a real word, and more severe ones cannot. The hypothesized source for these neologisms is “a device which quasirandomly combines English
240:
There are also various types of neologistic paraphasias. They can be phonologically related to a prior word, a following word, the intended word, or another neologism. The neologistic paraphasia shares phonemes or the position of phonemes with the related word. This most often occurs when the word
100:
location is the most important determining factor for all aphasic disorders, including paraphasia – the location of the lesion can be used to hypothesize the type of aphasic symptoms the patient will display. This lesion can be caused by a variety of different methods: malfunctioning blood vessels
996:
T. Picht, S. M. Krieg, N. Sollmann, J. Rösler, B. Niraula, T. Neuvonen, P. Savolainen, P. Lioumis, Pantelis, J. P. Mäkelä, V. Deletis, B. Meyer, P. Vajkoczy, and F. Ringel, A comparison of language mapping by preoperative navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct cortical stimulation
163:
Phonemic paraphasia, also referred to as phonological paraphasia or literal paraphasia, refers to the substitution of a word with a nonword that preserves at least half of the segments and/or number of syllables of the intended word. This can lead to a variety of errors, including formal ones, in
149:
Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by fluent language with made up or unnecessary words with little or no meaning to speech. Those who suffer from this type of aphasia have difficulty understanding others' speech and are unaware of their own mistakes. When corrected they will repeat their verbal
336:
A 1988 study by Mary Boyle proposed a method focused on oral reading to treat phonemic paraphasias, which was partially successful, resulting in fewer phonemic paraphasias but a slower rate of speech. Treatments lasted for 50 minutes and occurred once a week. During these treatment sessions, the
252:
Verbal paraphasias are confusions of words or the replacement of one word by another real word; another definition is that of a contextually inappropriate
English word or an English word of a syntactically incorrect class – the wrong part of speech, for example. Verbal paraphasias do not often
192:
Addition errors, in which a segment is added that bears no relation to the intended word, are much rarer than anticipatory, perseverative, or paradigmatic errors, though they do occur. Most often what can be mistaken for an addition error is an anticipatory error from the words surrounding the
145:
is characterized by non-fluent or telegraphic-type speech - where articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns and morphological inflections (plurals, past tense) are omitted. The word substitutions are infrequent and distortion of consonants and simplification of consonant
241:
and neologistic paraphasia are in the same clause. Neologistic paraphasias have a less stringent relationship with the target word than phonological paraphasias – where a phonological paraphasia has more than half of the target word’s phonemes, a neologistic paraphasia has less than half.
316:
Many language impairments, including paraphasic errors, are reduced in number through spontaneous recovery of neurological function; this occurs most often with stroke patients within the first three months of recovery. Lesions associated with
303:
Perseverative paraphasia is a type of paraphasia in which the previous response persists and interferes with retrieval of new responses. (See the experimental case study D.L.A published by Dennis in 1976.) It is associated with lesions in the
150:
paraphasias and have trouble finding the correct word. Wernicke's area is found in the dominant hemisphere of the posterior gyrus of the first temporal convolution of the brain, whereas Broca's area is found anterior to the
Wernicke's area.
96:, among others. All of these lead to a difference in processing efficiency, which is often caused by damage to a cortical region in the brain (in receptive aphasia, for example, the lesion is in or near Wernicke's area);
146:
clusters is frequent. Content words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives may be preserved. Subjects of this aphasia are aware of their errors in speech. Damage to the Broca's area does not affect comprehension of speech.
268:
These errors can be semantic, in which the meaning of the word is related to that of the intended word (car for van, for example). Semantic paraphasias can be further subdivided into six different types.
325:
have a longer period for spontaneous recovery, from four to eight weeks. Whether spontaneous recovery occurs or not, treatment must begin immediately after the stroke, with support from a
281:
Subordinate semantic paraphasias are the opposite of superordinate semantic paraphasias and replace the target word with one that is more specific – rose, for flower, for example.
141:
Two areas of the brain, Broca's area and
Wernicke's area, are responsible for various disruptions in speech when damaged. Each is defined by their distinct characteristics.
349:(TMS). With navigated TMS (nTMS), nodes of the language network can be located presurgically so that critical areas can be saved when performing tumor or epilepsy surgery.
278:
Superordinate semantic paraphasias replace a specific target word with a more generalized group to which the target word involves, such as replacing pear with fruit.
987:
Boyle M. 1988. Reducing
Phonemic Paraphasias in the Connected Speech of a Conduction Aphasic Subject. In Clinical Aphasiology Conference, pp. 379-93. Cape Cod, MA
284:
Part-whole semantic paraphasias replace the "whole" with the "part" as in finger for hand; or, conversely, the part with the whole, in the case of leg for foot.
183:
Anticipatory errors occur when a syllable from later in the word replaces a syllable from earlier in the word – "papple" for apple or "lelephone" for telephone.
37:, and characterized by the production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to speak. Paraphasic errors are most common in patients with
345:
Transient paraphasias (as well as other language defects such as speech arrest) can be generated by artificially activating the brain's language network with
275:
Associate semantic paraphasias replace the target word with one that is related to the target but is not of the same category, like replacing foot with shoe.
186:
Perseverative errors occur when a syllable from earlier in the word replaces a syllable from later in the word – for example, "gingerjed" for gingerbread.
621:
Gallaher, Alan J. (Jun 24, 1981). "Syntactic versus semantic performances of agrammatic Broca's aphasics on tests of constituent-element-ordering".
213:
Neologistic paraphasias, a substitution with a non-English or gibberish word, follow pauses indicating word-finding difficulty. They can affect any
110:
53:, or both. Some paraphasias preserve the meter without segmentation, and some do the opposite. However, most paraphasias affect both partially.
287:
Finally, a visual semantic paraphasia replaces the target word with a word that shares visual features with the target, such as knife for nail.
76:
Paraphasia is associated with fluent aphasias, characterized by "fluent spontaneous speech, long grammatically shaped sentences and preserved
225:
resulting from aphasia, rather than any other of the sources with which they are associated. Neologistic paraphasia is often associated with
1024:"paraphasia - definition of paraphasia in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
346:
656:
Kellogg, Margaret
Kimberly (2012). "Conceptual mechanisms underlying noun and verb categorization: Evidence from paraphasia".
510:
Sinanovic O, Mrkonjic Z, Zukic S, Vidovic M, Imamovic K. 2011. Post-stroke language disorders. Acta clinica
Croatica 50:79-94
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Coordinate semantic paraphasias replace the target word with one that is from the same category, such as tiger for lion.
368:
768:"Analysis of naming errors during cortical stimulation mapping: Implications for models of language representation"
525:
Kreisler A, Godefroy O, Delmaire C, Debachy B, Leclercq M, et al. (2000). "The anatomy of aphasia revisited".
436:
Biran M, Friedmann N (2005). "From phonological paraphasias to the structure of the phonological output lexicon".
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have a shorter spontaneous recovery time, within the first two weeks; on the other hand, lesions associated with
189:
Paradigmatic errors based on similarity in how the sounds are formed can also occur – "marmer" for barber, i.e.
863:
Butterworth B (1979). "Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargon aphasia".
730:"The scan-copier mechanism and the positional level of language production: Evidence from phonemic paraphasia"
1065:
ScienceDaily - 'Weapons Of Mass
Production', I Mean, 'Mass Destruction!' How The Brain Prevents Verbal Errors
64:, in a sentence reading, "In some cases there is a perfect chorea or delirium of words, which may be called
445:
126:
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675:
Huber, Mary (1944). "A Phonetic
Approach to the Problem of Perception in a Case of Wernicke's Aphasia".
77:
46:
42:
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Epenthetic errors are the insertion of a segment into the target, as in the case of "plants" for pants.
945:
Lewis FC, Soares L (2000). "Relationship between
Semantic Paraphasias and Related Nonverbal Factors".
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intended one. However, an example of a possible addition error could be "selezant" for elephant.
41:, and come in three forms: phonemic or literal, neologistic, and verbal. Paraphasias can affect
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Substitution errors involve a clear phonological substitution, such as "ragon" for wagon.
105:) in the brain are the cause of 80% of aphasias in adults, as compared to head injuries,
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Finally, metathetical errors are the full exchange of segments like "deks" for desk.
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in a phonotactically regular way.” A neologistic paraphasia can be thought of as a
17:
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Corina DP, Loudermilk BC, Detwiler L, Martin RF, Brinkley JF, Ojemann G (2010).
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Random errors, in which the word has no relation to the target, also occur.
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The term was apparently introduced in 1877 by the German-English physician
842:
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574:"Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias"
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884:
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50:
34:
1036:
Buckingham Hugh W., Rekart Deborah M. (1979). "Semantic paraphasia".
1031:"I Can't Come Up with the Right Word..." by William Barr, Ph.D., ABPP
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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
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102:
97:
693:
Berg T (2006). "A structural account of phonological paraphasias".
906:
Garzon M, Semenza M, Meneghello F, Bencini G, Semenza C (2011).
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Science Daily - Area Of Brain Key To Choosing Words Identified
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Diseases of the nervous system: their prevalence and pathology
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is a type of language output error commonly associated with
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Experimental (magnetic-stimulation-induced) paraphasias
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during awake surgery, Neurosurgery 72, 808–819 (2013).
80:
abilities." Examples of these fluent aphasias include
908:"Target-Unrelated Verbal Paraphasias: A Case Study"
420:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders
381:, similar to paraphasia, but for written languages
677:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
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133:are often associated with fluent aphasias.
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568:Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC,
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168:, extending to the posterior part of the
27:Speech difficulty associated with aphasia
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623:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
137:Damage to the brain's language centers
817:"Inflection of neologisms in aphasia"
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815:Caplan D, Kellar L, Locke S (1972).
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397:, an unintelligible jumble of words
1038:Journal of Communication Disorders
1016:The Neuroscience on the Web Series
25:
347:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
237:Types of Neologistic paraphasias
438:Language and Cognitive Processes
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131:posterior superior temporal lobe
82:receptive or Wernicke's aphasia
257:of the brain, the head of the
180:Types of phonemic paraphasias
62:Diseases of the Nervous System
1:
94:transcortical sensory aphasia
1050:10.1016/0021-9924(79)90041-8
928:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.210
877:10.1016/0093-934x(79)90046-4
947:Perceptual and Motor Skills
784:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.04.001
707:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.01.005
369:Lists of language disorders
101:(caused, for example, by a
1108:
1012:"Aphasia: Characteristics"
747:10.1207/s15516709cog1002_4
959:10.2466/pms.2000.91.2.366
460:10.1080/01690960400005813
255:posterior temporal region
487:. Smith, Elder. p.
418:Manasco, Hunter (2014).
299:Perseverative paraphasia
129:. Lesions involving the
481:Julius Althaus (1877).
39:fluent forms of aphasia
834:10.1093/brain/95.1.169
728:Buckingham HW (1986).
209:Neologistic paraphasia
127:demyelinating diseases
635:10.1044/jshr.2402.217
539:10.1212/wnl.54.5.1117
111:degenerative diseases
47:segmental information
590:10.1093/brain/awm251
572:, Warren JD (2008).
306:left caudate nucleus
43:metrical information
323:hemorrhagic strokes
159:Phonemic paraphasia
123:infectious diseases
119:metabolic disorders
51:number of syllables
18:Semantic paraphasia
865:Brain and Language
772:Brain and Language
695:Brain and Language
331:speech pathologist
90:conduction aphasia
734:Cognitive Science
385:Speech disfluency
364:Language disorder
248:Verbal paraphasia
227:receptive aphasia
16:(Redirected from
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379:Paragraphia
374:Malapropism
261:, or both.
1081:Categories
679:: 227–238.
402:References
395:Word salad
66:paraphasia
31:Paraphasia
921:: 142–3.
570:Rossor MN
527:Neurology
446:CiteSeerX
312:Treatment
265:Examples
223:neologism
115:poisoning
1087:Aphasias
967:11065295
893:39339730
802:20452661
715:16615177
608:17947337
555:21847976
547:10720284
468:14484194
353:See also
219:phonemes
154:Symptoms
107:dementia
1005:Sources
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599:2373641
78:prosody
35:aphasia
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103:stroke
98:lesion
92:, and
72:Causes
971:S2CID
911:(PDF)
889:S2CID
821:Brain
578:Brain
551:S2CID
464:S2CID
1054:PMID
963:PMID
881:PMID
839:PMID
798:PMID
711:PMID
664:(1).
639:PMID
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543:PMID
229:and
109:and
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