459:
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The natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) theory attempts to reduce the semantics of all lexicons down to a restricted set of semantic primitives, or primes. Primes are universal in that they have the same translation in every language, and they are primitive in that they cannot be defined using other
1077:
Minimal
English is a derivative of the natural semantic metalanguage research, with the first major publication in 2018. It is a reduced form of English designed for non-specialists to use when requiring clarity of expression or easily translatable materials. Minimal English uses an expanded set of
1032:
Semantic molecules are intermediary words used in explications and cultural scripts. While not semantic primes, they can be defined exclusively using primes. Semantic molecules can be determined as words that are necessary to build upon to explicate other words. These molecules are marked by the
1580:
1130:
973:
options specify the specific types of grammatical functions that can be combined with the primes. While these combinations can be realized differently in other languages, it is believed that the meanings expressed by these syntactic combinations are universal.
999:
A semantic analysis in the NSM approach results in a reductive paraphrase called an explication that captures the meaning of the concept explicated. An ideal explication can be substituted for the original expression in context without change of meaning.
1078:
vocabulary to the semantic primes. It includes the proposed universal and near-universal molecules, as well as non-universal words which can assist in clarity. As such, it already has counterparts targeted at speakers of other natural languages, e.g.
770:
Each language's translations of the semantic primes are called exponents. Below is a list of
English exponents, or the English translation of the semantic primes. It is important to note that some of the exponents in the following list are
775:
and can be associated with meanings in
English (and other languages) that are not shared. However, when used as an exponent in the Natural semantic metalanguage, it is only the prime concept which is identified as universal.
763:
Proponents of the NSM theory argue that every language shares a core vocabulary of concepts. In 1994 and 2002, Goddard and
Wierzbicka studied languages across the globe and found strong evidence supporting this argument.
1137:) as it "can neutralize the Western semantic bias involved in reconnecting with ancient Aboriginal traditions using English, and may allow a fuller understanding of the original meaning of the Aboriginal lexical items."
1520:"Du bon usage des stéréotypes en cours de FLE: le cas de l'ethnolinguistique appliquée [Making good use of stereotypes in the French foreign language classroom: the case of applied ethnolinguistics]"
1493:
1151:
1383:
767:
Wierzbicka's 1972 study proposed 14 semantic primes. That number was expanded to 60 in 2002 by
Wierzbicka and Goddard, and the current agreed-upon number is 65.
1420:
1033:
notation in explications and cultural scripts. Some molecules are proposed to be universal or near-universal, while others are culture- or area-specific.
1464:
486:
376:
1192:
1600:
1589:
1366:
1336:
1308:
1283:
1217:
1394:
336:
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Dozens of languages, including representatives of 16 language groups, have been studied using the NSM framework. They include
114:
1111:
523:
396:
341:
371:
62:
579:
316:
182:
1107:
756:, meaning that they can be translated literally into any known language and retain their semantic representation, and
436:
142:
760:, as they are proposed to be the most simple linguistic concepts and are unable to be defined using simpler terms.
666:
479:
426:
326:
152:
829:
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331:
274:
89:
1134:
1115:
431:
269:
246:
567:
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381:
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301:
217:
197:
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79:
57:
52:
737:
970:
705:
157:
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1126:
741:
733:
717:
654:
472:
401:
311:
192:
137:
34:
721:
1741:
856:
709:
535:
507:
242:
172:
147:
119:
701:
689:
458:
1736:
729:
662:
462:
441:
411:
366:
321:
289:
279:
167:
162:
713:
1596:
1585:
1362:
1332:
1304:
1279:
1213:
1188:
626:
563:
519:
306:
284:
227:
784:
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406:
237:
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1581:
Revivalistics: From the
Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
725:
681:
650:
634:
614:
598:
594:
515:
1156:
1045:
hands, mouth, eyes, head, ears, nose, face, teeth, fingers, breast, skin, bones, blood
642:
622:
251:
1730:
1095:
685:
527:
1659:
Semantic Primes and
Universal Grammar: Empirical evidence from the Romance languages
1560:
Semantic
Decomposition and Marker Passing in an Artificial Representation of Meaning
1562:, Doctoral Thesis of Johannes Fähndrich at the Technischen Universität Berlin 2018
1146:
966:
638:
294:
84:
551:, which are descriptions of semantic representations consisting solely of primes.
1658:
1519:
1722:
A resource base of publications using the
Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach
940:
919:
when/time, now, before, after, a long time, a short time, for some time, moment
697:
693:
571:
548:
446:
421:
42:
17:
688:, a number of other scholars have participated in NSM semantics, most notably
575:
416:
99:
1617:
Semantic
Analysis: A practical introduction. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
1301:
Words and Meanings: Lexical Semantics across Domains, Languages and Cultures
898:
894:
674:
646:
555:
531:
391:
386:
222:
212:
104:
94:
1546:
1472:
Global English, Minimal English: Towards better intercultural communication
1098:) as it has been specifically designed for maximal cross-translatability.
1094:) and so on. Minimal English differs from other simple Englishes (such as
927:
where/place, here, above, below, far, near, side, inside, touch (contact)
752:
Semantic primes (also known as semantic primitives) are concepts that are
772:
876:
670:
559:
880:
866:
109:
1023:
people can think about it like this: "it can't be one thing anymore"
1563:
554:
Research in the NSM approach deals extensively with language and
506:) is a linguistic theory that reduces lexicons down to a set of
1637:
Semantic and Lexical Universals – Theory and Empirical Findings
1702:
Cross-cultural Pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction
1644:
Meaning and Universal Grammar: Theory and Empirical Findings
1623:
Ethnopragmatics – Understanding discourse in cultural context
1061:
children, men, women, be born, mother, father, wife, husband
1721:
1234:
1210:
Meaning and Universal Grammar: Theory and Empirical Findings
903:
be (somewhere), there is, be (someone/something), (is) mine
1053:
long, round, flat, thin, hard, soft, sharp, smooth, heavy
1014:
because of this, something happened to Y at the same time
977:
Examples of valency frames for the "say" semantic prime:
1543:
W co wierzą chrześcijanie? Opowieść o Bogu i o ludziach
1020:
because of this, after this Y was not one thing anymore
1646:(2 volumes). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
510:. It is based on the conception of Polish professor
1352:
1350:
1348:
1322:
1320:
1642:Goddard, Cliff and Wierzbicka, Anna (eds.). 2002.
1635:Goddard, Cliff and Wierzbicka, Anna (eds.). 1994.
1443:
1441:
1465:"Global English, Minimal English position papers"
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1331:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
1106:Applications of NSM have also been proposed for
1327:Levisen, Carsten; Waters, Sophia, eds. (2017).
1208:Goddard, Cliff; Wierzbicka, Anna, eds. (2002).
990:someone said something about something/someone→
965:NSM primes can be combined in a limited set of
861:think, know, want, don't want, feel, see, hear
806:I, you, someone, people, something/thing, body
1688:Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words
480:
8:
1384:"The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach"
1649:Harkins, Jean & Anna Wierzbicka. 2001.
834:one, two, some, all, much/many, little/few
547:words. Primes are ordered together to form
1036:Examples of proposed universal molecules:
789:
783:exponents of semantic primes adapted from
487:
473:
29:
1704:. 2nd edition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1639:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1632:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1299:Goddard, Cliff; Wierzbicka, Anna (2014).
27:Linguistic theory of semantic description
1697:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1038:
1651:Emotions in Crosslinguistic Perspective
1168:
1129:suggests that NSM can be of benefit in
514:. The theory was formally developed by
41:
1695:Emotions Across Languages and Cultures
1011:someone X did something to something Y
1584:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
1711:. New York: Oxford University Press.
377:Conservative and innovative language
1303:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
824:this, the same, other~else~another
1690:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1683:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1676:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1463:Goddard, Cliff; Wierzbicka, Anna.
1450:Minimal English for a Global World
987:someone said something to someone→
25:
1674:Semantics, Culture, and Cognition
1681:Semantics: Primes and Universals
562:. Key areas of research include
457:
1700:Wierzbicka, Anna. 2003 (1991).
1564:https://d-nb.info/1162540680/34
969:that are also universal. These
1329:Cultural Keywords in Discourse
1112:natural-language understanding
524:Australian National University
1:
1212:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1187:. Cambridge. pp. 69–73.
935:not, maybe, can, because, if
500:Natural semantic metalanguage
1709:English: Meaning and culture
1662:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1653:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1625:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1448:Goddard, Cliff, ed. (2018).
580:cross-cultural communication
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
1628:Goddard, Cliff (ed.) 2008.
1621:Goddard, Cliff (ed.) 2006.
1361:. Oxford University Press.
1278:. Oxford University Press.
1108:natural-language processing
1005:Someone X broke something Y
779:The following is a list of
680:Apart from the originators
437:Second-language acquisition
1758:
1656:Peeters, Bert (ed.) 2006.
1630:Cross-Linguistic Semantics
1274:Ye, Zhengdao, ed. (2017).
115:Syntax–semantics interface
1541:Wierzbicka, Anna (2017).
1259:Wierzbicka, Anna (1972).
1183:Murphy, M. Lynne (2010).
1017:it happened in one moment
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
1707:Wierzbicka, Anna. 2006.
1693:Wierzbicka, Anna. 1999.
1686:Wierzbicka, Anna. 1997.
1679:Wierzbicka, Anna. 1996.
1672:Wierzbicka, Anna. 1992.
1665:Wierzbicka, Anna. 1972.
787:and Waters (eds.) 2017.
526:in the early 1970s, and
1357:Goddard, Cliff (2011).
1135:language revitalization
1116:artificial intelligence
981:someone said something→
811:Relational Substantives
1669:. Frankfurt: Athenäum.
1615:Goddard, Cliff. 1998.
1518:Peeters, Bert (2017).
1276:The Semantics of Nouns
1152:Semantic decomposition
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
1452:. Palgrave Macmillan.
568:grammatical semantics
158:Conversation analysis
1421:"Semantic Molecules"
1102:Language engineering
655:Australian languages
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
1667:Semantic Primitives
1576:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1391:Griffith University
1261:Semantic Primitives
984:someone said: '––'→
738:Yuko Asano-Cavanagh
558:, and language and
536:Griffith University
512:Andrzej Bogusławski
508:semantic primitives
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
1235:"nsm-approach.net"
1127:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1028:Semantic molecules
706:Marie-Odile Junker
663:Trinidadian creole
657:, and a number of
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
1494:"Minimal English"
1359:Semantic Analysis
1065:
1064:
958:
957:
889:do, happen, move
871:say, words, true
742:Gian Marco Farese
667:Roper River Kriol
564:lexical semantics
522:and later at the
520:Warsaw University
497:
496:
285:Distributionalism
228:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
1749:
1603:
1595:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1515:
1509:
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1506:
1504:
1492:Goddard, Cliff.
1489:
1483:
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1480:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1419:Goddard, Cliff.
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1393:. Archived from
1388:
1382:Goddard, Cliff.
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1271:
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1239:nsm-approach.net
1230:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1039:
967:syntactic frames
932:Logical Concepts
790:
659:creole languages
489:
482:
475:
461:
407:LGBT linguistics
397:Internationalism
372:Compositionality
233:Sociolinguistics
208:Neurolinguistics
203:Interlinguistics
188:Ethnomethodology
30:
21:
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1243:
1241:
1233:Peeters, Bert.
1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1185:Lexical Meaning
1182:
1181:
1170:
1165:
1143:
1124:
1104:
1092:Minimal Finnish
1075:
1073:Minimal English
1070:
1030:
997:
963:
750:
748:Semantic primes
734:Carol Priestley
726:Karen Stollznow
718:Carsten Levisen
682:Anna Wierzbicka
544:
516:Anna Wierzbicka
493:
452:
451:
362:
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265:
257:
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252:Writing systems
143:Anthropological
133:
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67:
28:
23:
22:
18:Semantic primes
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5:
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1716:External links
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1400:on 5 June 2014
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1157:Upper ontology
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1080:Minimal French
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722:Helen Bromhead
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1545:(in Polish).
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1526:(in French).
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1131:revivalistics
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1122:Revivalistics
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1096:Basic English
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1003:For example:
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710:Anna Gladkova
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686:Cliff Goddard
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1501:. Retrieved
1498:NSM Homepage
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
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1428:. Retrieved
1425:NSM Homepage
1424:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1395:the original
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1147:Metalanguage
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1068:Applications
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954:like/as/way
802:Substantives
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702:Jean Harkins
690:Bert Peeters
679:
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549:explications
545:
503:
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295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
1263:. Athenäum.
1042:Body parts
946:very, more
943:, Augmentor
941:Intensifier
850:big, small
847:Descriptors
830:Quantifiers
820:Determiners
814:kind, part
730:Adrian Tien
698:Felix Ameka
694:Zhengdao Ye
572:phraseology
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
1742:Pragmatics
1731:Categories
1503:2 February
1477:2 February
1430:2 February
1244:13 October
1163:References
1058:Biosocial
961:NSM syntax
951:Similarity
911:live, die
899:Possession
857:predicates
842:good, bad
839:Evaluators
773:polysemous
661:including
576:pragmatics
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
1737:Semantics
1050:Physical
895:Existence
758:primitive
754:universal
714:Jock Wong
675:Tok Pisin
647:East Cree
556:cognition
532:Australia
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
1578:(2020).
1530:: 43–60.
1141:See also
1088:65 Sanaa
885:Movement
793:Category
627:Japanese
542:Approach
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
1610:Sources
1549:: Znak.
971:valency
877:Actions
855:Mental
796:Primes
785:Levisen
781:English
671:Bislama
631:Chinese
619:Finnish
611:Swedish
607:Italian
603:Spanish
591:Russian
587:English
560:culture
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
1599:
1588:
1547:KrakĂłw
1404:27 May
1365:
1335:
1307:
1282:
1216:
1191:
881:Events
867:Speech
651:Koromu
635:Korean
615:Danish
599:French
595:Polish
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
1468:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
924:Space
643:Wolof
623:Malay
63:Index
1597:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1524:Dire
1505:2018
1479:2018
1432:2018
1406:2013
1363:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1246:2018
1214:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1114:and
916:Time
740:and
684:and
673:and
574:and
245:and
238:Text
639:Ewe
534:'s
530:at
518:at
504:NSM
1733::
1522:.
1496:.
1470:.
1440:^
1423:.
1389:.
1347:^
1319:^
1237:.
1171:^
1118:.
1110:,
1086:,
1082:,
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883:,
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669:,
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37:on
1594:.
1528:9
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