Letter case - Knowledge (XXG)

877: 3614: 849: 280: 3640: 860: 156: 3578: 3596: 3809: 297: 1530: 735: 6022: 33: 2451: 792: 1503:. In particular, every hiragana character has an equivalent katakana character, and vice versa. Romanised Japanese sometimes uses lowercase letters to represent words that would be written in hiragana, and uppercase letters to represent words that would be written in katakana. Some kana characters are written in smaller type when they modify or combine with the preceding sign ( 2253:, namely, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions); but the first word (always) and last word (in many styles) are also capitalised, regardless of their part of speech. Many styles capitalise longer prepositions such as "between" and "throughout", but not shorter ones such as "for" and "with". Typically, a preposition is considered short if it has up to three or four letters. 3668: 2241:, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules which prescribe which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct–incorrect distinction and are not universally standardised; they differ between style guides, although most style guides tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: 3654: 1588: 3542:

This only works because the letters of upper and lower cases are spaced out equally. In ASCII they are consecutive, whereas with EBCDIC they are not; nonetheless the upper-case letters are arranged in the same pattern and with the same gaps as are the lower-case letters, so the technique still works.

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Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and publication titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker

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compatibility requires case-insensitive naming and short function names. The second supports easily discernible function and argument names and types, within the context of an imperative, strongly typed language. The third supports the macro facilities of LISP, and its tendency to view programs and

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Multi-word proper nouns include names of organisations, publications, and people. Often the rules for "title case" (described in the previous section) are applied to these names, so that non-initial articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are lowercase, and all other words are uppercase. For

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In the Arabic and Arabic-based alphabets, letters in a word are connected, except for several that cannot connect to the following letter. Letters may have distinct forms depending on whether they are initial (connected only to the following letter), medial (connected to both neighboring letters),

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in this sense (referring to the box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade) was first used in English in 1588. Originally one large case was used for each typeface, then "divided cases", pairs of cases for majuscules and minuscules, were introduced in the region of today's Belgium by

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and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use

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provide automated case conversion with a simple click or keystroke. For example, in Microsoft Office Word, there is a dialog box for toggling the selected text through UPPERCASE, then lowercase, then Title Case (actually start caps; exception words must be lowercased individually). The keystroke

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Various patterns of cases are available, often with the compartments for lower-case letters varying in size according to the frequency of use of letters, so that the commonest letters are grouped together in larger boxes at the centre of the case. The compositor takes the letter blocks from the

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showing rank or prestige are capitalised when used together with the name of the person (for example, "Mr. Smith", "Bishop Gorman", "Professor Moore") or as a direct address, but normally not when used alone and in a more general sense. It can also be seen as customary to capitalise any

3883:(þ), ʻféʼ (ᚠ) as an abbreviation for cattle/goods and maðr (ᛘ) for man). The letters y and z were very rarely used, in particular þ was written identically to y so y was dotted to avoid confusion, the dot was adopted for i only after late-caroline (protogothic), in beneventan script the 3243:(U+0432). Therefore, the corresponding Latin, Greek and Cyrillic upper-case letters (U+0042, U+0392 and U+0412, respectively) are also encoded as separate characters, despite their appearance being identical. Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as 1821:

and may also be mixed with the larger variant). Small caps can be used for acronyms, names, mathematical entities, computer commands in printed text, business or personal printed stationery letterheads, and other situations where a given phrase needs to be distinguished from the main

3959:'s desk, the case containing the capitals and small capitals stood at a steeper angle at the back of the desk, with the case for the small letters, punctuation, and spaces being more easily reached at a shallower angle below it to the front of the desk, hence upper and lower case. 3163:

Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive ". In other words, while the shapes of letters like

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Traditionally, certain letters were rendered differently according to a set of rules. In particular, those letters that began sentences or nouns were made larger and often written in a distinct script. There was no fixed capitalisation system until the early 18th century. The

2522:(SI), a letter usually has different meanings in upper and lower case when used as a unit symbol. Generally, unit symbols are written in lower case, but if the name of the unit is derived from a proper noun, the first letter of the symbol is capitalised. Nevertheless, the 2226:

For publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called

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has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form (that is, characterised by ascenders and descenders) in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the

719:, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally are of uniform height (although, depending on the typeface, there may be some exceptions, particularly with 1100:

and most other European languages the names of the days of the week, the names of the months, and adjectives of nationality, religion, and so on normally begin with a lower-case letter. On the other hand, in some languages it is customary to capitalise

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found in lower-case letters, which aids recognition and legibility. In some cultures it is common to write family names in all caps to distinguish them from the given names, especially in identity documents such as passports. Certain musicians—such as

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A mixed-case style in which the first word of the sentence is capitalised, as well as proper nouns and other words as required by a more specific rule. This is generally equivalent to the baseline universal standard of formal English

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independent of any grammatical feature. In political writing, parody and satire, the unexpected emphasis afforded by otherwise ill-advised capitalisation is often used to great stylistic effect, such as in the case of George Orwell's

2219:. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. An example of a global publisher whose English-language house style prescribes sentence-case titles and headings is the 1808:

Similar in form to capital letters but roughly the size of a lower-case "x", small caps can be used instead of lower-case letters and combined with regular caps in a mixed-case fashion. This is a feature of certain fonts, such as

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that distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in the majuscule set has a counterpart in the minuscule set. Some counterpart letters have the same shape, and differ only in size (e.g.

1183:" formerly existed only in lower case. The orthographical capitalisation does not concern "ß", which generally does not occur at the beginning of a word, and in the all-caps style it has traditionally been replaced by the 3055:

are upper case, at other times upper and lower case are alternated, but often it is simply random. The name comes from the sarcastic or ironic implication that it was used in an attempt by the writer to convey their own

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The letter case of a prefix symbol is determined independently of the unit symbol to which it is attached. Lower case is used for all submultiple prefix symbols and the small multiple prefix symbols up to "k" (for

3064:). It is also used to mock the violation of standard English case conventions by marketers in the naming of computer software packages, even when there is no technical requirement to do so – e.g., 2326:

Title case is widely used in many English-language publications, especially in the United States. However, its conventions are sometimes not followed strictly – especially in informal writing.

1279:, various digraphs are regarded as single letters for collation purposes, but the second component of the digraph will still be written in lower case even if the first component is capitalised. Similarly, in 3156:, in which the first component is in upper case and the second component in lower case). These properties relate all characters in scripts with differing cases to the other case variants of the character. 1831:

A unicase style with no capital letters. This is sometimes used for artistic effect, such as in poetry. Also commonly seen in computer languages, and in informal electronic communications such as

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is common practice in computer applications, for instance to make case-insensitive comparisons. Many high-level programming languages provide simple methods for case conversion, at least for the

3872:, u and v are the same letter in early scripts and were used depending on their position in insular half-uncial and caroline minuscule and later scripts, w is a ligature of vv, in insular the 2812:

overall, because much of the semantics are implied, but because of its brevity and so lack of the need for capitalization or multipart words at all, might also make the code too abstract and

2237:(2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of 222:

Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often denoted by the

3805:(MS 461) in the year 835. The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). 3251:, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. 4227: 1725:

A unicase style with capital letters only. This can be used in headings and special situations, such as for typographical emphasis in text made on a typewriter. With the advent of the

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majuscule (13th and 14th century), in contrast to the early Gothic (end of 11th to 13th century), Gothic (14th century), and late Gothic (16t century) minuscules.

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In creative typography, such as music record covers and other artistic material, all styles are commonly encountered, including all-lowercase letters and special case styles, such as

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by some to type in all capitals, and said to be tantamount to shouting. Long spans of Latin-alphabet text in all upper-case are more difficult to read because of the absence of the

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Though pairs of cases were used in English-speaking countries and many European countries in the seventeenth century, in Germany and Scandinavia the single case continued in use.

2215:) and many U.S. newspapers is sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, i.e. capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called 245:

are typically labelled entirely in uppercase letters, which are easier to distinguish individually than the lowercase when space restrictions require very small lettering. In

5607: 3231:, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, the Latin 2386:

example, the short preposition "of" and the article "the" are lowercase in "Steering Committee of the Finance Department". Usually only capitalised words are used to form an

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of video games it is not uncommon to use stylised upper-case letters at the beginning and end of a title, with the intermediate letters in small caps or lower case (e.g.,

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operations can be said to fold case, from the idea of folding the character code table so that upper- and lower-case letters coincide. The conversion of letter case in a

2397:, this practice can vary (sometimes all words are capitalised, regardless of length or function), but is not limited to English names. Examples include the English names 1544: 460:). By virtue of their visual impact, this made the term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters. 2220: 5981: 1031:

Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardised for

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1 L, an alternative form, for typefaces in which these characters are difficult to distinguish, or the typeface the reader will be using is unknown. A "

2260:), which has the advantage of being easy to implement and hard to get "wrong" (that is, "not edited to style"). Because of this rule's simplicity, software 1873:

were also stylised in lowercase for multiple albums during their respective careers, with the former consistently using lowercase in their logo since their

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Simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of standard Latin alphabet and that of the modern variants

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and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely

4510: 2938:. Normally the letters share the same case (e.g. "UPPER_CASE_EMBEDDED_UNDERSCORE" or "lower_case_embedded_underscore") but the case can be mixed, as in 1883: 2267:

As for whether hyphenated words are capitalised not only at the beginning but also after the hyphen, there is no universal standard; variation occurs

355:. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that was located above the case that held the small letters. 2584:

can optionally be written in upper case even though the name is not derived from a proper noun. For example, "one litre" may be written as:

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Whether or not the case variants are treated as equivalent to each other varies depending on the computer system and context. For example, user

528:) or can look hardly related (e.g. "D/d" and "G/g"). Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case variants of each letter included in the 4236: 1345:. As a unicase letter, the ʻokina is unaffected by capitalisation; it is the following letter that is capitalised instead. According to the 1271:" is even capitalised with both components written in uppercase (for example, "IJsland" rather than "Ijsland"). In other languages, such as 5051: 3125:

are generally case sensitive in order to allow more diversity and make them more difficult to break. In contrast, case is often ignored in

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routines can handle 95% or more of the editing, especially if they are programmed for desired exceptions (such as "FBI" rather than "Fbi").

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have different forms depending on placement within a word, but these rules are strict and the different forms cannot be used for emphasis.

1170:, may not bother to follow the conventions concerning capitalisation, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal. 1056: 3100:

needs to link together the two characters representing the case variants of a letter. (Some old character-encoding systems, such as the

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All other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or

1198:" has two different lower-case forms: "ς" in word-final position and "σ" elsewhere. In a similar manner, the Latin upper-case letter " 1086: 4782: 4324: 1379:

Similar orthographic and graphostylistic conventions are used for emphasis or following language-specific or other rules, including:

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case originate from this division. By convention, when the two cases were taken out of the storage rack and placed on a rack on the

1574: 1445: 835: 116: 1758:—have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as " 970:

In scripts with a case distinction, lowercase is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and

802: 4208: 1677:) defined by rules that are not universally standardised. The standardisation is only at the level of house styles and individual 3731:, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist 3096:, each upper- and lower-case letter is encoded as a separate character. In order to enable case folding and case conversion, the 2750: 2854:

are removed and the first letter of each word is capitalised. If this includes the first letter of the first word (CamelCase, "

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into sentences are commonly written in "mid-sentence case", applying all the rules of sentence case except the initial capital.

1307:", respectively), but only in all-caps style should both components be in upper case (e.g. ǈiǉan–ǇIǇAN, ǋoǌa–ǊOǊA, ǅiǆa–ǄIǄA). 524:

of lowercase letters can resemble smaller forms of the uppercase glyphs restricted to the baseband (e.g. "C/c" and "S/s", cf.

4442: 3970:, working from left to right and placing the letters upside down with the nick to the top, then sets the assembled type in a 54: 3692:

were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a

3696:, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the 1413:

lower-case and upper-case letters have generally different meanings, and other meanings can be implied by the use of other

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Some English surnames such as fforbes are traditionally spelt with a digraph instead of a capital letter (at least for ff).

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all nouns are capitalised (this was previously common in English as well, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries), while in

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Latin alphabet, used between 1927 and 1938, was based on Latin script, but did not have capital letters, being unicameral (

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and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the

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Some computer programming languages offer facilities for converting text to a form in which all words are capitalised.

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Capitals: A Primer of Information About Capitalization with Some Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals

3712:, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability. 3000: 2768: 1813:. According to various typographical traditions, the height of small caps can be equal to or slightly larger than the 1456:

final (connected only to the preceding letter), or isolated (connected to neither a preceding nor a following letter).

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of the unit, if spelled out, is always considered a common noun and written accordingly in lower case. For example:

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Some surname prefixes also affect the capitalisation of the following internal letter or word, for example "Mac" in

5587: 4933: 471: 76: 2310:, which are terms that, although compound and hyphenated, are so well established that dictionaries enter them as 2294:), in which every part of the hyphenated word is capitalised (e.g. "How This Particular Author Chose to Style His 813: 43: 5233: 4004: 3111: 2788: 2366:

are capitalised in formal written English, unless the name is intentionally stylised to break this rule (such as

1218:. When blackletter type fell out of general use in the mid-20th century, even those countries dropped the long s. 4593: 1480:

in a fashion that is reminiscent of the usage of upper-case letters in the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets.

1210:, fell out of general use before the middle of the 19th century, except for the countries that continued to use 5991: 5808: 5479: 5416: 5121: 5044: 4073: 3956: 3932:". Each is subdivided into a number of compartments ("boxes") for the storage of different individual letters. 3327: 3764:(7th century BCE – 4th century CE) in contrast to the Roman uncial (4th–8th century CE), 2950:

programming, in which this convention is often used for naming variables. Illustratively, it may be rendered

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in order to ignore insignificant variations in keyword capitalisation both in queries and queried material.

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make this possible. So for example, a function dealing with matrix multiplication might formally be called:

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and are often quite complex, but in most modern languages that have capitalisation, the first word of every

5436: 5159: 4085: 2902: 2422: 2268: 2178:, including chapter and section headings. The rules differ substantially between individual house styles. 1540: 1280: 1021: 231: 148: 211:). The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and 5911: 5411: 5406: 5319: 5306: 5139: 4080:(ſ) would have been an ascender; however, in italics, it would have been one of only two letters in the 4032: 3775: 3761: 3701: 3153: 3149: 3141: 2238: 1734: 1674: 1410: 1312: 1184: 971: 743: 449: 65: 3613: 6056: 5703: 5344: 5198: 3892: 3884: 3145: 2731: 2715: 2700: 2550: 1747: 1635: 952:

has several variants, and there were attempts to use them as different cases, but the modern written

941: 352: 141: 1102: 6061: 6025: 5986: 5899: 5793: 5648: 5626: 5616: 5484: 5091: 5081: 5037: 4624: 3900: 2511: 2402: 2345: 1874: 1638:, the initial capital is easier to automate than the other rules. For example, on English-language 1602: 848: 279: 250: 242: 4141: 2170:

In English-language publications, various conventions are used for the capitalisation of words in

238:(called capitalisation, or capitalised words), which makes lowercase more common in regular text. 6046: 5949: 5876: 5856: 5846: 5818: 5788: 5748: 5375: 5238: 5223: 5164: 5154: 4761: 3869: 3861: 3853: 3845: 3335: 2569: 2558: 2503: 2351: 2171: 1849: 1810: 1610: 1593: 1276: 921: 481: 338: 286: 216: 4952:

The earliest known biblical manuscript is a palimpsest of Isajah in Syriac, written in 459/460.

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Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen, 23–29 August 1992

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In each case, the capitalisation or lack thereof supports a different function. In the first,

2796: 2612: 2339: 2291: 2013: 1836: 1666: 1477: 1469: 1322: 1163: 1097: 1013: 953: 949: 937: 909: 905: 326: 258: 134: 4405: 4164: 3899:

is shown when no terminal s (the only variant used today) is preserved from a given script.

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whose orthography is coordinated between the Cyrillic and Latin scripts, the Latin digraphs "

5780: 5733: 5572: 5519: 5380: 5190: 4953: 4753: 4728: 4253: 4081: 4017: 3989: 3813: 3802: 3790: 3735:, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century 3639: 3620: 3107: 3065: 2611:) has traditionally been used in some countries to prevent confusion; however, the separate 2463: 2398: 2187: 1743: 1598: 1556: 1233: 1152: 1036: 945: 742:

There is more variation in the height of the minuscules, as some of them have parts higher (

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Ascenders (as in "h") and descenders (as in "p") make the height of lower-case letters vary.

529: 409: 371: 160: 3577: 159:

The lower-case "a" and upper-case "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the

5916: 5803: 5798: 5718: 5686: 5577: 5314: 5116: 4655: 4332: 3967: 3756: 3727:

dating before 79 CE (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old

3674: 3595: 2809: 2760: 2719: 1843:, to type more quickly). Examples in music are relatively common. For example, several of 1707: 1606: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1315:

for each case variant (i.e., upper case, title case and lower case) of the three digraphs.

1118: 1093: 1068:

word – in some contexts even a pronoun – referring to the

901: 893: 863: 5871: 4435:

PRESSEMITTEILUNG 29.6.2017 Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung aktualisiert

3104:, are restricted to one set of letters, usually represented by the upper-case variants.) 1292: 1035:

writing. Capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a

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Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the

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A mixed-case style with all words capitalised, except for certain subsets (particularly

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either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for

3555: 3392: 3260: 3126: 2792: 2633: 2546: 2394: 2250: 1978: 1711: 1334: 1272: 1264: 1237: 1222: 999: 948:

scripts. Languages written in these scripts use letter cases as an aid to clarity. The

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conventions, such as the English convention in which minor words are not capitalised.

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A minority of writing systems use two separate cases. Such writing systems are called

734: 155: 6040: 5713: 5681: 5671: 5551: 4820: 4027: 3833: 3752: 3741: 3728: 3584: 3213: 3089: 2749:, with the asterisk standing in for an equally inscrutable list of 13 parameters (in 2636:

is to use a serif font for "lower-case ell" in otherwise sans-serif material (1

2199: 2193: 1878: 1759: 1729:, the all-caps style is more often used for emphasis; however, it is considered poor 1651: 1081: 1048: 457: 212: 4734:. Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. pp. 121, 130–131 3030:, all property names and most keyword values are primarily formatted in kebab case. 2730:. When the tokens, such as function and variable names start to multiply in complex 2649:, meaning 10 = 1000 multiplier), whereas upper case is used for larger multipliers: 1710:, start case usually involves the capitalisation of all words irrespective of their 253:, which may be related when the two cases of the same letter are used; for example, 5971: 5851: 5738: 5723: 5693: 5653: 5636: 5390: 5360: 5334: 5243: 5086: 5068: 4137:

Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing

4047: 3971: 3864:. What is commonly called "Gothic writing" is technically called blackletter (here 3837: 3547: 3144:: upper case, lower case, and title case (in this context, "title case" relates to 2828: 2668: 2535: 2455: 2367: 2363: 2246: 2205: 1844: 1832: 1678: 1391: 1338: 1288: 1268: 759: 505: 348: 4535: 4283:, p. 14 – via University of Reading Department of Typography and Design 1639: 1016:

in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. Capitalisation rules vary by

4847: 4491:. Unicode. U+01C4, U+01C5, U+01C6, U+01C7, U+01C8, U+01C9, U+01CA, U+01CB, U+01CC 4191: 2942:

variant constructors (e.g. "Upper_then_lowercase"). The style may also be called

249:, on the other hand, uppercase and lower case letters denote generally different 5966: 5961: 5954: 5944: 5758: 5708: 5663: 5603: 5567: 5538: 5526: 5506: 5329: 5149: 4870:"Unicode Technical Note #26: On the Encoding of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Han" 4463: 4112: 4022: 3925: 3908: 3857: 3825: 3821: 3781: 3771: 3724: 3709: 3697: 3101: 2851: 2808:

data minimalistically, and as interchangeable. The fourth idiom needs much less

2735: 2507: 2471: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2406: 2331: 2092: 2017: 1870: 1755: 1751: 1670: 1473: 1387: 1363: 1284: 1211: 1167: 1025: 917: 852: 445: 246: 235: 230:, the uppercase is reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a 227: 32: 4485: 1263:

In some languages, specific digraphs may be regarded as single letters, and in

1202:" used to have two different lower-case forms: "s" in word-final position and " 452:

and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the

5939: 5753: 5643: 5496: 5489: 5466: 5421: 5385: 5339: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5271: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5060: 4915: 4354: 4042: 3994: 3868:) and is completely unrelated to Visigothic script. The letter j is i with a 3732: 3224: 3209: 2935: 2918: 2855: 2846:"theQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" or "TheQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" 2840: 2824: 2554: 2410: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2288: 2229: 1888: 1797: 1779: 1730: 1657: 1460: 1403: 1367: 1073: 867: 716: 525: 512:

is still less likely, however, to be used in reference to lower-case letters.

4990: 2714:, programmatically. They generally separate their syntactic tokens by simple 1228:

Unlike most languages that use Latin-script and link the dotless upper-case "

17: 5431: 5426: 5203: 5131: 4037: 3929: 3888: 3865: 3093: 3044: 2211: 2182: 1840: 1738: 1647: 1342: 1245: 1060: 1032: 964: 747: 728: 343: 3793:

eventually dropped the rule for nouns, while the German language keeps it.

2474:), both named after people, are always written in upper case, whereas "s" ( 2450: 1500: 1326: 4560: 3937:

Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Advanced Proportional Principles

3667: 1887:—has all of its tracks stylised in lowercase. Some people, such as author 1043:

and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person

5904: 5763: 5582: 5455: 5441: 5266: 5218: 5016: 3984: 3904: 3747:

The timeline of writing in Western Europe can be divided into four eras:

3689: 3602: 3122: 3097: 3057: 2906: 2813: 2491: 2335: 2311: 2175: 1861: 1814: 1771: 1767: 1726: 1717: 1496: 1492: 1418: 1414: 1395: 1330: 1295:" are each regarded as a single letter (like their Cyrillic equivalents " 1017: 983: 533: 4406:"Citing Sources: Capitalization and Personal Names in Foreign Languages" 3653: 3061: 2987:

rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It is also known as

2283:

p Care for Burns"). Traditional copyediting makes a distinction between

1617:

In English, a variety of case styles are used in various circumstances:

241:

In some contexts, it is conventional to use one case only. For example,

5728: 5514: 5365: 5276: 5208: 5144: 4052: 4011: 3720: 3567: 3339: 3160: 3140:

defines case folding through the three case-mapping properties of each

3137: 2804: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2565: 2499: 2437: 2387: 1896:

A comparison of various case styles (from most to least capitals used)

1783: 1505: 1422: 1346: 1308: 1257: 1215: 1159: 1052: 1044: 1005: 987: 979: 960: 223: 4869: 448:, is technically any script whose letters have very few or very short 5631: 5248: 4825: 4077: 3896: 3829: 3736: 3705: 3400: 3048: 2984: 2699:

Some case styles are not used in standard English, but are common in

2678: 2654: 2531: 2487: 2475: 2467: 2459: 1866: 1791: 1775: 1763: 1646:

is capitalised by default. Because the other rules are more complex,

1511: 1449: 1207: 3751:

Greek majuscule (9th–3rd century BCE) in contrast to the Greek

2823:, and can lead to rather opinionated debate, such as in the case of 2604: 1587: 820:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 496:. That has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since 3331: 2764: 226:

of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In

5474: 5213: 5181: 3912: 3807: 3716: 3396: 3281: 3115: 3052: 3012: 2939: 2914: 2704: 2661: 2646: 2581: 2483: 2449: 1488: 1399: 1195: 1069: 1064: 521: 317:

may be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (

3601:

Papyrus fragment with old Roman cursive script from the reign of

337:). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow 5830: 5676: 5621: 4511:"Why I Spell it Hawai'i and not Hawaii, and Why You Should, Too" 3876: 3873: 3744:

and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.

3217: 3069: 2910: 2886: 2882: 2778: 2695:

Naming convention (programming) § Multiple-word identifiers

2674:

1 MS, megasiemens, a large measure of electric conductance.

2539: 2495: 2479: 2056: 1787: 1383: 1304: 1241: 1180: 1009: 537: 5033: 2256:

A few styles capitalise all words in title case (the so-called

1459:

In the Hebrew alphabet, five letters have a distinct form (see

1092:

Other languages vary in their use of capitals. For example, in

3693: 3027: 2414: 1523: 1300: 1296: 1055:". There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose 785: 26: 5029: 4231:(4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. 2390:

variant of the name, though there is some variation in this.

1248:, each in both upper and lower case. Each of the two pairs (" 4586:"'Ōlelo Hawai'i on the WWW: A.K.A., How To Give Good 'Okina" 3755:(3rd century BCE – 12th century CE) and the later 433: 395: 4215:. New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago: American Book Company. 2588:

1 l, the original form, for typefaces in which "digit one"

2127:

As above but excepting special treatment of the first word

1591:

Alternating all-caps and headline styles at the start of a

1362:, but it is not uncommon to substitute this with a similar 415: 386: 3212:

nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual

3072:. Illustrative naming of the style is, naturally, random: 2012:

The first word and all other words capitalised except for

1750:, who are both known mononymously, and some bands such as 1597:

report published in November 1919. (The event reported is

1341:, the ʻokina can be characterised as either a letter or a 421: 383: 190:) in the written representation of certain languages. The 170:

is the distinction between the letters that are in larger

4088:) with both an ascender and a descender, the other being 2934:

Punctuation is removed and spaces are replaced by single

2653:

1 ms, millisecond, a small measure of time ("m" for

1817:

of the typeface (the smaller variant is sometimes called

1229: 1199: 508:

tend to accept it as a non-standard or variant spelling.

424: 380: 4228:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3928:

are stored in shallow wooden or metal drawers known as "

3051:

significance to the use of the capitals. Sometimes only

2889:", "theQuickBrownFox..."), the case is usually known as 2660:

1 Ms, megasecond, a large measure of time ("M" for

2159:

All letters lowercase (unconventional in English prose)

1366:

character, such as the left single quotation mark or an

4625:"Registered features – definitions and implementations" 4193:

Ever wonder where upper case and lower case comes from?

3774:

majuscule (4th–8th century CE) in contrast to the

3015:). If every word is capitalised, the style is known as 2881:

When the first letter of the first word is lowercase ("

1552: 1476:

alphabet within a text otherwise written in the modern

809: 133:"Lowercase" redirects here. For the musical style, see 3677:

in front of divided upper and lower type cases at the

3645:

Combined case with capital letters above small letters

3334:, as well as any C-like language that conforms to its 3011:, looking similar to the skewer that sticks through a 2958:, etc.. When all-upper-case, it may be referred to as 2858:", "TheQuick...", etc.), the case is sometimes called 1762:") to use all caps, with prominent examples including 215:

and are typically treated identically when sorting in

4848:"Character Properties, Case Mappings & Names FAQ" 3824:(used in Ireland). Several scripts coexisted such as 2901:). This format has become popular in the branding of 2710:

The usage derives from how programming languages are

1472:, some authors use isolated letters from the ancient 532:(the exact representation will vary according to the 430: 427: 392: 389: 3403:, case can be converted in the following way, in C: 2905:

products and services, with an initial "i" meaning "

1684: 1191:

is accepted as an alternative in the all-caps style.

982:(and particularly initialisms) are often written in 436: 398: 147:"Capital Letters" redirects here. For the song, see 6000: 5932: 5885: 5839: 5779: 5662: 5602: 5560: 5537: 5505: 5465: 5454: 5399: 5353: 5305: 5257: 5189: 5180: 5130: 5067: 4258:(1st ed.). New York City: Dover Publications. 3681:

in Carson, California, United States, North America

2784: 2774: 2756: 2746: 762:still used by some traditional or classical fonts, 713:(Some lowercase letters have variations e.g. a/ɑ.) 418: 412: 377: 374: 285:Divided upper and lower type cases with cast metal 57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4727:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). 4115:. Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health 3879:is used as a w (three other runes in use were the 2245:Most styles capitalise all words except for short 1691:Start case (First letter of each word capitalized) 203:), but for others the shapes are different (e.g., 140:"Uppercase" redirects here. For the magazine, see 2819:Understandably then, such coding conventions are 2913:, or an initial "e" meaning "electronic", as in 2684:1 Mm, megametre, a large measure of length. 1865:, were all stylised in lowercase. Bands such as 1487:, an author has the option of switching between 758:are the ones with descenders. In addition, with 470:"Minuscule" redirects here. For other uses, see 4783:"History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing" 4166:Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique 3944:1563, England by 1588, and France before 1723. 3554:calls it "title case". This differs from usual 3037: 2977: 2928: 2844: 2791:, or some newer derivative language supporting 2664:, meaning 10 = 1 000 000 multiplier). 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4934:"Roman Writing Systems – Medieval Manuscripts" 4722: 4720: 4718: 3133:Unicode case folding and script identification 2446:Unit symbols and prefixes in the metric system 2221:International Organization for Standardization 5982:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 5045: 3887:featured a dot above. Lost variants such as 2979:"the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy-dog" 2930:"the_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" 1828:"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" 1723:"THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG" 1694:"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog" 1663:"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps over the Lazy Dog" 1537:The examples and perspective in this section 1333:symbol that visually resembles a left single 1146: 1140: 1134: 8: 5524: 4325:"AP Style: Courtesy and Professional Titles" 4292: 4290: 3391:Case conversion is different with different 1349:standard, the ʻokina is formally encoded as 1128: 1122: 1112: 1106: 4918:(1994). "The Latin Papyri in Herculaneum". 3284:there are two methods for case conversion: 2580:For the purpose of clarity, the symbol for 1804:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1626:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 731:can add to the normal height of a letter). 727:having a descending element; also, various 5462: 5186: 5052: 5038: 5030: 3907:which changed little until today, such as 2763:language, broadly following the syntax of 2757:MultiplyMatrixByMatrix(Matrix x, Matrix y) 2677:1 mm, millimetre, a small measure of 2671:, a small measure of electric conductance. 2271:and among house styles (e.g., "The Letter- 1706:is a simplified variant of title case. In 1559:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 6008:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 2816:for the common programmer to understand. 2028:German, and Bavarian-style sentence case 1575:Learn how and when to remove this message 1206:" elsewhere. The latter form, called the 836:Learn how and when to remove this message 488:, by association with the unrelated word 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 3924:The individual type blocks used in hand 3269: 3265: 2734:, and there is still a need to keep the 2181:The convention followed by many British 1884:When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 1586: 1463:) that is used when they are word-final. 858: 847: 733: 154: 4651:"The Guardian and Observer Style Guide" 4323:Nancy Edmonds Hanson (25 August 2008). 4104: 4065: 1225:with upper-case letters is complicated. 325: – particularly if they 4922:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. 4281:Challenges in multilingual type design 4255:The History and Technique of Lettering 3338:, provide these functions in the file 2185:(including scientific publishers like 1685:§ Headings and publication titles 4076:or other vertical fonts, the defunct 3778:(around 780 – 12th century) 3039:"tHeqUicKBrOWnFoXJUmpsoVeRThElAzydOG" 2983:Similar to snake case, above, except 2632:. Another solution sometimes seen in 2607:" in various typefaces (e.g.: 1 2095:and some specified words capitalised 1891:, write their names in all lowercase. 7: 4631:. Microsoft. Tag:'pcap', Tag: 'smcp' 2759:, in some hypothetical higher level 1977:All words capitalised regardless of 754:are the letters with ascenders, and 329:another noun), or as a single word ( 55:adding citations to reliable sources 4989:. The Alembic Press. Archived from 4729:"The International System of Units" 4169:. Courier Corporation. p. 37. 3583:Latin majuscule inscription on the 2233:. For example, R. M. Ritter's 750:) than the typical size. Normally, 4385:The Chicago Manual of Style Online 3966:compartments and places them in a 3846:Merovingian (Luxeuil variant here) 2831:. Capitalisation is no exception. 2657:, meaning 10 = 1/1000 multiplier). 1683:(See further explanation below at 1232:" with the dotted lower-case "i", 967:and other non-alphabetic scripts. 504:), but is now so common that some 25: 2334:(see below). For example, in the 2261: 1057:only difference is capitalisation 6021: 6020: 4614:RFC 1855 "Netiquette Guidelines" 3939:(reprinted 1952) indicates that 3666: 3652: 3638: 3619:Example of Greek minuscule text 3612: 3594: 3576: 3084:Case folding and case conversion 2689:Use within programming languages 1528: 1187:"SS". Since June 2017, however, 1174:Exceptional letters and digraphs 1158:Informal communication, such as 875: 790: 408: 370: 295: 278: 31: 5015:Hamilton, Frederick W. (1918). 4698:"What to Capitalize in a Title" 4355:"Capitalizing Titles of People" 4134:Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). 3068:' naming of a windowing system 2775:multiply-matrix-by-matrix(x, y) 2707:, or other specialised fields. 2166:Headings and publication titles 1080:to indicate the beginning of a 42:needs additional citations for 4443:Council for German Orthography 4213:An Elementary Latin Dictionary 4113:"The School's Manual of Style" 1660:(capital case, headline style) 1520:Stylistic or specialised usage 770:make up the ascender set, and 1: 5977:History of Western typography 4962:The Text of the New Testament 4797:"Caml programming guidelines" 3679:International Printing Museum 3659:Late 19th-century mixed cases 3624: 2520:International System of Units 2275:ase Rule in My Book"; "Short- 1194:The Greek upper-case letter " 1041:names of the days of the week 5824:traditional point-size names 4629:OpenType Layout tag registry 4299:"Using Capital Letters (#1)" 2549:) when used for the unit of 2514:) are written in lower case. 1611:theory of general relativity 1360:MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA 1256:") represents a distinctive 888:. These scripts include the 516:Typographical considerations 484:. The word is often spelled 454:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 5077:Canons of page construction 4894:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. 4252:Nesbitt, Alexander (1957). 4190:Sacramento History Museum. 3903:was the basis for Venetian 3673:Demonstrating the use of a 3227:for, say, uppercase letter 2872:Pascal programming language 1782:(now known as Hotel Mira), 1682: 1555:, discuss the issue on the 1221:The treatment of the Greek 1024:is capitalised, as are all 956:does not distinguish case. 816:the claims made and adding 257:may denote an element of a 243:engineering design drawings 6078: 4677:R. M. Ritter, ed. (2002). 4561:"Spacing Modifier Letters" 4536:"Hawaiian Language Online" 4329:Minnesota State University 4207:Charlton T. Lewis (1890). 3893:scribal abbreviation marks 3565: 3550:calls this "proper case"; 3255:Methods in word processing 2909:" or "intelligent", as in 2838: 2777:in something derived from 2692: 2440:and "Al" in Arabic names. 2421:, "de", "los", and "y" in 1541:the English-speaking world 997: 472:Minuscule (disambiguation) 469: 131: 6016: 5234:Subscript and superscript 4540:The University of Hawai‘i 4432:Güthert, Kerstin (2017), 4005:Capitalization in English 3001:Lisp programming language 1905: 1642:, the first character in 1509:) or the following sign ( 500:is derived from the word 5992:Vox-ATypI classification 5122:Intentionally blank page 4892:The Calligrapher's Bible 3708:for use in the court of 3405: 3344: 3286: 3159:As briefly discussed in 2568:), used for the unit of 4966:Oxford University Press 4683:Oxford University Press 4279:Březina, David (2012), 2921:(electronic commerce). 2628:, is deprecated by the 2615:which represents this, 2574:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 2358:Multi-word proper nouns 2055:The first word and all 1543:and do not represent a 1485:Japanese writing system 5525: 4679:Oxford Manual of Style 4086:Latin-script alphabets 3916: 3276:Methods in programming 3152:encoded as mixed-case 3041: 3007:(or illustratively as 2981: 2932: 2903:information technology 2848: 2515: 2306:icking Heading"), and 2235:Oxford Manual of Style 2203:, and newspapers like 1945:All letters uppercase 1939: CALIFORNIA 1881:'s debut studio album— 1614: 1281:South Slavic languages 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1113: 1107: 1103:formal polite pronouns 1004:Capitalisation is the 881: 856: 739: 164: 149:Capital Letters (song) 129:Uppercase or lowercase 4985:David Bolton (1997). 4890:David Harris (2003). 4410:Waidner-Spahr Library 4033:Roman square capitals 3811: 3776:Carolingian minuscule 3704:script, developed by 3702:Carolingian minuscule 3239:(U+03B2) or Cyrillic 2917:(electronic mail) or 2862:(or, illustratively, 2596:, and "upper-case i" 2453: 1847:'s albums, including 1590: 1411:mathematical notation 1074:monotheistic religion 1059:of the first letter. 963:. This includes most 862: 851: 737: 302:Layout for type cases 158: 5862:Typographic features 4754:"Letterlike symbols" 4163:Marc Drogin (1980). 3832:, which derive from 2999:in reference to the 2964:SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE 2960:screaming snake case 2870:in reference to the 2732:software development 2701:computer programming 2564:1 Sv (one 2551:electric conductance 2534:) when used for the 1942: RAISINS 1924: VITAMINS 1636:computer programming 1553:improve this section 1539:deal primarily with 1436:Some letters of the 870:include ᴀ, ʙ, ᴣ, ʀ, 353:letterpress printing 251:mathematical objects 209:⟨G, g⟩ 205:⟨A, a⟩ 201:⟨S, s⟩ 197:⟨C, c⟩ 142:Uppercase (magazine) 51:improve this article 5987:Technical lettering 5886:Typography in other 5627:Hanging punctuation 4464:"Ijsland / IJsland" 3885:macron abbreviation 3043:Mixed case with no 2592:, "lower-case ell" 2545:1 S (one 2530:1 s (one 2512:amount of substance 2403:Catherine the Great 2322:p Care for Burns"). 2308:permanent compounds 2285:temporary compounds 1897: 1337:. Representing the 1238:some forms of Azeri 1179:The German letter " 778:the descender set. 752:b, d, f, h, k, l, t 5950:Handwriting script 5877:Desktop publishing 5847:Character encoding 5840:Digital typography 5354:Horizontal aspects 5307:Visual distinction 5165:Widows and orphans 4821:"Ruby Style Guide" 4785:. 3 February 2004. 4762:Unicode Consortium 4486:"Latin Extended-B" 4335:on 1 December 2016 3917: 3913:a serifed typeface 3866:textualis quadrata 3862:humanist minuscule 3856:was the basis for 3854:Carolingian script 3220:to provide only a 2740:Naming conventions 2572:dose (named after 2570:ionising radiation 2559:Werner von Siemens 2516: 2504:luminous intensity 2425:, "de" or "d'" in 2292:compound modifiers 2172:publication titles 2100:Mid-sentence case 1895: 1875:first studio album 1811:Copperplate Gothic 1615: 1214:typefaces such as 978:is not available. 882: 857: 801:possibly contains 760:old-style numerals 740: 482:lower-case letters 217:alphabetical order 165: 6034: 6033: 5781:Typographic units 5699:For position only 5598: 5597: 5450: 5449: 5023:Project Gutenberg 4566:. Unicode. U+02BB 4238:978-0-395-82517-4 3816:(used in Germany 3766:Roman half uncial 3280:In some forms of 3245:ABБCГDΔΕЄЗFΦGHIИJ 3154:single characters 2897:(illustratively: 2827:, or those about 2821:highly subjective 2797:multiple dispatch 2613:Unicode character 2598:⟨I⟩ 2594:⟨l⟩ 2590:⟨1⟩ 2197:, magazines like 2163: 2162: 1936: FRESH 1837:instant messaging 1585: 1584: 1577: 1325:orthography, the 1166:or a handwritten 1164:instant messaging 1049:vocative particle 954:Georgian language 950:Georgian alphabet 886:bicameral scripts 846: 845: 838: 803:original research 711: 710: 347:used to hold the 135:Lowercase (music) 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 6069: 6024: 6023: 6001:Related template 5933:Related articles 5734:Phototypesetting 5588:reverse-contrast 5573:Display typeface 5530: 5507:Blackletter type 5463: 5400:Vertical aspects 5381:Sentence spacing 5191:Typeface anatomy 5187: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5026: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4982: 4969: 4954:Bruce M. Metzger 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4724: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4696:Currin Berdine. 4693: 4687: 4686: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4596:on 6 August 2017 4592:. Archived from 4590:KeolaDonaghy.com 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4440: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4381:"Capitalization" 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4331:. Archived from 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4109: 4093: 4084:(and most other 4082:English alphabet 4070: 4018:Grammatical case 3990:Alternating caps 3891:, ligatures and 3803:Uspenski Gospels 3791:English language 3670: 3656: 3642: 3626: 3621:Codex Ebnerianus 3616: 3598: 3580: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3336:standard library 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3235:(U+0062), Greek 3127:keyword searches 3108:Case-insensitive 3066:Sun Microsystems 2946:, especially in 2891:lower camel case 2860:upper camel case 2786: 2785:(multiply (x y)) 2776: 2761:manifestly typed 2758: 2748: 2738:human-readable, 2720:space characters 2639: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2464:electric current 2399:Tamar of Georgia 2348: 2342: 2091:The first word, 1898: 1894: 1805: 1688: 1599:Arthur Eddington 1580: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1442:Hebrew alphabets 1398:, and choice of 1386:effects such as 1375:Related features 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1313:single character 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1116: 1110: 1037:proper adjective 879: 873: 841: 834: 830: 827: 821: 818:inline citations 794: 793: 786: 782:Bicameral script 543: 542: 530:English alphabet 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 406:, less commonly 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 299: 282: 265: 256: 210: 206: 202: 198: 161:English alphabet 152: 145: 138: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6012: 5996: 5928: 5888:writing systems 5887: 5881: 5835: 5775: 5719:Microtypography 5658: 5594: 5556: 5533: 5501: 5458:classifications 5457: 5446: 5395: 5349: 5315:Blackboard bold 5301: 5253: 5176: 5126: 5117:Recto and verso 5063: 5058: 5014: 5011: 5009:Further reading 5006: 4996: 4994: 4993:on 16 July 2007 4984: 4983: 4972: 4968:: 2005), p. 92. 4951: 4947: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4656:TheGuardian.com 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4303:Dave's ESL Cafe 4297:Dennis Oliver. 4296: 4295: 4288: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 3980: 3968:composing stick 3922: 3909:Times New Roman 3901:Humanist script 3768:, and minuscule 3762:Roman majuscule 3757:Greek minuscule 3686: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3675:composing stick 3671: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3570: 3564: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3278: 3272:does the same. 3271: 3267: 3261:word processors 3257: 3135: 3118:character set. 3086: 3036: 2976: 2927: 2843: 2837: 2810:syntactic sugar 2697: 2691: 2637: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2600:look different. 2597: 2593: 2589: 2448: 2429:, and "ibn" in 2409:" and "der" in 2360: 2346: 2340: 2251:parts of speech 2249:words (certain 2168: 1927: ARE 1921: THE 1807: 1803: 1724: 1720:(all uppercase) 1708:text processing 1695: 1664: 1640:Knowledge (XXG) 1629: 1581: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1550: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1431:blackboard bold 1427:script typeface 1377: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1267:, the digraph " 1255: 1251: 1205: 1176: 1012:with its first 1002: 996: 988:various factors 986:, depending on 871: 855:Cyrillic script 842: 831: 825: 822: 807: 795: 791: 784: 717:Typographically 518: 492:and the prefix 475: 466: 411: 407: 373: 369: 361: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 300: 291: 290: 289: 283: 272: 261: 254: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192:writing systems 186:(more formally 178:(more formally 153: 146: 139: 132: 130: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6075: 6073: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6052:Capitalization 6049: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5922:National Fonts 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867:Web typography 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5744:Reversing type 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5471: 5469: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5371:Letter-spacing 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5325:Color printing 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5259:Capitalization 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5097:Page numbering 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4970: 4958:Bart D. Ehrman 4945: 4925: 4907: 4900: 4882: 4861: 4839: 4812: 4788: 4774: 4745: 4714: 4688: 4669: 4642: 4616: 4607: 4577: 4552: 4527: 4502: 4477: 4455: 4423: 4397: 4372: 4346: 4315: 4286: 4271: 4264: 4244: 4237: 4218: 4199: 4182: 4175: 4155: 4126: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4000:Capitalization 3997: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3921: 3918: 3798:Greek alphabet 3786: 3785: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3600: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3582: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3406: 3393:character sets 3345: 3287: 3277: 3274: 3256: 3253: 3134: 3131: 3092:developed for 3090:character sets 3085: 3082: 3035: 3032: 2975: 2972: 2926: 2923: 2895:dromedary case 2839:Main article: 2836: 2833: 2801: 2800: 2793:type inference 2782: 2772: 2754: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2642: 2641: 2634:Web typography 2626:SCRIPT SMALL L 2601: 2578: 2577: 2562: 2543: 2506:), and "mol" ( 2458:symbols, "A" ( 2447: 2444: 2417:" and "zu" in 2395:personal names 2359: 2356: 2324: 2323: 2314:(e.g., "Short- 2287:(such as many 2265: 2254: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132:All-lowercase 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064:Sentence case 2061: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: MY 1931: 1930: IN 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1893: 1892: 1839:(avoiding the 1829: 1826: 1823: 1800: 1795: 1721: 1715: 1712:part of speech 1692: 1689: 1661: 1655: 1632: 1622: 1594:New York Times 1583: 1582: 1565:September 2013 1547:of the subject 1545:worldwide view 1536: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1481: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1448:of the Korean 1434: 1407: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1335:quotation mark 1319: 1316: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1226: 1223:iota subscript 1219: 1203: 1192: 1175: 1172: 1133:(German), and 1105:, for example 1000:Capitalisation 998:Main article: 995: 994:Capitalisation 992: 844: 843: 798: 796: 789: 783: 780: 723:and sometimes 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 626: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 517: 514: 465: 462: 446:palaeographers 360: 357: 301: 294: 293: 292: 284: 277: 276: 275: 274: 273: 271: 268: 182:) and smaller 128: 125: 124: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6074: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872:Bézier curves 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5857:Rasterization 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:Microprinting 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672:Etaoin shrdlu 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4901:0-7641-5615-2 4897: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4802: 4801:caml.inria.fr 4798: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4763: 4759: 4758:Charts (Beta) 4755: 4749: 4746: 4730: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4670: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4444: 4437: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4265:0-486-20427-8 4261: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4176:9780486261423 4172: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4156: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4130: 4127: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074:Roman Antiqua 4069: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028:Roman cursive 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014:, or drop cap 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895:are omitted; 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834:Roman cursive 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3753:uncial script 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3742:Ancient Greek 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729:Roman cursive 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3655: 3641: 3622: 3615: 3604: 3597: 3586: 3585:Arch of Titus 3579: 3569: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3319:"A" 3301:"a" 3285: 3283: 3275: 3273: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214:character set 3211: 3210:typographical 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:dromedaryCase 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2635: 2631: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557:(named after 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454:Of the seven 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:Spanish names 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217:sentence case 2214: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2200:The Economist 2196: 2195: 2194:New Scientist 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1879:Billie Eilish 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1825:All lowercase 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:disemvoweling 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1679:style manuals 1676: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652:concatenation 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1621:Sentence case 1620: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1568: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311:designates a 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1099: 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