Sentence spacing - Knowledge

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single and double sentence spacing. The authors stated that "the 'double space group' consistently took longer time to finish than the 'single space' group" but concluded that "there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists". The 2003 study analyzed on-screen single, double, and triple spacing. In both cases, the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion. Ni, Branch, Chen, and Clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spacing variables. The authors concluded that the "results provided insufficient evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spacing between sentences". A 2018 study of 60 students found that those who used two word spaces between sentences read the same text 3 percent faster than with a

317: 2788:. pp. 62, 64–65, 70, 74–75. The sentences averaged 25.4 words each. Hartley does not identify which font type and sentence spacing method was used in his study. The author notes other studies, three of which found a positive correlation between segmenting parts of sentences and reading efficacy, three that noted no significance, and one that indicated a negative effect. The additional studies noted were: "Coleman and Kim, 1961; Epstein, 1967; and Murray, 1976 (with positive results); those of Nahinsky, 1956; Hartley and Burnhill, 1971; and Burnhill et al., 1975 (with non-significant results); and that of Klare et al., 1957 (a negative result)" (64). 635:

remained for decades after its invention. When the typewriter was first introduced, typists were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences. This gradually shifted to two spaces, while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em-spaced sentences. Some sources now state it is acceptable for monospaced fonts to be single-spaced today, although other references continue to specify double spacing for monospaced fonts. The double-space typewriter convention has been taught in schools in typing classes and remains the practice in many cases. Some voice concern that students will later be forced to relearn how to type.

134: 1690:. p. 61. "2.12 A single character space, not two spaces, should be left after periods at the ends of sentences (both in manuscript and in final, published form)." p. 243. "6.11 In typeset matter, one space, not two (in other words, a regular word space), follows any mark of punctuation that ends a sentence, whether a period, a colon, a question mark, an exclamation point, or closing quotation marks." p. 243. "6.13 A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. It is followed by a single space." 114: 172:

limitations did not allow variable spacing—typists could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar. Typists in some English-speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spacing used in traditional printing, but later settled on two spaces, a practice that continued throughout the 20th century. This became known as English spacing and marked a divergence from French typists, who continued to use French spacing.

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spacing between segments. The study concluded that there was no significant difference in efficacy, but that a wider study was needed. Numerous other similar studies in 1951–1991 resulted in disparate and inconclusive findings. Finally, although various studies have been conducted on the readability of proportional vs. monospaced fonts, the studies typically did not decrease sentence spacing when using proportional fonts, or did not specify whether sentence spacing was changed.

6790: 155:-spaced, and that words should be 1/3 or 1/2 em-spaced. The relative size of the sentence spacing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs. For most countries, this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century. Yet, even in this period, there were publishing houses that used a standard word space between sentences. 1088:. p. 101. Variable-spaced text (professionally typeset) is unlikely to result in a sentence space exactly twice the size of a word space (which can be seen with a typewriter or monospaced font). Variables such as whether a 1/3 or 1/2-word space is used, and whether the text is justified or unjustified, will vary the difference between a sentence space and word space. 1032:. "During times when many disciplines that recommend the APA's Publication Manual are advocating evidence-based decisions, it's noteworthy, we think, that these discussions of the rationale for using two spaces at the end of sentences (and after colons) do not appear to be based on scientific examination of the hypothesis that two spaces makes manuscripts more readable." 631:, 12-point font, although some works on screenwriting indicate that Courier is merely preferred—proportional fonts may be used. Some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide, but proponents of double spacing caution that publishers' guidance takes precedence, including those that ask for double-sentence-spaced manuscripts. 1178:. p. 24. Adams, Faux, and Rieber say, "For most composition, the em quad is used to indent the first line of a paragraph, the en quad is used to separate sentences, and the 3-em space is placed between words." An en is half an em and a 3-em space is a third of an em, so the space between sentences would be 1.5 times the space between words. 370:(2010) in the United States, provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics, including sentence spacing. The majority of style guides now prescribe the use of a single space after terminal punctuation in final written works and publications. A few style guides allow double sentence spacing for draft work, and the 1842:. p. 30. Bringhurst implies that additional spacing after terminal punctuation is redundant when combined with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. Other sources indicate that the function of terminal punctuation is to mark the end of a sentence and additional measures to perform the same measures are unnecessary. 81:

alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence. However, some sources still state that additional spacing is correct or acceptable. Some people preferred double sentence spacing because that was how they were taught to type. The few direct

932:. pp. 13–14. This refers to professionally published works, as it is possible for individual authors to publish works through desktop publishing systems. Williams states, "I guarantee this: never in your life have you read professionally set text printed since 1942 that used two spaces after each 595:

uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence. This allows the typesetter to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently. Early versions of Troff, which only typeset in fixed-width fonts, would automatically add a second space between sentences, which were detected

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them, which, when added to the adjacent standard word spaces, combines to create a visually larger space. Some argue that the "additional" space after a comma and full point serves as a "pause signal" for the reader. But this is unnecessary (and visually disruptive) since the pause signal is provided

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Word spaces, preceding or following punctuation, should be optically adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space. If a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a comma, then, optically, this produces a space of up to 50% wider than that of other word spaces within

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had on the typewriter, reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations. However, this innovation did not spread throughout the typewriter industry; the majority of mechanical typewriters, including all of the widely distributed models, remained monospaced, while a small minority of special models

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However, typographic opinions are typically anecdotal with no basis in evidence. "Opinions are not always safe guides to legibility of print", and when direct studies are conducted, anecdotal opinions—even those of experts—can turn out to be false. Text that seems legible (visually pleasing at first

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Many people are opposed to single sentence spacing for various reasons. Some state that the habit of double spacing is too deeply ingrained to change. Others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or readability of text. Proponents of double sentence spacing also state

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in the spaces between phrases, visually interrupting the "river" effect. This study also analyzed various spacing techniques. It did not vary spacing between sentences or identify font type used, and concluded that "isolating major phrases within extra spaces facilitates reading." The article lists

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in the late 19th century, typists used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional typesetters. While wide sentence spacing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid-20th century, the practice continued on typewriters and later on computers. Perhaps because of this,

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This article originally appeared on Inkspot. Editor of editor of Writing-World.com, the author has written more than 300 published articles. Her books on writing include "Starting Your Career as a Freelance Writer (2003, 2005 reprint)", "The Writer's Guide to Queries, Pitches and Proposals (2001)"

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There are other studies that could be relevant to sentence spacing, such as the familiarity of typographic conventions on readability. Some studies indicate that "tradition" can increase the readability of text, and that reading is disrupted when conventional printing arrangements are disrupted or

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emphasis, that is, an up & down movement, induced by the relative isolation of the words & consequent insistence of the ascending and descending letters. This movement is further emphasized by those "rivers" of white which are the inseparable & ugly accompaniment of all carelessly set

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Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by Loh, Branch, Shewanown, and Ali (2002); and Clinton, Branch, Holschuh, and Shewanown (2003); with results favoring neither single, double, nor triple spacing. The 2002 study tested participants' reading speed for passages of on-screen text with

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Most style guides indicate that single sentence spacing is proper for final or published work today, and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication—with single sentence spacing. Writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra

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Some studies suggest that readability can be improved by breaking sentences into separate units of thought—or varying the internal spacing of sentences. Mid-20th century research on this topic resulted in inconclusive findings. A 1980 study split sentences into 1–5 word phrases with additional

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One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts. However, proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter and

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Government Printing Office of Australia, stipulates that only one space is used after "sentence-closing punctuation" and that "Programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated, variable spacing, so this practice of double spacing is now avoided because it can create

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machines, allowed for some variable sentence spacing similar to hand composition. Just as these machines revolutionized the mass production of text, the advent of the typewriter around the same time revolutionized the creation of personal and business documents. But the typewriters' mechanical

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separated words. The normal, easy, left-to-right movement of the eye is slowed down simply because of this separation; further, the short letters and serifs are unable to discharge an important function – that of keeping the eye on "the line". The eye also tends to be confused by a feeling of

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A carefully composed text page appears as an orderly series of strips of black separated by horizontal channels of white space. Conversely, in a slovenly setting the tendency is for the page to appear as a grey and muddled pattern of isolated spats, this effect being caused by the over-widely

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A widespread observation is that increased sentence spacing creates "rivers" or "holes" within text, making it visually unattractive, distracting, and difficult to locate the end of sentences. Comprehensive works on typography describe the negative effect on readability caused by inconsistent

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of the single and double sentence spacing methods—by proponents on both sides. Supporters of single spacing assert that familiarity with the current standard in books, magazines, and the Web enhances readability, that double spacing looks strange in text using proportional fonts, and that the

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In the computer era, spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages. Some systems accept whatever the user types, while others attempt to alter the spacing or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences. Computer-based word processors and

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The desired or correct sentence spacing is often debated, but most sources now state that an additional space is not necessary or desirable. From around 1950, single sentence spacing became standard in books, magazines, and newspapers, and the majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived

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makes room for double and single sentence spacing based on author preferences. Web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic, as "HTML refuses to recognize double spaces altogether". These works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spacing.

1733:"Assicurarsi ad esempio che tra la fine e l'inizio di due periodi separati da un punto venga usato un unico spazio prima della frase successiva, invece dei due spazi del testo americano ... A differenza di altre lingue, non va inserito nessuno spazio prima dei segni di punteggiatura." 357:

Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language. These works are important to writers, since "virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication". Late editions of comprehensive style guides, such as the

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The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, As Well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices: With Several Useful Tables, Numerous Schemes for Imposing Forms in Every Variety, Hints to Authors,

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by default uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously; the double-space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations. How Emacs recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings

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became commonplace, typewritten manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final typeset products. In the same period, style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spacing. The 1969 edition of the

1736:(Translation: "Make sure that between two sentences separated by a period a single space is used before the second sentence, instead of the double spacing used in the United States ... Contrary to other languages, no space is to be added before punctuation marks.") 275:

More recent works on typography weigh in strongly. Ilene Strizver, founder of the Type Studio, says: "Forget about tolerating differences of opinion: typographically speaking, typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely, unequivocally wrong." The

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Until the 20th century, publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences. There were exceptions to this traditional spacing method—some printers used spacing between sentences that was no wider than word spacing. This was

713:(CRT) displays concluded that "more densely packed text is read more efficiently … than is more loosely packed text." This statement is supported in other works as well. Canadian typographer Geoffrey Dowding suggests possible explanations of this phenomenon: 354:(1983) had shifted to single sentence spacing. Other style guides followed suit in the 1990s. Soon after the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences. 482:

for French speakers worldwide. The 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spacing, but is single-sentence-spaced throughout—consistent with historical French spacing. The Spanish language is similar. The most important body within the

660:" and "holes" caused by double spacing impair readability. Proponents of double sentence spacing state that the extra space between sentences enhances readability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more legible. 3418:

The Practice of Typography: Correct Composition: A Treatise on Spelling Abbreviations, the Compounding and Division of Words, the Proper Use of Figures and Numerals, Italic and Capital Letters, Notes, Etc., With Observations on Punctuation and

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for typesetting used a wider space between sentences than between words—"traditional spacing", as shown in the illustration to the right. During the 20th century, style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for typewritten

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For example, the 15th Edition of the Chicago Manual of Style states that "A single character space, not two spaces, should be left after periods at the ends of sentences (both in manuscript and in final, published form) and after colons.

1705:"Prefazione: Il manuale intende fornire una serie di indicazioni utili per la stesura di testi di carattere non inventive, quali per esempio manuali, saggi, monografie, relazioni professionali, tesi di laurea, articoli per riviste, ecc." 541:(2004) states that "The modern system of English punctuation is by no means simple. A book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource is advised to consult the 151:) specified spacing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards. These guides—e.g., Jacobi in the UK (1890) and MacKellar, Harpel, and De Vinne (1866–1901) in the U.S.—indicated that sentences should be 623:, says that the topic of sentence spacing is "the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type, it's still the question I hear most often, and a search of the web will find threads galore on the subject." 3883:

Harpel's Typograph, or Book of Specimens Containing Useful Information, Suggestions and a Collection of Examples of Letterpress Job Printing Arranged for the Assistance of Master Printers, Amateurs, Apprentices, and

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Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content, whether or not they are associated with sentences. There are options for preserving spacing, such as the CSS white-space property, and the

494: 2577:, Library Association, 1969, that he identifies on pages 51 and 247. In Jury's endnote on page 247, he points to "research done before, and at approximately the same time as, this 1969 report: G.W. Ovink, 187:

Magazines, newspapers, and books began to adopt the single-space convention in the United States in the 1940s and in the United Kingdom in the 1950s. Typists did not move to single spacing simultaneously.

280:(2003) states that "The typewriter tradition of separating sentences with two-word spaces after a period has no place in typesetting" and that the single space is "standard typographic practice". The 499:, which is viewed as prescriptive for the Spanish language worldwide. The 2001 edition does not provide sentence-spacing guidance, but is itself single-sentence-spaced. The German language manual 627:

that some publishers may still require double-spaced manuscript submissions from authors. A key example noted is the screenwriting industry's monospaced standard for screenplay manuscripts,

2467:. pp. 383, 387, 390. This study "explored the effects of spacing after the period on on-screen reading tasks through two dependent variables, reading time and reading comprehension". 786:

Languages with Sanscrit, Cyrillic, cuneiform, hieroglyphics, Chinese, and Japanese characters, among others, are not covered in the scope of this article. Handwriting is also not covered.

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and the proper construction of sentences—but not the spacing between sentences. Moreover, many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive

1615:. p. 22. (1st edition published in 1982.) "Note in particular that ... stops (. ? ! : ;) are always followed by only a single (not a double) space." 507:("Recommendations of the Council for German Orthography"; 2006) does not address sentence spacing. The manual itself uses one space after terminal punctuation. Additionally, the 6375: 350:

used em spaces between sentences in its text; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spacing for both manuscript and print. By the 1980s, the United Kingdom's

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font, an ubiquitous font that is considered to be visually pleasing in the construction and viewing of its characters, but has been found to impair reading effectiveness (

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Loh, Christian Sebastian; Branch, Robert Maribe; Shewanown, Saun; Ali, Radwan (2002). "The Effect of Text Spacing After the Period on Time for On-Screen Reading Tasks".

4073: 1675:. p. 293. "17.07 French Typographical Rules—Punctuation: Adopt the following rules for spacing with punctuation marks. Mark: Period, before: none, after: 1 space." 5564: 4776: 2276:

that numerous page designers have contacted her, stating that the presence of two spaces between sentences requires them to edit the pages to remove the extra spaces

5456: 5429: 284:(2004) advocates a single space between sentences, noting that "your typing as well as your typesetting will benefit from unlearning this quaint Victorian habit". 5274:

Manual of Style: A Compilation of Typographical Rules Governing the Publications of the University of Chicago, with Specimens of Types Used at the University Press

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In the 1990s, some print and Web sources began referring to double sentence spacing as "French spacing", leading to some ambiguity with the term. See for example,

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spacing, which is supported in a 1981 study which found that "comprehension was significantly less accurate with the river condition." Another 1981 study on

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A few reference grammars address sentence spacing, as increased spacing between words is punctuation in itself. Most do not. Grammar guides typically cover

446:(2010), the official guide for Microsoft translation, tells users to use single sentence spacing "instead of the double spacing used in the United States". 264:

requires only one space after periods, question marks, exclamation points, and colons" and identified single sentence spacing as a typographic convention.

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Shortly after the invention of movable type, highly variable spacing was created, which could create spaces of any size and allowed for perfectly even

4479:. Public Works and Government Services of Canada, The Translation Bureau, The Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank TERMIUM-Plus 484: 2805:

similar studies. The research in 14 studies in 1951–1986 correlated with the findings in the article, and six studies in 1957–1984 were inconclusive.

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spaces before submitting manuscripts, although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication.

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Bever, Thomas G.; Jandreau, Steven; Burwell, Rebecca; et al. (1991). "Spacing Printed Text to Isolate Major Phrases Improves Readability".

3272: 419: 5600: 3208: 245:(the "arrangement and appearance of text") supported traditional spacing techniques in English publications. In 1954, Geoffrey Dowding's book 5639: 5589: 5548: 5509: 5484: 5400: 5375: 5333: 5306: 5282: 5204: 5176: 5146: 5104: 5082: 5063: 5038: 5012: 4989: 4945: 4926: 4907: 4888: 4847: 4815: 4765: 4742: 4715: 4692: 4673: 4606: 4548: 4357: 4325: 4230: 4211: 4192: 4148: 4116: 4062: 4043: 3954: 3914: 3785: 3762: 3719: 3692: 3673: 3647: 3615: 3569: 3543: 3522: 3503: 3482: 3455: 3436: 3405: 3386: 3313: 3240: 3122: 3103: 3080: 3061: 2971: 2935: 2911: 2845: 1595:. (1st edition published in 1997.) This manual is "obligatory" for all those in the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works ( 977: 5819: 1718:. (Translation: "The only real Italian style guide, a must-have for any writer".) The 2009 edition is itself uses single sentence spacing. 2128:

Moira Anderson Allen suggests that publishers are more interested in readable fonts as opposed to maintaining a fixed-width font standard.

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Campbell, A.J.; Marchetti, F.M.; Mewhort, D.J.K. (1981). "Reading Speed and Text Production: A Note on Right-Justification Techniques".

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The bracketed words in the text are Jury's. For the rest of the quoted passage, Jury appears to have drawn on a report by Alison Shaw,

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notes, "Changes in spacing either between letters and words, or between the words only ... do not appear to affect legibility. "

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typically have multiple style guides, only some of which may discuss sentence spacing. This is the case in the United Kingdom. The

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Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition (July 2009)

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The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation: An Easy-to-Use Guide with Clear Rules, Real-World Examples, and Reproducible Quizzes

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shows em spacing after sentences in the manuscript example (page 41), but single spacing in the typset example (p. 73).

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Kolers, Paul A.; Duchinsky, Robert; Ferguson, Dennis C. (1981). "Eye Movement Measurement of Readability of CRT Displays".

1100:. Felici illustrates that there are other examples of standard single word spaces used for sentence spacing in this period. 6744: 454:

Some languages, such as French and Spanish, have academies that set language rules. Their publications typically address

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The study did not find "statistically significant differences between reading time of single and double space passages".

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Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers: Which are to be Observed in All Cases Where No Special Instructions are Given

426:(2002) state that only single spacing should be used. In Canada, both the English- and French-language sections of the 6775: 5844: 5363: 5319: 5292: 5268: 5196: 411: 366: 225: 144: 98: 68: 5739: 4252:

Linotype Keyboard Operation: Methods of Study and Procedures for Setting Various Kinds of Composition on the Linotype

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From Gutenberg to Open Type: An Illustrated History of Type from the Earliest Letterforms to the Latest Digital Fonts

2124:, p. 17. The authors state that "Courier 12-point is preferred, although New York, Bookman, and Times will do". 1993: 5752: 4523: 511:, the German-language dictionary most commonly used in Germany, indicates that double sentence spacing is an error. 6355: 5236: 4559: 1748:. French is spoken in 57 countries and territories throughout the world, including Europe, North America, and 1708:(Translation: "tyle manual for academic papers, monographs, professional correspondence, theses, articles, etc.".) 5465: 3587: 6001: 5520: 5343: 4273: 488: 403: 72:—a term synonymous with single-space sentence spacing until the late 20th century. With the introduction of the 6759: 6576: 6247: 6184: 5889: 5812: 4919:

The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Punctuation: A Handy Reference to Resolve All Your Grammatical Problems

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Tinker, Miles A. (Summer 1966). "Experimental Studies on the Legibility of Print: An Annotated Bibliography".

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Dundurn Press in Co-operation with Public Works and the Government Services Canada Translation Bureau (1997).

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Columbia Law Review; Harvard Law Review; University of Pennsylvania Law Review; Yale Law review, eds. (2005).

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violated. The standard for the Web and published books, magazines, and newspapers is single sentence spacing.

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The Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English

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instructs editors to remove extra spaces between sentences when preparing a manuscript for publication; also

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underscored the widespread shift from a single enlarged em space to a standard word space between sentences.

5769: 1628: 463: 386:(2008) indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications—encompassing 196: 4336: 6204: 5927: 4367:

Ni, Xiaopeng; Branch, Robert Maribe; Chen, Kuan-Chung; Clinton, Gregory (2009). Sleeman, Phillip J (ed.).

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Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile: Guida alla Redazione di Documenti, Relazioni, Articoli, Manuali, Tesi di Laurea

2693:. p. 4. Other studies show that "irregular and uneven spacing" disrupts the text and may slow the reader; 221: 113: 6679: 6179: 6174: 6087: 6074: 5907: 4368: 4086: 2983:"Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association" 700: 4462:

Payne, Donald R. (1967). "Readability of Typewritten Material; Proportional Versus Standard Spacing".

3626: 3305: 3022: 2982: 1240: 6816: 6471: 6112: 5966: 4300: 4245:(Fifteenth – Revised and Enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. 390 pages. 3280: 3194:

Black, Allison; Watts, Darren (1993). "Proofreading Monospaced and Proportionally-spaced Typefaces".

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The Practical Printer: A Book of Instruction for Beginners; a Book of Reference for the More Advanced

1999: 533: 520: 291:(2004)—published in Switzerland—clarifies the contemporary typographic position on sentence spacing: 272:(2006) both indicate that uniform spacing should be used between words, including between sentences. 5611: 4387:

North, A. J.; Jenkins, L. B. (1951). "Reading Speed and Comprehension as a Function of Typography".

3416: 6826: 6821: 6793: 6754: 6667: 6561: 6416: 6394: 6384: 6252: 5859: 5849: 5805: 3212: 2478:"Are two spaces better than one? The effect of spacing following periods and commas during reading" 391: 36: 5632:

The Mac is Not a Typewriter: A Style Manual for Creating Professional-level Type on Your Macintosh

4810:. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, Weinheim: John Wiley & Sons. 592 pages. 2601:, Lund Humphries, 1968. The ATypI Legibility Research Committee initial report (no named author), 664:

glance) may be shown to actually impair reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study.

6717: 6644: 6624: 6614: 6586: 6556: 6516: 6143: 6006: 5991: 5932: 5922: 5786: 5558: 5123: 4616: 4184: 4009: 2800:. pp. 78–80, 83–87. The text materials used in the research inserted various characters, such as 1749: 1419:, and titled thus in recent editions (first edition published in 1906)). The 1969 edition of the 657: 628: 603:

started highlighting two spaces after a period as an error and offers a correction of one space.

342: 224: 2.1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces. In the 1980s, 5501: 5495: 5055: 5049: 4598: 4591: 3474: 3378: 4734: 3711: 969: 963: 572:

allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional typesetters.

430:(1997), prescribe single sentence spacing. In the United States, many style guides—such as the 6662: 6581: 6536: 6466: 5937: 5689: 5665: 5635: 5585: 5581: 5544: 5505: 5480: 5450: 5423: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5371: 5329: 5302: 5278: 5200: 5172: 5142: 5100: 5078: 5059: 5034: 5008: 4985: 4941: 4922: 4903: 4884: 4843: 4811: 4761: 4738: 4711: 4688: 4669: 4602: 4544: 4404: 4353: 4321: 4255: 4226: 4207: 4188: 4144: 4112: 4058: 4039: 4001: 3950: 3910: 3781: 3758: 3715: 3688: 3669: 3643: 3611: 3565: 3539: 3518: 3499: 3478: 3451: 3432: 3401: 3382: 3309: 3236: 3228: 3118: 3099: 3076: 3057: 2967: 2931: 2907: 2864: 2841: 2562: 2477: 1758: 973: 743: 459: 47: 5439:"24.4 Character Entity References for Markup-Significant and Internationalization characters" 4863:

Executive Resumes and Career Transition Strategies: Reflections of an Executive Resume Writer

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many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spacing was created for the typewriter.

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printing in Europe, various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a

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Type and Layout: How Typography and Design Can Get your Message Across – Or Get in the Way

5138:

The Screenwriter's Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script

4639: 3564:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 574 pages. 674: 204: 184:") to separate sentences. This standard continued in use, to some extent, into the 1990s. 180:

In the early 20th century, some printers began using one and a half interword spaces (an "

168: 152: 122: 6639: 4446: 3864: 3843: 3184: 2697:. p. 270. The context of the "irregular and uneven spacing" is concerning justified text. 458:

and grammar as opposed to matters of typography. Style guides are less relevant for such

5697: 5673: 5272: 4337:"How many spaces should I leave after a period or other concluding mark of punctuation?" 3581:"English Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Translators in the European Commission" 2961: 2879: 2003: 17: 6689: 6634: 6511: 6314: 6138: 6092: 6026: 5996: 5864: 5323: 5136: 5022: 5001: 4268: 4177: 4036:

The Savvy Screenwriter: How to Sell Your Screenplay (and Yourself) Without Selling Out!

3795:

Haber, Ralph Norman; Haber, Lyn R. (1981). "Visual Components of the Reading Process".

3774: 3751: 3662: 3657: 3492:

Eckersley, Richard; Ellertson, Charles M.; Angstaldt, Richard; Hendel, Richard (1994).

3467: 3371: 2900: 2857: 1255: 600: 379: 213: 147:. Early American, English, and other European typesetters' style guides (also known as 85:

conducted since 2002 have produced inconclusive results as to which convention is more

5027: 4493: 4074:"The Effects of Computer-based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate" 1600: 1596: 988:"The Effects of Computer-based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate" 6810: 6481: 6449: 6439: 6319: 5574: 5368:

The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers

5325:

The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers

5296: 5190: 5186: 4878: 4754: 4727: 4704: 3881: 3704: 2028: 1830:. The current version of the Duden reflects the most recent opinions of this council. 1823: 5248: 5161: 4964: 4013: 3817: 3533: 3050: 1228:. p. 165. HTML normally ignores all additional horizontal spacing between text. 434:(2003)—allow only single sentence spacing. The most important style guide in Italy, 199:, a typewriter capable of proportional spacing, which had been used in professional 62:(as between the words in a sentence), a single enlarged space, and two full spaces. 6739: 6619: 6506: 6491: 6461: 6421: 6404: 6158: 6128: 6102: 6011: 5854: 5836: 5092: 4172: 4159: 3562:

The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications

3350: 1655:

in 1971.) "In text, use only a single word space after all sentence punctuation.";

1260:

pre-wrap: This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of white space.

55: 51: 3965: 1256:"Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification" 2047:"Microsoft Word now flags double spaces as errors, ending the great space debate" 1715:"L'unico vero manuale di stile italiano, di cui nessun redattore può fare a meno" 163:

Mechanical type systems introduced near the end of the 19th century, such as the

6734: 6729: 6722: 6712: 6526: 6476: 6431: 6371: 6335: 6306: 6294: 6274: 6097: 6049: 5917: 5051:

Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

3833: 2921:

American Political Science Association Committee on Publications (August 2006).

2389: 1827: 1815: 1810:. The Duden was the primary orthography and language guide in Germany until the 678: 652: 561: 524: 455: 359: 338: 333: 261: 253: 200: 86: 4161:

IVLA Book of Selected Readings: Selected Readings of the IVLA Annual Conference

3997: 3938:

Some Notes on Books and Printing; a Guide for Authors, Publishers, & Others

1501:

Horace Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford

537:

for consistency in formatting work and for all other "editorial concerns". The

6707: 6521: 6411: 6264: 6257: 6234: 6189: 6153: 6107: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6039: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5828: 5438: 5411: 5156: 4038:(Revised & Expanded ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 288 pages. 3327:. 2003 AECT Leadership & Technology International Convention, Anaheim, Ca. 3325:

Online Reading Performance Time as a Function of Text Layout: Roundtable Paper

3263: 2801: 648: 242: 73: 59: 5760: 5693: 5669: 5474: 4531: 3450:(Revised ed.). Vancouver, BC: Hartley & Marks Publishers. 90 pages. 3323:

Clinton, Gregory; Branch, Robert Maribe; Holschuh, D.; Shewanown, S. (2003).

6199: 6194: 5971: 5899: 2385: 933: 341:, which were used prior to professionally typesetting the work. As computer 4865:. Creative Keystrokes Executive Resume Service30 March 2010. Archived from 4826: 4408: 4259: 3905:

Hopper, Vincent F.; Gale, Cedric; Foote, Ronald C.; Griffith, B.W. (2004).

3685:

The Grammar Devotional: Daily Tips for Successful Writing from Grammar Girl

1142:. p. 58. This primarily refers to the United States and Great Britain. 5714:"Space Invaders: Why You Should Never, Ever Use Two Spaces After a Period" 5301:(12th Revised ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 4963:. International Typeface Organization and Monotype Imaging. Archived from 4443:"Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford" 4005: 3861:"Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford" 3640:

How Not to Write a Screenplay: 101 Common Mistakes Most Screenwriters Make

3235:(3.0 ed.). Washington and Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. 352 pages. 3071:

Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) and Darby Dickerson (2006).

2220:. "Continue the custom only if you use a typewriter or the Courier font." 191:

Technological advances began affecting sentence spacing methods. In 1941,

6672: 6531: 6350: 6223: 6209: 6034: 5986: 5189:(2007). Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M. (eds.). 4022: 5240: 5215: 4859:"Don't Date Yourself by Using Two Spaces after a Period in Your Resume!" 4570: 4318:

MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses

212:

systems ignored runs of white space in text. This was also true for the

6496: 6282: 6133: 6044: 5976: 5912: 5727:"You Can Have My Double Space When You Pry it From My Cold, Dead Hands" 1819: 1599:). It is intended to encompass 23 languages within the European Union ( 737: 181: 40: 5127: 4369:"The Effects of Text Spacing on Screen Reading Time and Comprehension" 3579:

European Commission Directorate-General for Translation (April 2010).

6399: 6016: 5777: 5163:

Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation

4400: 3300:

The AP [Associated Press] Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law

3056:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association. 2112:, p. 112. Trottier refers to Courier as the industry "standard". 4898:

Squire, Victoria; Willberg, Hans Peter; Forsmann, Friedrich (2006).

4777:"Improving Instructional Materials by Improving Document Formatting" 4293:"Character design standards (5 of 10): Space Characters for Latin 1" 3926:

Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale

2892:

and "Writing to Win: The Colossal Guide to Writing Contests (2010)".

296:

a line of type. This is because these punctuation marks carry space

5713: 3296:

Christian, Darrell; Jacobsen, Sally; Minthorn, David, eds. (2009).

3273:"Il mio scaffale: i libri più utili per lo scrittore professionale" 3146: 2840:(in French) (Neuvième ed.). Paris: Artheme Fayard. 830 pages. 6242: 5981: 5949: 5370:(16th ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 5328:(15th ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 5298:

The Chicago Manual of Style: For Authors, Editors, and Copywriters

5192:

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

596:

based on the combination of terminal punctuation and a line feed.

592: 576: 565: 508: 315: 2484:"One Or Two Spaces After A Period? That New Study Can't Tell You" 228:

provided the average writer with more advanced formatting tools.

6598: 6444: 6389: 4752:

Sambuchino, Chuck; The Editors of Writer's Digest Books (2009).

4507:"Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española" 4340: 1818:

for German-speaking countries—composed of experts from Germany,

217: 5801: 2966:(6th ed.). American Psychological Association. 272 pages. 203:

for hundreds of years. This innovation broke the hold that the

4506: 3115:

Essentials of English Grammar: The Quick Guide to Good English

569: 192: 5797: 5216:"Unicode Standard Annex #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm" 4940:(10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 176 pages. 4760:(3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. 324. 4339:. Modern Language Association31 January 2010. Archived from 2963:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

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Adams, J. Michael; Faux, David D.; Rieber, Lloyd J. (1996).

5740:"How Many Spaces Should There Be at the End of a Sentence?" 4982:

Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography

4961:

U&lc: Upper and Lowercase Magazine Online: Issue 41.1.1

398:(2010) states that sentences are always single-spaced. The 4492:

Publications Office of the European Union (24 July 2008).

4225:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 352 pages. 4143:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. 408 pages. 4057:(Fourth ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. 144 pages. 2930:. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association. 2906:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1032. 527:

for additional matters of writing style. For example, the

220:

normally ignores additional spacing, although in 2011 the

4445:(Thirty-ninth ed.). Oxford Editorial. Archived from 3863:(Thirty-ninth ed.). Oxford Editorial. Archived from 3842:(First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from 2579:

Legibility, Atmosphere-value, and Forms of Printing Types

5634:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. 96 pages. 4827:"The Trouble With EM 'n EN (and Other Shady Characters)" 4352:(7th ed.). Modern Language Association of America. 3909:(4th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. 208 pages. 2597:, University of Minnesota Press, 1965. Herbert Spencer, 1398:

University of Chicago Press 2003 Chicago Manual of Style

252:

With the advent of the computer age, typographers began

4475:

Public Works and Government Services of Canada (2010).

3772:

Garner, Bryan A.; Newman, Jeff; Jackson, Tiger (2006).

3633:. Printingforless.com and CreativePro.com31 March 2010. 3075:(3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. 608 pages. 1613:

European Commission Directorate-General for Translation

813: 811: 809: 5054:(7 ed.). Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors. 3664:

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

3373:

Designing With Type: The Essential Guide to Typography

2593:, Iowa State University Press, 1965. Miles A. Tinker, 2274:

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

965:

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

270:

Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography

4733:(10th Spiral-bound ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4126:

Lloyd, John Wills; Hallahan, Dan (10 November 2009).

4109:

The McGraw Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage

3940:(New & Enlarged ed.). London: C. Wittingham. 3448:

Finer Points in the Spacing & Arrangement of Type

3400:(Third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3021:

American Psychological Association (8 October 2009).

2589:, Cambridge University Press, 1959. Miles A. Tinker, 1241:

How many spaces at the end of a sentence? One or two?

5521:"One or two spaces after a period? How about three?" 5468:. American Psychological Association29 January 2010. 4655:

Rusch, Kristine Kathryn; Smith, Dean Wesley (1990).

4269:"Italian Style Guide: Microsoft Language Excellence" 3336:. Massachusetts: The Harvard Law Review Association. 3189:(3rd ed.). Albany: Oneonta, N.Y., H. G. Bishop. 2902:

AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors

2681:. p. 64; The Design and Publishing Center, cited in 6768: 6700: 6653: 6607: 6547: 6430: 6370: 6328: 6305: 6273: 6233: 6222: 6167: 6121: 6073: 6025: 5957: 5948: 5898: 5835: 4984:(3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 4418:"A Method for Teaching Straight Matter Composition" 3209:"How Many Spaces After a Period? Ending the Debate" 2838:

Dictionnaire de l'Académie française: Tome 1, A–Enz

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Public Works and Government Services of Canada 2010

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Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of Type

5476:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting 5277:(Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago. 4703: 4590: 4176: 3750: 3469:The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing 3466: 3370: 3117:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 176 pages. 3091: 3049: 2856: 2581:, Leiden, 1938. Donald Paterson, Miles A. Tinker, 1129:One or two spaces after a period? How about three? 704:An example of the "river" effect in justified text 503:Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 256:double spacing, even in monospaced text. In 1989, 208:carried the innovations. By the 1960s, electronic 27:Horizontal space between sentences in typeset text 5543:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Australia. 5141:(4th ed.). Los Angeles: Silman James Press. 4880:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works 3757:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2384:. pp. 50, 108, 128. A useful example is the 1671:. p. 113. (1st edition published in 1987.); 266:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works 5313:Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6-40582 4254:. Brooklyn, N.Y: Mergenthaler Linotype Company. 4072:Leonard, Kristi; et al. (10 October 2009). 2981:American Psychological Association (July 2009). 1013: 1011: 1009: 531:(2005) points users to style guides such as the 159:Mechanical type and the advent of the typewriter 5541:Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers 5479:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 4957:"Double Spaces Between Sentences ... Not!" 4902:. London: Laurence King Publishing. 176 pages. 4543:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1033 pages. 4335:Modern Language Association (15 January 2009). 4316:Modern Humanities Research Association (2002). 3892:Hartley, James (1980). "Spatial Cues in Text". 3702:Fondiller, Shirley; Nerone, Barbara J. (2007). 2689:. (1995). Mosby Publishing, St Louis. Cited in 2585:, Harper & Brothers, 1949. 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(2003). 4376:International Journal of Instructional Media 4141:Webster's New World English Grammar Handbook 3947:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography 3304:(44th ed.). Philadelphia: Basic Books. 2559:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography 500: 475: 467: 289:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography 5455:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5428:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5033:(50th Anniversary ed.). Longman. 128. 4657:Science Fiction Writers of America Handbook 4350:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 4183:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 3610:. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. 384 pages. 3023:"Errors in APA Style Rules, Clarifications" 2960:American Psychological Association (2010). 2262:Modern Humanities Research Association 2002 1814:created a multinational council for German 1657:Modern Humanities Research Association 2002 320:Traditional spacing examples from the 1911 6230: 5954: 5820: 5806: 5798: 5539:Wiley, John, & Sons Australia (2007). 4999:Strumpf, Michael; Douglas, Auriel (2004). 4621:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3377:(5th ed.). New York: Watson-Guptill. 3334:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation 2705: 2703: 2575:Print for Partial Sight: A Research Report 2561:. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. p. 52. 1631:is an organization of 54 English-speaking 6776:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 5075:My Grammar and I: Or Should that be "Me"? 4756:Formatting and Submitting your Manuscript 4560:"Words and Images in Print and on Screen" 4320:. Leeds, UK: Maney Publishing. 92 pages. 4221:Lynch, Patrick J.; Horton, Sarah (2008). 4206:. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. 4204:The Writing Digest Grammar Desk Reference 3949:. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. 159 pages. 3736:. Free Software Foundation. 12 April 2010 3642:. New York: Crown Publishing. 240 pages. 3369:Craig, James; Scala, Irene Korol (2006). 2022: 2020: 1505:Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors 1236: 1234: 1206: 1204: 485:Association of Spanish Language Academies 4659:(1990 ed.). Writers Notebook Press. 3627:"To Double-Space or Not to Double-Space" 3098:(43rd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 1221: 1219: 1124: 1122: 699: 4710:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4094:(in Italian) (2.0 ed.). Zanichelli 756: 402:(2007), first published in 1966 by the 5753:"One Versus Two Spaces After a Period" 5556: 5448: 5421: 4614: 4597:(1st ed.). New Castle, Delaware. 4567:SET: Research Information for Teachers 4524:"One Versus Two Spaces After a Period" 4278:(in Italian) (1.0 ed.). Microsoft 4250:Mergenthaler Linotype Company (1940). 4139:Loberger, Gordon; Shoup, Kate (2009). 3473:. Toronto and Oxford: J. Kirk Howard. 3162:Bibliographisches Institut AG (2010). 3145:Bibliographisches Institut AG (2010). 2292:, p. 83; The 16th edition of the 1651:. p. 51. (First published as the 1250: 1248: 420:Modern Humanities Research Association 5099:. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. 4838:Shushan, Ronnie; Wright, Don (1989). 4825:Sheerin, Peter K. (19 October 2001). 4202:Lutz, Gary; Stevenson, Diane (2005). 4076:. AECT1 February 2010. Archived from 3780:(2nd ed.). Thompson West. 1008. 3586:. European Commission. Archived from 3535:TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's Reference 2898:American Medical Association (2007). 2726:Campbell, Marchetti, and Mewhort 1981 2272:, p. 81; Fogarty also stated in 968:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. p. 643:Effects on readability and legibility 7: 5599:Williams, Robin (July–August 1995). 5235:United States. (16 September 2008). 4348:Modern Language Association (2009). 4111:. New York: McGraw Hill. 304 pages. 4107:Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). 3816:. WebMediaBrands Inc. Archived from 3776:The Redbook: A Manual on Legal Style 3517:. London: Profile Books. 256 pages. 3032:. American Psychological Association 3008:. American Psychological Association 3001:American Psychological Association. 2988:. American Psychological Association 2880:"A Quick Guide to Manuscript Format" 2742:Kolers, Duchinsky, and Ferguson 1981 2695:John Wiley & Sons Australia 2007 1625:John Wiley & Sons Australia 2007 1579:. (1st edition published in 1960.); 1575:. (1st edition published in 1918.); 478:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française 121:↓ (1909) sentences with at least an 4833:. A List Apart Magazine17 May 2010. 4464:The Journal of Typographic Research 2863:(4th ed.). Delmar Publishers. 2587:A Psychological Study of Typography 2368:. pp. 88, 108, 127, 128, 153; 1784:Council for German Orthography 2010 1702:. (1st edition published in 1986.) 5725:McArdle, Megan (14 January 2011). 5712:Manjoo, Farhad (13 January 2011). 5466:"On Two Spaces Following a Period" 5464:Weiderkehr, Sarah (30 July 2009). 5167:. New York: Gotham Books. p. 5007:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 512. 4883:. Mountain View, CA: Adobe Press. 4029:. IT and Communication17 May 2010. 3668:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 240. 2924:Style Manual for Political Science 1808:Bibliographisches Institut AG 2010 1796:Bibliographisches Institut AG 2010 1583:. (1st edition published in 1962.) 764:University of Chicago Press 2003, 39:are inserted between sentences in 25: 5785:Barrett, Mark (19 January 2011). 4784:ASEE Southeast Section Conference 4668:. Silman-James Press. 483 pages. 4522:Rhodes, John S. (13 April 1999). 3907:A Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar 3710:. New York: Springer Publishing. 3706:Health Professionals Style Manual 3608:The Complete Manual of Typography 3233:The Elements of Typographic Style 3046:American Sociological Association 1812:German orthography reform of 1996 1685:University of Chicago Press 2003 1581:American Medical Association 2007 1509:Authors' and Printers' Dictionary 1444:American Sociological Association 1410:University of Chicago Press 1969 1284:American Medical Association 2007 555:Sentence spacing in digital media 495:Diccionario de la lengua española 364:(2003) in the United Kingdom and 46:and is a matter of typographical 6789: 6788: 5738:Okrent, Arika (2 October 2013). 4842:. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. 4494:"Interinstitutional Style Guide" 4441:Oxford University Press (1983). 3625:Felici, James (24 August 2009). 3341:Council for German Orthography. 2290:University of Chicago Press 2010 2250:Modern Language Association 2009 2242:University of Chicago Press 2010 2218:Garner, Newman, and Jackson 2006 1976:Modern Language Association 2009 1755:"Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?" 1364:University of Chicago Press 1911 1192:University of Chicago Press 2009 575:The text-editing environment in 390:. For the English language, the 132: 112: 5751:Rhodes, John S. (13 May 1999). 5473:Wershler-Henry, Darren (2005). 5048:Style Manual Committee (2006). 4666:Screenplay, Writing the Picture 4505:Real Academia Española (2001). 4023:"Guide to the Unicode Standard" 3936:Jacobi, Charles Thomas (1890). 3808:Haley, Allan (June–July 2006). 3538:(PDF). Lulu. pp. 185–188. 3498:. University of Chicago Press. 3415:De Vinne, Theodore Low (1901). 3207:Bricker, Dave (27 March 2013). 2603:Journal of Typographic Research 1972:Garner, Newman and Jackson 2006 1577:Council of Science Editors 2006 1380:Garner, Newman and Jackson 2006 301:by the punctuation mark itself. 5770:"Double-spacing After Periods" 5500:. Berkeley: Strathmoor Press. 5443:HTML 4.01 Coding Specification 5416:HTML 4.01 Coding Specification 5348:Chicago Manual of Style Online 4593:The Typographic Desk Reference 3753:Garner's Modern American Usage 3094:The Associated Press Stylebook 3090:Associated Press, ed. (2004). 2878:Allen, Moira Anderson (2001). 2685:; Garzia, R.P, and R. London. 384:Interinstitutional Style Guide 1: 6745:History of Western typography 4857:Smith, Laurie (8 July 2009). 4389:Journal of Applied Psychology 4021:Korpela, Jukka (3 May 2005). 3924:Imprimerie nationale (1993). 3687:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 3495:Glossary of Typesetting Terms 3398:Oxford Guide to Plain English 3345:[German Orthography] 2045:Warren, Tom (24 April 2020). 1597:"Welcome to the style guide!" 1415:(commonly referred to as the 1086:Chicago University Press 1911 621:Complete Manual of Typography 407:distracting gaps on a page." 282:Elements of Typographic Style 278:Complete Manual on Typography 6592:traditional point-size names 4840:Desktop Publishing by Design 4630:Rosendorf, Theodore (2010). 4589:Rosendorf, Theodore (2009). 4500:. European Union12 May 2010. 4134:. Wordpress.com4 April 2010. 4055:Guide to Legal Writing Style 3971:. Rotovision. pp. 28–87 3638:Flinn, Denny Martin (1999). 3279:(in Italian). Archived from 1998:. Free Software Foundation. 1521:University of Chicago Press 647:Claims abound regarding the 619:James Felici, author of the 591:The Unix typesetter program 258:Desktop Publishing by Design 176:Transition to single spacing 82: 50:. Since the introduction of 5845:Canons of page construction 5787:"Two Spaces After a Period" 5682:"Writing Tips: Spacing (2)" 5658:"Writing Tips: Spacing (1)" 5364:University of Chicago Press 5320:University of Chicago Press 5293:University of Chicago Press 5269:University of Chicago Press 5197:University of Chicago Press 4808:Dynamics in Document Design 4806:Schriver, Karen A. (1997). 4539:Ritter, R. M., ed. (2003). 4477:"The Canadian Style Online" 4299:. Microsoft. Archived from 3349:(in German). Archived from 3183:Bishop, Henry Gold (1895). 3166:(in German). Archived from 2836:Académie française (1992). 2595:Bases for effective reading 2093: 2029:"Nroff/Troff User's Manual" 1772:Real Academia Española 2001 1757:(in French). Archived from 1324:Spiekermann and Ginger 1993 367:the Chicago Manual of Style 226:desktop publishing software 99:History of sentence spacing 6843: 5776:. Punchcut. Archived from 5576:The PC is Not a Typewriter 5116:Reading Research Quarterly 5073:Taggart, Caroline (2009). 4921:. Alpha Books. 208 pages. 4900:Getting it Right with Type 4729:The Gregg Reference Manual 4706:The Gregg Reference Manual 4240:MacKellar, Thomas (1885). 3998:10.1177/001872088102300502 3730:"5.2 Commenting Your Work" 3446:Dowding, Geoffrey (1995). 3343:"Deutsche Rechtschreibung" 3164:"Duden – Deutsche Sprache" 2651:John Wiley & Sons 2007 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2289: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2125: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2081: 2070: 1992:Stallman, Richard (1987). 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1807: 1795: 1783: 1771: 1745: 1727: 1709: 1699: 1684: 1672: 1668: 1656: 1644: 1624: 1612: 1592: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1536: 1520: 1491:. The 2003 edition of the 1488: 1476: 1464: 1460: 1443: 1432: 1409: 1397: 1379: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1319: 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1225: 1210: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1139: 1128: 1114:Mergenthaler Linotype 1940 1113: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1029: 1017: 949: 945: 941: 937: 929: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 885: 881: 877: 865: 844: 832: 817: 800: 796: 774: 770: 763: 599:In the April 2020 update, 552: 309: 96: 6784: 6002:Subscript and superscript 5601:"Thirteen Telltale Signs" 5391:. New York: McGraw Hill. 5220:Unicode Technical Reports 5195:(7th ed.). Chicago: 4775:Scales, Alice Y. (2002). 4632:"The Double Space Debate" 4416:Osgood, Harry W. (1919). 4274:Microsoft Language Portal 3749:Garner, Bryan A. (2009). 3532:Eijkhout, Victor (2008). 3515:The Economist Style Guide 3264:10.1080/00140138108924885 3003:"Corrected Sample Papers" 2583:How to Make Type Readable 1968:Fondiller and Nerone 2007 1934:. pp. xvi, 123. 1383: 1152:Imprimerie nationale 1993 582:sentence-end-double-space 462:, as their academies set 437:Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile 306:Style and language guides 58:. These include a normal 6760:Vox-ATypI classification 5890:Intentionally blank page 5630:Williams, Robin (2003). 5572:Williams, Robin (1995). 5494:Wheildon, Colin (1995). 5437:W3C (24 December 1999). 5410:W3C (24 December 1999). 5135:Trottier, David (2005). 4980:Strizver, Ilene (2010). 4528:Webword.com21 March 2010 4509:. Real Academia Española 4422:Industrial-arts Magazine 4085:Lesina, Roberto (2009). 4053:LeClercq, Terri (2007). 4034:Kouguell, Susan (2006). 4027:Characters and Encodings 3683:Fogarty, Mignon (2009). 1507:(first published as the 962:Fogarty, Mignon (2008). 18:Sentence spacing studies 5688:. NIVA Inc. June 2009. 5610:. Adobe. Archived from 5249:"U.S. Navy Style Guide 4917:Stevenson, Jay (2005). 4877:; Ginger, E.M. (1993). 4725:Sabin, William (2005). 4702:Sabin, William (1985). 4687:. London: Bodley Head. 4685:The Case for Legibility 4558:Rollo, Lindsay (1993). 3277:Il Mestiere di Scrivere 3271:Carrada, Luisa (2010). 2294:Chicago Manual of Style 2230:Lloyd and Hallahan 2009 2174:Shushan and Wright 1989 1746:Académie française 1992 1687:Chicago Manual of Style 1523:Chicago Manual of Style 1477:Lutz and Stevenson 2005 1417:Chicago Manual of Style 1308:Shushan and Wright 1989 1030:Lloyd and Hallahan 2009 775:Shushan and Wright 1989 766:Chicago Manual of Style 543:Chicago Manual of Style 443:Guida di Stile Italiano 432:Chicago Manual of Style 348:Chicago Manual of Style 322:Chicago Manual of Style 104:Traditional typesetting 6293: 5664:. NIVA Inc. May 2009. 5025:; White, E.B. (2008). 4276:– Style Guide Download 3880:Harpel, Oscar (1870). 3606:Felici, James (2003). 3396:Cutts, Martin (2009). 3113:Baugh, L. Sue (2005). 2770:North and Jenkins 1951 2372:. pp. 8, 35. 1732: 1714: 1704: 990:. IVLA. Archived from 725: 705: 501: 493: 476: 468: 442: 436: 372:Gregg Reference Manual 324: 303: 5029:The Elements of Style 4936:Straus, Jane (2009). 3966:"What is Typography?" 3859:Hart, Horace (1983). 3810:"Typographic Details" 3560:Einsohn, Amy (2006). 2122:Russin and Downs 2003 1573:Strunk and White 1999 1497:Oxford Guide to Style 1258:. 7 June 2011. 16.6. 797:Eckersley et al. 1994 715: 703: 489:Royal Spanish Academy 319: 293: 119:↑ (1874) typeset text 6630:Typographic features 5780:on 10 December 2007. 5519:Wide Spacer (2014). 5385:Walsh, Bill (2004). 5255:. United States Navy 5077:. London: JA Wines. 4683:Ryder, John (1979). 4297:Microsoft Typography 3964:Jury, David (2009). 3945:Jury, David (2004). 3734:GNU Coding Standards 3427:Dodd, Robin (2006). 3073:ALWD Citation Manual 2819:Black and Watts 1993 2679:Craig and Scala 2006 2557:Jury, David (2004). 2533:Haber and Haber 1981 2476:Johnson et al 2018, 2429:Leonard, et al. 2009 1995:The GNU Emacs Manual 1499:(first published as 1465:Leonard, et al. 2009 1384:Rusch and Smith 1990 751:Notes and references 521:terminal punctuation 6755:Technical lettering 6654:Typography in other 6395:Hanging punctuation 5700:on 16 October 2007. 5676:on 16 October 2007. 5344:"One Space or Two?" 5097:Legibility of Print 4642:on 11 February 2010 4541:Oxford Style Manual 4449:on 30 November 2010 4343:on 12 October 2006. 3887:. Cincinnati Press. 3867:on 30 November 2010 3283:on 14 February 2010 2859:Printing Technology 2772:. p. 68., cited in 2591:Legibility of Print 2535:. pp. 147–148, 152. 2004:1987gem..book.....S 1647:Oxford Style Manual 1627:. p. 153. The 1493:Oxford Style Manual 1213:. pp. 254–255. 1211:Wershler-Henry 2005 695:What is Typography? 466:. For example, the 416:Oxford Style Manual 396:English Style Guide 392:European Commission 361:Oxford Style Manual 241:Early positions on 125:-space between them 6718:Handwriting script 6645:Desktop publishing 6615:Character encoding 6608:Digital typography 6122:Horizontal aspects 6075:Visual distinction 5933:Widows and orphans 5768:Typophile (2011). 5617:on 3 December 2010 5243:on 31 August 2008. 4267:Microsoft (2010). 4179:Thinking with Type 3593:on 5 December 2010 3513:Economist (2005). 3356:on 25 January 2012 3229:Bringhurst, Robert 2687:Vision and Reading 1750:Francophone Africa 1669:Dundurn Press 1997 1176:Adams, et al. 1996 799:. p. 46, and 706: 693:David Jury's book 470:Académie française 464:prescriptive rules 343:desktop publishing 325: 287:David Jury's book 6802: 6801: 6549:Typographic units 6467:For position only 6366: 6365: 6218: 6217: 5641:978-0-201-78263-9 5591:978-0-938151-49-4 5550:978-0-7016-3648-7 5511:978-0-9624891-5-0 5486:978-0-8014-4586-6 5445:. W3C17 May 2010. 5418:. W3C17 May 2010. 5412:"9.1 White Space" 5402:978-0-07-142268-0 5377:978-0-226-10420-1 5335:978-0-226-10403-4 5308:978-0-226-77008-6 5284:978-1-145-26446-5 5206:978-0-226-82337-9 5187:Turabian, Kate L. 5178:978-1-59240-087-4 5148:978-1-879505-84-1 5106:978-0-8138-2450-5 5084:978-1-60652-026-0 5065:978-0-9779665-0-9 5040:978-0-205-63264-0 5014:978-0-8050-7560-1 5003:The Grammar Bible 4991:978-0-470-54251-4 4955:Strizver, Ilene. 4947:978-0-470-22268-3 4928:978-1-59257-393-6 4909:978-1-85669-474-2 4890:978-0-672-48543-5 4875:Spiekermann, Erik 4849:978-1-55615-134-7 4817:978-0-471-30636-8 4767:978-1-58297-571-9 4744:978-0-07-293653-7 4717:978-0-07-054399-7 4694:978-0-370-30158-7 4675:978-1-879505-70-4 4608:978-1-58456-231-3 4550:978-0-19-860564-5 4359:978-1-60329-024-1 4327:978-0-947623-62-3 4232:978-0-300-13737-8 4213:978-1-58297-335-7 4194:978-1-56898-448-3 4150:978-0-470-41080-6 4118:978-0-07-144133-9 4064:978-0-7355-6837-2 4045:978-0-312-35575-3 3956:978-2-88046-798-2 3916:978-0-7641-2690-1 3787:978-0-314-16891-7 3764:978-0-19-538275-4 3721:978-0-8261-0207-2 3694:978-0-8050-9165-6 3675:978-0-8050-8831-1 3649:978-1-58065-015-1 3617:978-0-321-12730-3 3571:978-0-520-24688-1 3545:978-0-201-56882-0 3524:978-1-86197-916-2 3505:978-0-226-18371-8 3484:978-1-55002-276-6 3457:978-0-88179-119-8 3438:978-0-88179-210-2 3407:978-0-19-955850-6 3388:978-0-8230-1413-2 3315:978-0-465-01262-6 3242:978-0-88179-206-5 3170:on 8 January 2010 3124:978-0-07-145708-8 3105:978-0-465-01262-6 3082:978-0-7355-5571-6 3063:978-0-912764-29-0 2973:978-1-4338-0561-5 2947:on 21 August 2010 2937:978-1-878147-33-2 2913:978-0-19-517633-9 2847:978-2-7433-0407-2 2252:, pp. 77–78. 1730:. p. 4.1.8. 1511:in 1905) Preface. 1503:in 1893) and the 1338:. pp. 80–81. 979:978-0-8050-8831-1 920:. pp. 13–14. 744:Scriptio continua 564:software such as 232:Modern literature 16:(Redirected from 6834: 6792: 6791: 6769:Related template 6701:Related articles 6502:Phototypesetting 6356:reverse-contrast 6341:Display typeface 6298: 6275:Blackletter type 6231: 6168:Vertical aspects 6149:Sentence spacing 5959:Typeface anatomy 5955: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5799: 5794: 5781: 5764: 5763:on 9 March 2010. 5759:. 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2006: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1914: 1910: 1898:. p. 200; 1894: 1890: 1882:. p. 408; 1874:. p. 123; 1870:. p. 158; 1862:. p. 935; 1854:. p. 200; 1850: 1846: 1840:Bringhurst 2004 1838: 1834: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1726: 1722: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1667: 1663: 1653:MHRA Style Book 1643: 1639: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1591: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1551:. pp. 5–6. 1547: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1519: 1515: 1487: 1483: 1479:. p. viii. 1475: 1471: 1459: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1421:Manual of Style 1412:Manual of Style 1408: 1404: 1394: 1390: 1378: 1374: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1224: 1217: 1209: 1202: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1007: 997: 995: 994:on 5 March 2012 985: 980: 961: 960: 956: 946:Weiderkehr 2009 928: 924: 896: 892: 876: 872: 864: 851: 843: 839: 831: 824: 818:Bringhurst 2004 816: 807: 794: 790: 785: 781: 773:. p. 113; 769:. p. 243; 762: 758: 753: 734: 687: 685:Related studies 675:monospaced font 670: 645: 617: 608: 557: 551: 517: 452: 450:Language guides 418:(2003) and the 330: 314: 308: 239: 234: 205:monospaced font 195:introduced the 178: 161: 149:printers' rules 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 128: 127: 126: 120: 117: 106: 101: 95: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6840: 6838: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6690:National Fonts 6682: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6635:Web typography 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6512:Reversing type 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6139:Letter-spacing 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6093:Color printing 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6027:Capitalization 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5865:Page numbering 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5782: 5765: 5748: 5735: 5722: 5707: 5706:External links 5704: 5703: 5702: 5686:Writer's Block 5678: 5662:Writer's Block 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5627: 5608:Adobe Magazine 5596: 5590: 5569: 5549: 5536: 5516: 5510: 5491: 5485: 5470: 5461: 5434: 5407: 5401: 5382: 5376: 5360: 5340: 5334: 5316: 5307: 5289: 5283: 5265: 5245: 5232: 5211: 5205: 5183: 5177: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5111: 5105: 5089: 5083: 5070: 5064: 5045: 5039: 5019: 5013: 4996: 4990: 4977: 4952: 4946: 4933: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4895: 4889: 4871: 4854: 4848: 4835: 4822: 4816: 4803: 4772: 4766: 4749: 4743: 4722: 4716: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4661: 4652: 4627: 4607: 4586: 4576:on 22 May 2010 4555: 4549: 4536: 4519: 4502: 4489: 4472: 4459: 4438: 4413: 4384: 4364: 4358: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4313: 4288: 4264: 4247: 4237: 4231: 4218: 4212: 4199: 4193: 4169: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4123: 4117: 4104: 4082: 4069: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4031: 4018: 3992:(5): 517–527. 3981: 3961: 3955: 3942: 3933: 3921: 3915: 3902: 3889: 3877: 3856: 3830: 3805: 3792: 3786: 3769: 3763: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3699: 3693: 3680: 3674: 3654: 3648: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3576: 3570: 3557: 3544: 3529: 3523: 3510: 3504: 3489: 3483: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3424: 3412: 3406: 3393: 3387: 3366: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3293: 3268: 3258:(8): 633–640. 3247: 3241: 3225: 3204: 3191: 3180: 3159: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3110: 3104: 3087: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3042: 3018: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2957: 2936: 2918: 2912: 2895: 2875: 2870:978-0827369078 2869: 2852: 2846: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2807: 2790: 2778: 2758: 2756:. pp. 5–6, 29. 2746: 2734: 2718: 2699: 2671: 2639: 2607: 2567: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2482:Haelle, Tara. 2469: 2465:Ni et al. 2009 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2410: 2398: 2374: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2318: 2302: 2282: 2254: 2244:, p. 60; 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2192:, p. 3; 2150: 2142:Stevenson 2005 2130: 2114: 2102: 2086: 2074: 2063: 2037: 2016: 1984: 1966:. p. 78; 1962:. p. 85; 1948: 1946:. p. 408. 1936: 1932:Stevenson 2005 1924: 1922:. p. 158. 1918:. p. 85; 1908: 1906:. p. 123. 1904:Stevenson 2005 1888: 1878:. p. 52; 1872:Stevenson 2005 1858:. p. 79; 1844: 1832: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1738: 1728:Microsoft 2010 1720: 1692: 1677: 1661: 1637: 1617: 1605: 1585: 1565: 1563:. p. 165. 1553: 1541: 1529: 1513: 1481: 1469: 1463:. p. 85; 1448: 1436: 1425: 1402: 1388: 1386:, p. 113. 1372: 1352: 1340: 1328: 1326:, p. 123. 1322:. p. 90; 1312: 1300: 1288: 1286:. p. 917. 1276: 1264: 1244: 1230: 1215: 1200: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1144: 1132: 1118: 1112:. p. 73; 1102: 1090: 1078: 1072:. p. 19; 1066:MacKellar 1885 1058: 1046: 1044:. p. 142. 1034: 1022: 1005: 978: 954: 940:, p. 81; 922: 908:. p. 56; 904:. p. 85; 900:. p. 80; 890: 884:. p. 13; 880:. p. 57; 870: 849: 837: 822: 805: 788: 779: 755: 754: 752: 749: 748: 747: 740: 733: 730: 686: 683: 669: 666: 644: 641: 616: 613: 601:Microsoft Word 553:Main article: 550: 547: 516: 515:Grammar guides 513: 474:publishes the 451: 448: 380:European Union 329: 326: 310:Main article: 307: 304: 238: 235: 233: 230: 214:World Wide Web 177: 174: 160: 157: 131: 130: 129: 118: 111: 110: 109: 108: 107: 105: 102: 97:Main article: 94: 91: 69:French spacing 56:Latin alphabet 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6839: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6805: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6640:Bézier curves 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625:Rasterization 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6482:Microprinting 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Etaoin shrdlu 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6221: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5254: 5252: 5251:"Punctuation" 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5122:(4): 67–118. 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4478: 4473: 4470:(2): 125–136. 4469: 4465: 4460: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4303:on 3 May 2010 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4173:Lupton, Ellen 4170: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986:Human Factors 3982: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3878: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3846:on 3 May 2003 3845: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803:(2): 147–182. 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3419:Proof-Reading 3413: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202:(3): 364–377. 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3004: 2999: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730:Schriver 1997 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2667:Williams 2003 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:Schriver 1997 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2568:2-88046-798-5 2564: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545:Williams 2003 2541: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453:Clinton 2003. 2449: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418:Clinton 2003. 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2396:. p. 36. 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370:Wheildon 1995 2367: 2362: 2359: 2356:. p. 50. 2355: 2350: 2347: 2344:. p. 13. 2343: 2342:Wheildon 1995 2338: 2335: 2331: 2330:Williams 1995 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:Williams 2003 2306: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2280:, p. 85. 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268:, p. 5; 2267: 2264:, p. 6; 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2196:, p. 13. 2195: 2194:Williams 2003 2191: 2187: 2186:Strizver 2010 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2148:, p. 10. 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:Loberger 2009 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096:, p. 1; 2095: 2090: 2087: 2084:, p. 13. 2083: 2082:Williams 2003 2078: 2075: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1985: 1982:. p. 52. 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920:Loberger 2009 1917: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868:Loberger 2009 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Liechtenstein 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1539:. p. 85. 1538: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495:combined the 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1403: 1400:. p. 61. 1399: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:De Vinne 1901 1356: 1353: 1350:. p. 92. 1349: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1310:. p. 34. 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1274:. p. 57. 1273: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1198:. p. 14. 1197: 1196:Williams 2003 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1076:. p. 78. 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1018:Strizver 2010 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 993: 989: 981: 975: 971: 967: 966: 958: 955: 951: 950:Williams 1995 947: 943: 942:Strizver 2010 939: 936:." 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