97:
month of
September. Official government statements released by the Sadat regime declared that only 1536 dissenters had been arrested, however, independent sources claim that these figures only represented the number rounded up in the first three days of arrests, and that several thousands more were detained after the initial crackdown on 3 September.
57:
between the two long-feuding countries. The peace treaty, while held by Sadat to be a victory for Egypt, was unpopular both at home and abroad in the Arab world. A diplomatic crisis arose shortly after as many Arab leaders severed ties with Egypt in protest over its "normalization" of relations with
105:
Following the arrests, Sadat gave an address to the
Parliament on 5 September 1981. In his speech, he aimed to justify the arrests through a legal guise. He claimed that the arrests were warranted and were the result of the sectarian violence that had broken out in June, citing the emergency powers
165:
On 6 October 1981, four weeks after the arrests began, Sadat was shot down by
Islamists during a military victory parade celebrating the eighth anniversary of the Yom Kippur War. Following his death, the prison conditions were slightly improved for the prisoners. In 1983, the then new President of
96:
frustrated by years of opposition to the Camp David
Accords, Sadat decided to take action against public figures who opposed the treaty. In the early hours of 3 September 1981, Egyptian forces began arresting lists of Sadat's Opponents. These arrests would continue to be carried out throughout the
110:
to counteract sectarian violence and insurrection. Thus, in his speech Sadat aimed to use the sectarian violence as justification for his enaction of emergency measures, however, months had passed since the events. Sadat blamed the alleged continuation of civil strife on
205:
The arrests and the crackdown on free speech were attested at that time to be the widest wave of arrests in the history of Egypt, hitting all political wings, and people from all walks of life. They are commonly referred to as "Sadat's Final Act of
Repression."
66:
Throughout his reign, Sadat had used
Islamists to combat leftist and socialist movements in the country. These Islamists, however, had their own agenda and goals, and did not fully cooperate with Sadat's regime. Part of the Islamist Agenda was fostering
151:
as well as six other
Islamic societies, and three Christian societies. Government employees in the media, education, as well as other sectors who had any opposition tendencies were shifted to less desirable positions and placed under surveillance.
190:, an Egyptian literary critic claimed that the arrests were an attempt by Sadat to demonstrate his control over the country and Egyptian society as a whole. She also reported that those imprisoned were deprived of basic human dignity and rights.
115:, claiming that his declaration of a state of mourning and refusal to celebrate the feast of the Resurrection had contributed to animosity between Christians and Muslims. As a result, Sadat withdrew State recognition from Pope Shenouda III as
32:. Over 1,600 people were arrested and falsely imprisoned, including leaders of the opposition, as well as intellectuals, writers, journalists and religious leaders (both Christian and Muslim); countless others were placed under house arrest.
170:
began gradually releasing the arrestees. Some were released automatically, others were released through court orders. The last of Sadat's
September Arrestees to be released was Pope Shenouda III on 1 January 1985.
79:
suburb of el-Zawya al-Hamra. The attack left 80 Copts dead and hundreds injured. This rise in sectarian violence would be used by Sadat's government as a justification for the
September arrests.
139:, where he was staying for a spiritual retreat. Following this operation, the Egyptian government continued to hold Pope Shenouda III under house arrest within the Monastery of Saint Pishoy.
614:
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Israel. Reactions to the treaty at home were mixed. Many were glad to be rid of the wars which had cost them so much, however, there was diverse opposition to the treaty.
147:
The arrests were accompanied with the shutdown of numerous religious, political, and independent publications and organizations. A decree was issued to disband the
186:
He wrote that the arrests on influential journalists, party leaders, and religious leaders, were quasi-militaristic operations carried out by special task-forces.
437:
182:, an influential Egyptian Journalist and intellectual was among those arrested on 3 September. He would later document the events in a his book
540:
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Following the speech made by Sadat withdrawing state recognition from Pope
Shenouda III, the Egyptian Military Police laid siege to the
116:
132:
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and one of the last September Arrestees to be released, said that the imprisonment made him and the other bishops stronger.
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642:"Sadat's final act of repression: The September 1981 arrests of 1650 Egyptians was a 'purge' of the intelligentsia"
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462:"اعتقالات سبتمبر 1981 م. (قرارات التحفظ من الرئيس السادات) والكنيسة القبطية الأرثوذكسية | St-Takla.org"
615:"Days of Prison and Prayer … Pages from the memoirs of the bishops and priests imprisoned in 1981; Ca"
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195:
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119:, and declared that the state would form a delegation of five bishops to govern the Coptic Church.
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589:"يوميات نسائية فى سجن "السادات".. كفاح توفير "الخبز الملكى" خلف أسوار القناطر | المصري اليوم"
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330:"Sadat's Negotiations with the United States and Israel: Camp David and Blair House"
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starting on 3 September 1981. The arrests aimed at silencing all opposition to the
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were a series of political arrests conducted by then Egyptian President
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438:"President Anwar Sadat announced sweeping measures to confront 'a..."
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minority in Egypt. In June 1981, Islamists attacked the Copts in the
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49:, Egypt and Israel began a series of American backed Peace talks at
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541:"AROUND THE WORLD; Egypt Will Release Coptic Church's Leader"
379:"Roots of religious violence lie in both state and society"
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and conduction of pogroms and massacres against the
303:"40 Years On, How Egypt Saw The Camp David Accords"
334:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
257:"Camp David and Peacemaking in the Middle East"
231:"Massive Arrests Precede Sadat's Assassination"
8:
106:given to the president by Article 74 of the
229:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (23 November 1981).
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516:"Egypt Ends Banishment of Coptic Pope"
405:"Factbox: Sectarian violence in Egypt"
92:Upon his return from a trip to the USA
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41:Opposition to the Camp David Accords
346:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb03341.x
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192:Metropolitan Wissa of El Balyana
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547:. Reuters. 30 December 1984.
487:"Obituary: Pope Shenouda III"
261:Political Science Quarterly
255:Quandt, William B. (1986).
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123:Exile of Pope Shenouda III
658:10.1080/03064228208533339
129:Monastery of Saint Pishoy
73:Coptic Orthodox Christian
18:September Arrests of 1981
573:Heikal, Mohamed (1983).
180:Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
133:Monastery of the Syrians
640:Naseef, Magdy (1982).
161:Assassination of Sadat
53:which culminated in a
593:www.almasryalyoum.com
108:Egyptian Constitution
88:September 3rd Arrests
328:Safty, Adel (1991).
143:Extra Measures Taken
646:Index on Censorship
196:Metropolitan bishop
621:. 15 December 2011
545:The New York Times
149:Muslim Brotherhood
117:Pope of Alexandria
101:5 September Speech
69:sectarian violence
47:6th of October War
30:Camp David Accords
383:Egypt Independent
309:. 12 October 2018
113:Pope Shenouda III
62:El-Zawya al-Hamra
22:September Arrests
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200:El Balyana
51:Camp David
666:0306-4220
625:6 October
599:6 October
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525:6 October
497:6 October
471:6 October
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389:6 October
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313:6 October
281:0032-3195
240:6 October
194:, Coptic
156:Aftermath
491:BBC News
131:and the
520:AP NEWS
409:Reuters
362:3486954
289:2151620
83:Arrests
36:Prelude
20:or the
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175:Legacy
166:Egypt
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285:JSTOR
235:MERIP
77:Cairo
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