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sixteen and believed that
Lorraine went after Carl to spite her. After this betrayal, Arvay became increasingly insecure, and chose to dedicate her life to the Bible. Her dedication to her religion becomes a recurring theme in the novel and a source of contention between her and her husband. After Carl married Larraine, Arvay started to believe that no one could ever love her. Her insecurity also extended to her body. The narrator states that her skinny stature was "not exactly in style in those parts" and many of the locals often teased her regarding her appearance. Arvay is insecure about other's perceptions of her, another recurring theme in the novel as she tries to overcome it. Believing that no one loves her, and that those who show love to her are feigning, she fakes seizures in an attempt to push potential suitors away. Thus, she was led to turn her back on the world for five, claiming that she would become a missionary.
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is constantly mistreated and shunned by Jim and the remainder of his family, while Arvay feels it her duty to take his side. Furthermore, she feels insecure when
Angeline, her second child, takes a preference to Jim. This also adds tension to the marriage as Arvay struggles with feelings of inadequacy. These feelings are not alleviated until after Arvay's mother dies. Alone without anyone, Arvay burns the house that her mother left her in a symbolic gesture of starting anew. Arvay destroys the one thing that anchors her down to Sawley; it is a grandiose statement that depicts her growth from a girl to a woman. Indeed, Arvay's stay at Sawley challenged her in ways that she had not been previously. For the first time, Arvay was able to use her prestige to stand up to Carl when he accosted her for money. With nothing left for her in Sawley, Arvay takes this as the sign she needs to head back to find Jim.
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her self-worth on the perceptions held by others. She grew up alone in poverty in the barren town of Sawley in West
Florida, before being wedded to Jim Meserve and moving to the clandestine Citrabelle. Although she is initially hesitant to marry Jim, and the marriage does indeed turn out to be turbulent, through its trials she eventually discovers her value as a woman and wife. She discovers her worth as a mother, giving her children the childhood she never had. Arvay is an unorthodox feminist, and although believing that she deserves to be on equal terms with her husband, she finds solace in staying with him despite his harsh treatment of her.
410:
likewise, her opinion of
African American characters is also clouded with racist prejudice (73). She even suspects the Corragios due to the fact that they are part Portuguese. I Arvay is insecure about her femininity, relationship with Jim, and her Whiteness, which becomes plainly obvious as she denounces the Corragios while also commenting on the attractiveness of their daughter. She also suggests that they are influencing Jim and her children. Arvay, therefore, desires to occupy a higher social status by deriving privilege from her race.
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fraught with misunderstanding, distrust, and jealousy. The
Meserve family live comfortably; then Joe, his wife, and their children soon arrive and are employed by Jim to take care of the estate. Soon after, their son, Kenneth "Kenny" Meserve is born. Though Jim is incredibly fond of Arvay, the birth of their daughter doesn't mend their relationship completely.
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this, however, he works hard, moving his family to
Citrabelle. He joins the citrus business, distills alcohol during the prohibition, and later joins the shrimping business. Despite his problematic behavior towards Arvay, he manages to become wildly successful and demonstrates a knack for hard work and resilience.
190:, settling in Citrabelle. Although Joe initially struggles to earn money, he manages to put a foot in the citrus business, then eventually gets into the illegal business of alcohol distillery, where he soon amasses a fortune. Once Arvay and Jim build their house, their second child, Angeline Meserve is born.
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Not only is Arvay insecure about her position as Jim's wife, but she feels insecure and lacking as a mother. Despite believing that "her job was mothering," Arvay's relationships are tinged with a sense of inadequacy that bleeds into the relationships with her family. This is most sorely felt as Earl
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Larraine is Arvay's older sister and the source of her sister's antagonism throughout some of the novel. Larraine is described as being the favorite child of the
Hensons, always being treated better by her parents and by the people of Sawley. Due to her beauty and the attention she receives, Arvay is
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Jim
Meserve is Arvay's husband. He appears in Sawley out of the blue one day having traveled throughout the South, and he makes it his mission to court the timid Arvay. Jim holds some misogynistic views towards women and believes that Arvay, much like most other women, is ignorant and simple. Despite
165:
The story is told through alternating points of view, usually between that of Arvay and her husband, Jim
Meserve. The novel begins with a description of the fictional West Floridian town of Sawley. The town is described as being relatively impoverished and a place where "work was hard" and "pleasures
185:
It is soon revealed that Jim has been courting Arvay, despite her objection. Jim's behavior towards Arvay is problematic. He holds misogynistic views and teases Arvay for her ignorance and simplicity. Jim assaults Arvay, which leads them to elope soon after. Jim takes Arvay to live on his turpentine
173:
When Arvay is first introduced, she is twenty-one years old and ages progressively as the novel continues. Arvay is described as a timid, helpless girl who "turned from the world" soon after her sister, Lorraine, married
Reverend Carl Middleton, whom she secretly admired. At the time, Arvay had been
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newspaper on Hurston's portrayal of Arvay as a "Florida cracker of the swamps," noting that her writing was a "mixture of excellent background drawing." Anne Whitmer writing in September of the same year, once again complimenting Hurston's use of "colorful Florida 'cracker' language", these praises
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Throughout the novel, Arvay begins to appreciate her increasing social status. Literary scholar Laura Dubek argues that Arvay's benefits from Black labor; Jim's association with the Colored Town is how he manages to gain his wealth. Indeed, Joe and Corragio are the ones that aid Jim in accumulating
216:
The novel then fast forwards several years to the future. Angeline is now seventeen and in love with a boy, Hatton. Arvay is concerned about her daughter's infatuation, but Jim believes that Hatton is a capable man and the young pair soon elope without Arvay's knowledge; it is revealed later in the
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Angeline is the only daughter and youngest child of the Meserves. As a child, she demonstrates clear preference for Jim over Arvay. As a child, Angeline enjoys spending time with her brother and the two are depicted as being close. As a teenager, Angeline feels that she is too young to be with the
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The younger daughter of Maria and Brock Henson, Arvay is described as being introverted and odd. She is described as being skinny, a trait found unattractive by the people of Sawley, with her only source of comfort being the pages of a Bible. Therefore, she is generally insecure and places much of
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After her mother dies, Arvay is left the house. Bitter and jealous, Carl confronts her, asking her for money. However, Arvay manages to stand up for herself and Carl leaves defeated. He later flees with his wife, and their children, but not before stripping the Henson's house of all its valuables.
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Jim starts to spend more days away from home, spending long days out at sea. With no one at home, Arvay grows listless, and without anyone to care after, she loses her sense of identity and does not know what to do with herself. After Jim is nearly killed by a snake and Arvay fails to help him, he
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The Meserve's home life continues to be turbulent. Jim feels as if Arvay is too ignorant to understand how much he struggles for them. At the same time, Arvay feels a wedge between them as a result of Jim's coldness towards Earl versus his affection towards Angeline. As a result, their marriage is
433:
However, Hurston's novel also received backlash. At the time of its publication, she was coping with false accusations regarding the assault of two young boys, and the sexual themes in the novel were used as evidence against her. Critics also bashed the "melodramatic ending." Contemporary critics
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focuses on White characters differentiates it from the remainder of Hurston's novels. Indeed, Arvay's life is informed by the fact that she is a White, formerly impoverished woman. Having grown up in a small White town, she speaks of "heathens" of other nations that must be introduced to Christ;
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James is the second son of the Meserves. Throughout the novel, he is referred to as "Kenny." Kenny is a rumbustious young boy and soon picks up after his mother's love for music. He starts with the piano, before Joe teaches him how to play guitar with a bottleneck. As the novel progresses, Kenny
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Furthermore, by the end of the novel the people of Sawley have become more respectful towards her, a start contrast to the rumors and teasing she had endured as a young woman. In a moment of epiphany, Arvay realizes that it is Jim who had "put her Larraine ahead of the other girls" (298). It is
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in her final novel is unparalleled to her previous works. Arvay's subservience to Jim and her epiphany that her purpose is to be a mother and wife, could suggest that Hurston implies that women should have the option to chose what kind of life they want. In the novel, Arvay feels lost when her
277:
Earl is the first and oldest son of the Meserves. He is born with several defects and intellectual disabilities that make his parents averse of him. Although Arvay tries her best to raise Earl normally, he is apathetic to his parents and is somewhat violent. After allegedly trying to shoot his
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Joe is an African American and friend of Jim Meserve. The two become acquainted at a turpentine camp, where Joe works under Jim. They form a deep friendship with one another. Joe eventually follows Jim to Citrabelle, also becoming a successful distiller before taking up more legal business.
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arguable the relationship she had formed with Jim, and her children, was what had made her out to be as successful as she was. Without Jim, she would have been nothing, a slow realization that dawns upon her during her trip to Sawley after witnessing the state of Carl and her family.
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Utterly alone at home, she receives a message from her sister announcing that their mother is sick. Arvay uses this as an opportunity to leave the house and heads up to Sawley, which, since the time she has been gone, has modernized. At the same time, Lorraine and Carl have withered.
245:. The pair reconcile on the boat, sleeping together in the cabin. The novel ends with Arvay introspecting on her life. She finds comfort in being with Jim, despite his abusive and manipulative behavior. The book closes with her sleeping next to Jim, sailing on the ocean.
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A few years later, Jim and Joe manage to amass a fortune; however, Jim starts to look for a legal source of income. Despite ongoing strife between him and Arvay and Joe's departure from the estate, Jim continues to work hard to support his family, getting involved in
459:"advocated for sexual aggressiveness in women" and scenes were taken out of context in order to further accuse Hurston. Although the allegations were proven false, the damages done to her, particularly by the salacious and blatantly false articles published in the
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After introducing Arvay, the narrative shifts perspectives and briefly documents the sudden arrival of Jim Meserve, Arvay's soon-to-be husband, to the desolate town of Sawley. Jim is described as being a shrewd businessman, managing to wedge a foot in Sawley's
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Zora Neale Hurston was falsely accused of sexually abusing two young boys. At the time, Hurston had been away in Honduras and denied the allegation. Despite this, newspaper syndicates continued to smear her name. The overtly sexual and provocative nature of
29:
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Maria is the mother of Lairraine and Arvay. Although not a prominent character in the novel, she is shown as being one of the few characters who genuinely cares for Arvay. Before her death, she gives Arvay sole possession of their house in her will.
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Felicia is a White women married to Alfredo. Despite the family being White, Arvay feels a gnawing towards them, especially towards Felicia for what she thinks is betraying the race. Despite this, Felicia is described as "handsome woman."
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It is Hurston's last published novel, and is the only novel by Hurston about White characters. It was written after her publisher rejected two novels about Black characters. She was eventually able to get the novel published by
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Hazel V. Carby remarks on how blatant and explicit Hurston's depiction of sexuality is, especially from the perspective of Arvay. Indeed, Carby suggests that it was Hurston's intention to create an unconventional female
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initially jealous of her. In the beginning of the novel, she marries Rev. Carl Middleton, whom Arvay had had feelings for. Later in the novel, Larraine's jealousy of Arvay's lavish lifestyle further drives them apart.
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Upon returning to Citrabelle, Arvay and Jeff, one of Joe's sons, head up to meet with Jim at a shipping dock. When they meet, Jim warmly greets Arvay and brings her aboard one of his fishing boats, which he had named
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Hatton proves to be a shrewd businessman, not too dissimilar to Jim. With Jim's guidance, Hatton begins a lucrative real estate business and he and Angeline move out. Kenny also finds success studying music at the
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family that Jim had become acquainted with through shrimping, came to work on the property. Earl starts acting more aggressively and spies on the family. Despite Jim's warnings, Arvay chooses to side with her son.
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deviates from the characteristic depiction of African American life by featuring a predominately White cast of characters. The novel follows the life a Southern White woman named Arvay Henson and her family.
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children leave and Jim abandons her, as she never had to fend for herself. By being happy to serve, Arvay reveals that "people are individuals" and "what is right for one is not right for another."
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Earl is killed during a standoff after assaulting the Corregio's eldest daughter. His loss is felt most heavily by Arvay, with the remainder of the Meserves being apathetic towards his death.
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camp, where she becomes acquainted with Joe and his family – African American workers under Jim's employment. Soon after Arvay gives birth to their first son, Earl, the small family moves to
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Dessie is Joe's wife and friend of Arvay. She acts as the midwife during the birth of Arvay's children, with herself having several children, also acquainted with the Meserves.
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friend and coworker of Jim. The two men work together in the shrimping business. Soon after they meet, Alfredo moves his family to live and work on the Meserve's property.
137:. Despite being her only White novel, Hurston's intention was to depict the linguistic and cultural similarities between White and Black people living in the South. However
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whose sexual desires were front and center. This is depicted by Arvay's fantasies about Carl, and how Arvay essentially finds herself to be a slave to her husband Jim.
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She dared to challenge tradition: 'Seraph on the Suwanee,' Zora Neale Hurston's 'white novel,' and its literary foundation, Paul Laurence Dunbar's 'The Uncalled'
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was less of a hit than her previous novels and received mixed reviews from critics. On October 31, 1948, Frank G. Slaughter remarked positively in the
372:, albeit an unorthodox depiction of it. Lillie Howard, a scholar of African American literature, suggests that Zora Neal Hurston's depiction of
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has never been well received by African-American critics and scholars, who have often treated the novel as a "contrivance in Hurston's canon".
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few." Although the years the stories take place in are never explicitly stated, it is implied that the first half of the novel occurs during
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Lucy Ann is the older daughter of the Corregios. She is assaulted by Earl later in the novel, leading to his chase and subsequent death.
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boy she loves named Hatton. However, Jim quickly warms up to him. Together, Angeline and Hatton become successful real estate dealers.
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Arvay is heartbroken, but she is filled with a new sense of determination. She burns down the house and returns to Citrabelle.
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Hurston also incorporated elements that celebrated female sexuality. In her foreword for the 1991 Harper Perennial edition of
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younger brother, Kenny, he assaults a young woman. He is later shot during a standoff, after attempting to shoot his father.
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Brock Henson is described as being "a cracker from way back." He works hard, though he cannot provide much for his family.
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vents his frustrations. Before he leaves her, he gives her an ultimatum: he gives Arvay a year to "make the first move."
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611:"Freud in Turpentine; SERAPH ON THE SUWANEE. By Zora Neale Hurston. 311 pp. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $ 3"
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126:. It follows the life of a White woman and the fraught relationship she has with her husband and family.
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criticize Hurston's dry portrayal of Arvay compared to her other female characters in previous novels.
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the Meserve's wealth, though neither of them would be able to occupy the class that Jim and Arvay do.
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Felicia is the younger daughter of the Corregios and often played with the Meserve's children.
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Tate, Claudia (January 1, 1997). "Hitting 'A Straight Lick with a Crooked Stick':
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Zora Neale Hurston : an annotated bibliography and reference guide
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Zora Neale Hurston : an annotated bibliography and reference guide
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highlight the way in which Hurston often used dialect in her novels.
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573:"The Social Geography of Race in Hurston's Seraph on the Suwanee"
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was used as evidence of Hurston's proclivities. Purportedly,
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Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present
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Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present
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The Meserve's family strife worsens when the Corregios, a
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novel that Jim was there when the marriage took place.
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demonstrates a talent for music. He joins the band at
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482:Hurston, Zora Neale (2008). Carby, Hazel V. (ed.).
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780:"The Courageous Undertow of Zora Neale Hurston's
129:The novel is noteworthy for its exploration of "
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157:Unlike her other novels Zora Neale Hurston's
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821:(PhD). University of Memphis. Archived from
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515:, Zora Neale Hurston's Whiteface Novel".
691:Davis, Rose Parkman (30 November 1997).
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401:The intersectionality of race and class
1044:Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts
815:Ward-Ellis, Jervette RaShaun (2011).
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638:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 126.
778:St. Clair, Janet (March 1, 1989).
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182:business soon after his arrival.
16:1948 novel by Zora Neale Hurston
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1095:Charles Scribner's Sons books
919:How It Feels To Be Colored Me
446:Following the publication of
1080:Novels by Zora Neale Hurston
1021:Their Eyes Were Watching God
884:Their Eyes Were Watching God
745:Hurston, Zora Neale (1991).
662:Hurston, Zora Neale (1991).
634:Davis, Rose Parkman (1997).
571:Dubek, Laura (Autumn 1993).
1100:Works about White Americans
1049:Hurston-Wright Legacy Award
716:Gates, Henry Louis (1993).
542:Gates, Henry Louis (1993).
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892:Moses, Man of the Mountain
788:Modern Language Quarterly
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1039:Zora Neale Hurston House
800:10.1215/00267929-50-1-38
465:, destroyed her career.
282:James "Kenneth" Meserve:
268:Larraine "Raine" Henson:
1090:Florida cracker culture
1075:African-American novels
577:African American Review
462:Baltimore Afro-American
360:Feminism and motherhood
139:, Seraph on the Suwanee
448:Seraph on the Suwanee,
22:Seraph on the Suwanee
1085:Novels set in Florida
934:Dust Tracks on a Road
900:Seraph on the Suwanee
782:Seraph on The Suwanee
753:. pp. xiii–xiv.
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664:Seraph on the Suwanee
513:Seraph on the Suwanee
484:Seraph on the Suwanee
423:Seraph on the Suwanee
407:Seraph on the Suwanee
366:Seraph on the Suwanee
287:University of Florida
275:Earl "David" Meserve:
223:University of Florida
159:Seraph on the Suwanee
109:Seraph on the Suwanee
1070:1948 American novels
550:. pp. 267–306.
490:. pp. viii–ix.
995:The Gilded Six Bits
972:(1930, staged 1991)
207:Portuguese-American
33:First edition cover
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876:Jonah's Gourd Vine
861:Zora Neale Hurston
825:on April 17, 2016.
724:. pp. 95–96.
615:The New York Times
418:Critical reception
124:Zora Neale Hurston
61:Historical Fiction
43:Zora Neale Hurston
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670:. pp. xiii.
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1005:Adaptations
442:Controversy
387:protagonist
168:prohibition
1064:Categories
911:Nonfiction
760:0060973595
620:2022-10-21
469:References
330:Portuguese
249:Characters
180:turpentine
147:Scribner's
112:is a 1948
71:Scribner's
969:Mule Bone
808:0026-7929
517:Discourse
349:Lucy Ann:
200:shrimping
100:Hardcover
67:Publisher
997:" (1933)
990:" (1926)
921:" (1928)
529:41389445
434:such as
374:misogyny
370:feminism
121:novelist
49:Language
1032:Related
722:Amistad
597:3042528
548:Amistad
382:Seraph,
320:Dessie:
135:Florida
52:English
1024:(2005)
1016:(1989)
964:(1925)
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355:Themes
98:Print
39:Author
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988:Sweat
953:Plays
593:JSTOR
525:JSTOR
133:" in
114:novel
57:Genre
804:ISSN
755:ISBN
726:ISBN
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153:Plot
796:doi
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