529:
confluence of the
Ribeiras de Alcube e do Picheleiro, Ribeiras do Almelão and Ribeiras de Pomarinho. This basin includes the valleys of Picheleiro, Alcube and Ajuda, and the western and southern flanks of the Serra de São Luís, as well as the western flanks of the Nico and Viso, in addition to the Ribeira de Melra, Ribeira do Vale de Cavalo and Ribeira de Mareta. Other waterways, such as the Ribeira da Corva, tributary of the Ribeira de Livramento, or the Ribeira do Calhariz, tributary of the Rio Coina, obtain their maximum flow outside the park. Of all these waterways within the park, only the Ribeira da Ajuda maintains its flow throughout the year.
253:
502:, with rare and small beaches and coves, mostly accessible by boat. From Alpertuche to Outão the coast is less elevated resulting in more beaches, such as the bay of Portinho or Chã da Anixa, a small platform only metres above the sea. But, generally, the lands are inclined, mainly along the north and south, but predominately along the coast. Slopes in these areas of the Serra da Arrábida, Serra de Ares, Serra de Riscoa and Serra de São Luís exceed 30%, including the Rasca Valley, Comenda, Alto da Madalena Valley until Portela da Sardinha and areas along the north and south of the Serra de São Francisco and Serra de Louro.
482:
538:
339:
66:
50:
289:
610:
583:
379:
73:
600:
506:
633:), mixing species of evergreen, deciduous or semi-deciduous trees. Owing to the importance of the natural vegetation, that includes the last vestiges of varying Mediterranean vegetation, the area was included in a planning process early on, in order to save and preserve the ecosystems. There are three convergent floral elements:
372:
It is formed by three lines of dislocation, oriented more or less to the east, which succeeded a retreat from the southeast to northeast. This first area is represented by part of northern flanks of various anticlines; the second is formed by anticlines a little more inclined to the south, a third by
264:
massif, resulted (since the 1940s) in various attempts to protect the region, culminating in the creation of the Arrábida
Reserve (Decree 355/71) on 16 August 1971, which covered the southern flanks of the mountains and cliffs of Risco. Recognizing the insufficient protection conferred on the area,
528:
The hydrology of the park is divided into two great basins: one to the northwest and north, and another to the south and east. Although the main waterways are in the east, between Setúbal, Palmela and the
Picheleiros Valley, the ravine of Ajuda is the highest flowing waterway, and results from the
274:
Regulating decree 23/98, passed on 14 October 1998, further reclassified the natural park, expanding its coastal area and establishing the Arrábida-Espichel Marine Area, in order to support the objectives of the park, especially in the area surrounding the park. This included the region's diverse
489:
There are also valleys of important interest, including south of the Serra de São
Francisco up to Aldeia Grande, and the valleys of Barris and Alcube. Between the Serra da Arrábida and the western Montes de Azeitão, lies the Picheleiros Valley, which continues from the Ribeira da Ajuda Valley to
552:
with warm dry summers and mild wet winters. Its exposure to the
Atlantic Ocean has a large influence over the temperature and the humidity felt throughout the year. The humid air masses that come from the Atlantic in the cooler months are confronted by the rugged mountains resulting in abundant
568:
August is the warmest month with temperatures averaging between 24–28 °C (75–82 °F) during the day and 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) during the night. January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging between 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) during the day and 5–8 °C
228:
One of the park's unique features is its carbonate geology mountain range, Serra da Arrábida (501 metres (1,644 ft)) which comes into contact with the ocean similarly to some locations in the
Mediterranean, contrasting with the usual Portuguese coast (long sand beaches and cliffs)
367:. Geologically, the mountainous region was created during the Jurassic and Miocene epochs, while the plains formed during the Pliocene and Quaternary periods. Ribeiro (1935) indicates that the massif began to be formed with successive movements during the Tertiary era.
346:
This group is oriented east-northeast to west-southwest, covering an area of about 35 kilometres (22 mi) long and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide, and reaching 501 metres (1,644 ft) at its highest altitude as a result of the
Formosinho
393:
The same author (1937) indicated that the peninsula of Setúbal was, during the
Mesozoic, covered by shallow seas. During a great part of the Jurassic, Arrábida was a marine ecosystem covered by ocean, resulting in the formation of
469:, the highest point along the Portuguese coast in this area, at approximately 380 metres (1,250 ft). These mountains are constituted by limestone, with frequent rocky outcroppings forming scenic cliffs. Arrábida is dotted by
221:. Founded in 1976, the park occupies an area of 176.41 km (68.11 sq mi), (123.30 km (47.61 sq mi) on land and 53.11 km (20.51 sq mi) at sea) covering the southernmost margin of the
490:
Várzea da
Comenda. There is also the Solitário Valley, between the coastal flanks of Arrábida and the Cabeços do Jaspe and Guincho, and the Vitória Valley, in the subplateau of the Serra do Risco. The coast stretching from
275:
marine flora and fauna, such as the discontiguous zone of Cabo
Espichel, which was included to protect coastal cliffs, endemic flora species, nesting areas for marine birds and preservation of rudimentary fossils.
1236:
473:
cavities, that include the Gruta do Frade, known for its uniqueness, rarity, diversity and scenic beauty. From a paleontological perspective there are fossil deposits that include fragments of dinosaurs (normally
1304:
1352:
650:
In the more eastern areas, the cliffs were populated with important species of Macaronesian flora, supporting nesting species of maritime and raptor birds protected by international convention.
780:
The complexity and diversity of marine habitats present in the waters of Arrábida have contributed to it being a hotspot of biodiversity, with 1400 registered species occupying the space.
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271:(PNArr). This classification envisioned the protection of the geological, forest, wildlife and landscapes, but also cultural and historical resources located within the area.
1203:
1495:
1319:
1314:
1256:
108:
296:
The park is named for the main geomorphological unit that covers the entire area, designated the Arrábida cordillera or massif, consisting of three subareas:
619:
1037:(in Portuguese), Setúbal, Portugal: Direção Regional do Ambiente e do Ordenamento do Território LVT/Institute da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas
682:
Arrábida concentrates a vast area of diverse vegetation, that includes 42 types and subtypes of habitats, 10 prioritized as important for conservation.
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1078:
794:
1193:
1329:
852:
65:
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521:
Waterways that only run during the winter months (following an irregular course whose flow increases substantially during these months); and
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1071:
1418:
1334:
1261:
823:
as one of the theatres in World War III, when the U.S. Army invades Portugal in an attempt to weaken the European Federation's defences.
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356:
252:
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1500:
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1153:
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The isolated complex of buildings of the Convent of Nossa Senhora da Arrábida, surrounding by the endemic natural vegetation
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and the formation of the Mediterranean, caused by the collision of the African plate and the Eurasian plate, during the
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1198:
1094:
481:
1241:
1138:
1044:
Contributo do património geológico e geomorfológico na candidatura da Arrábida (Portugal) a Património Mundial Misto
1438:
1367:
1454:
232:
Three of the park's beaches—Galapinhos, Portinho da Arrábida and Figueirinha—are popular among the inhabitants of
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1480:
1428:
1178:
1408:
908:
537:
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Perennial ravines that drain from the foothills throughout the year (with a longer, more stable course).
338:
1128:
844:
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261:
222:
1291:
1046:(in Portuguese), XXXXVI Congresso Brasileiro Geologia/I Congresso Geologia Países Língua Portuguesa
626:
412:, with a clear angular unconformity on the previous limestone that ministered part of the material"
351:. Arrábida was formed from four successive phases of rifting that resulted in the fragmentation of
206:
92:
569:(41–46 °F) during the night. These temperatures depend on altitude and proximity to the sea.
49:
288:
811:
640:
Mediterranean vegetation, with dominant exposures in the south, warmer, dry or luminous areas;
637:
Euro-Atlantic vegetation, with dominant exposures to the north, cooler humid or shaded areas;
1403:
1344:
773:
541:
The mountainous southern coast, susceptible to morning fog due to moisture coming from the
625:
The morphology of Arrábida allows a variety of microhabitats of distinct characteristics (
609:
395:
364:
1059:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Diário da República, 28 July 1976, pp. 1719–1722
1051:
1221:
1213:
542:
359:. This area is unique in the Atlantic for demonstrating the western propagation of the
214:
193:
1474:
1102:
1035:
Parque Natural de Arrábida (Plano de Ordenamento: 1º Fase - Estudos de Caracterização
767:
709:
614:
558:
495:
874:
586:
The Arrábida Natural Park is one of the few places in Portugal where the Portuguese
1382:
807:
755:
747:
582:
360:
788:
A stretch of road in the natural park is notable for being the scene in the 1969
498:. The coast, generally elevated and abrupt, is 380 metres (1,250 ft) at the
478:), relevant to scientific investigation, commonly associated with Cape Espichel.
414:. The sedimentary breccia is a valuable ornamental stone, more commonly known as
240:. Overlooking the three beaches is the Convent of Our Lady of Arrábida, a former
17:
1120:
643:
591:
378:
292:
The rocky cliffs of the mountain range meet the ocean at Ribeiro do Cavalo beach
1014:
1459:
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237:
123:
110:
554:
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405:
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630:
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387:
352:
301:
218:
96:
730:
Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi
494:
to Alpertuche is more varied and elevated than the one from Sesimbra to
244:
established in the 16th century, managed today by the Fundação Oriente.
1246:
671:
603:
587:
510:
409:
233:
565:, which are usually only present in the morning or late in the day.
402:. From the Jurassic there was a movement of submersion, that formed
693:
Atlantic coast maritime dune habitat, with decalcified vegetation (
517:
The waterways of Arrábida can be grouped into two principal types:
904:
686:
Atlantic coast maritime dune habitat, with herbaceous vegetation (
667:
504:
480:
470:
377:
337:
287:
251:
878:
646:
vegetation, occupying the accidented maritime lands and arribas.
182:
80:
Location of the Arrábida Nature Park within continental Portugal
1067:
561:
which decreases sea temperature and increases the frequency of
562:
743:
Rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation and limestone slabs
1042:
Kullberg, J.C.; Pais, J.; Almeida, J.A.; Mateus, O. (2012),
553:
precipitation in November and December. In the summer, some
421:
Among the notable geomorphologic points-of-interest are the
342:
The interior plains on the northern edge of the Nature Park
1320:
Litoral De Vila Do Conde e Reserva Ornitológica Do Mindelo
875:"Número de visitantes que contactaram as áreas protegidas"
54:
A scenic view of the coastal part of Arrábida Natural Park
449:, at 395 metres (1,296 ft) and to the southeast the
457:, with its highest point at 499 metres (1,637 ft) (
265:
Decree 622/76 was passed on 28 July 1976, creating the
733:
Semi-natural dry meadows and scrublands on limestone (
453:
at 168 metres (551 ft). Along the coast lies the
740:
Substep grasslands and Thero-Brachypodietea annuals;
445:, at 226 metres (741 ft), to the southwest the
1447:
1391:
1343:
1290:
1212:
1119:
1101:
700:Mediterranean coastal dune habitat, with forest of
312:, consisting of hilltops between Outão and Setúbal;
188:
178:
170:
155:
147:
139:
102:
88:
32:
1237:Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António Marsh
658:In total there are 213 species of vertebrates: 8
485:The beach of Figueirinha along the southern coast
373:folds and horizontal thrusts in the extreme east.
266:
1079:
72:
8:
620:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
437:257 metres (843 ft)). Parallel to the
1086:
1072:
1064:
461:). Over the sea and abrupt cliffs are the
29:
1305:Bertiandos and São Pedro de Arcos Lagoons
1353:Pegadas de Dinossáurios da Serra de Aire
992:
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598:
581:
536:
174:23,052 (in 2017-2020 (average))
27:Site of community importance in Portugal
1496:Tourist attractions in Setúbal District
836:
817:Arrábida is depicted in the video game
433:, at 254 metres (833 ft)) and the
1204:Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast
719:Mediterranean arborescent thickets of
260:The particular characteristics of the
143:176.41 km (68.11 sq mi)
7:
885:from the original on 21 January 2022
87:
425:, at 232 metres (761 ft), the
398:, today being constituted by white
300:An area of small elevations around
928:Diário da República (1976), p.1710
404:"alternating layers of limestone,
25:
1419:Dunas de Mira, Gândara e Gafanhas
855:from the original on 18 July 2022
441:, and more to the south, is the
71:
64:
48:
42:V (protected landscape/seascape)
1017:On Her Majesty's Secret Service
911:from the original on 2022-06-20
795:On Her Majesty's Secret Service
357:formation of the north Atlantic
154:
1315:Costa da Caparica Fossil Cliff
1257:Santo André and Sancha Lagoons
1020:at the Internet Movie Database
746:Temperate alluvial forests of
678:Ecoregions and protected areas
1:
1491:Geography of Setúbal District
806:) is shot dead by Irma Bunt (
1033:ICNF, ed. (1 January 1996),
845:"Parque Natural da Arrábida"
1194:Serras de Aire e Candeeiros
1095:Protected areas of Portugal
1517:
765:Low formations of spurge (
268:Parque Natural da Arrábida
211:Parque Natural da Arrábida
194:Parque Natural da Arrábida
151:501 m (1,644 ft)
59:
47:
37:
1486:Nature parks in Portugal
814:at the end of the film.
1501:Natura 2000 in Portugal
1277:Sítio da Rocha do Navio
159:July 28, 1976
1053:Decreto-Law n.º 622/76
622:
606:
596:
545:
514:
486:
435:Serra de São Francisco
390:
343:
332:Serra de São Francisco
326:An area formed by the
304:, associated with the
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267:
257:
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1005:Kullbery et al (2012)
612:
602:
585:
550:Mediterranean climate
540:
508:
484:
381:
341:
291:
255:
203:Arrábida Natural Park
33:Arrábida Natural Park
1292:Protected landscapes
124:38.48139°N 8.98917°W
1378:Pedreira do Avelino
1330:Serra de Montejunto
1189:Serra de São Mamede
1154:Tagus International
1149:Douro International
820:Tom Clancy's Endwar
429:, that include the
396:Dolomite limestones
321:Serra dos Gaiteiros
315:A zone between the
179:Governing body
120: /
905:"Fundação Oriente"
760:Fraxinus excelsior
735:Festuco-Brometalia
623:
607:
597:
546:
515:
487:
443:Serra de Gaiteiros
391:
344:
294:
284:Physical geography
258:
129:38.48139; -8.98917
1468:
1467:
1399:Barão de São João
1345:Natural monuments
1262:São Jacinto Dunes
1169:Northern Littoral
996:ICNF (1996), p.20
976:ICNF (1996), p.19
954:ICNF (1996), p.18
812:drive-by shooting
455:Serra da Arrábida
447:Serra de São Luís
427:Montes de Azeitão
317:Serra de São Luís
310:Serra da Arrábida
223:Setúbal Peninsula
200:
199:
18:Serra da Arrábida
16:(Redirected from
1508:
1424:Pinhal de Leiria
1392:National forests
1272:Serra da Malcata
1184:Serra da Estrela
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1081:
1074:
1065:
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1038:
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864:
862:
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774:Euphorbia pedroi
771:), that include
695:Calluno-Ulicetea
618:branches within
423:Morro de Palmela
270:
196:
166:
164:
135:
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93:Setúbal District
75:
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68:
52:
30:
21:
1516:
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1509:
1507:
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1481:IUCN Category V
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1443:
1387:
1358:Portas de Ródão
1339:
1300:Azibo Reservoir
1286:
1214:Nature reserves
1208:
1144:Guadiana Valley
1115:
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1092:
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829:
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784:Popular culture
752:Alnus glutinosa
680:
656:
580:
575:
548:Arrábida has a
535:
500:Alto do Píncaro
416:Arrábida Marble
365:Late Cretaceous
328:Serras do Louro
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1267:Savage Islands
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1224:
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1199:Sintra-Cascais
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1174:Ponta Do Pargo
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1015:Locations for
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725:Laurus nobilis
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714:Pinus pinaster
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557:occurs around
543:Atlantic Ocean
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463:Serra do Risco
439:Serra do Louro
431:Serra do Louro
384:Serra do Risco
382:A view of the
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306:Serra do Risco
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215:protected area
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148:Max. elevation
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1439:Vale de Canas
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1335:Serra do Açor
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1325:Rocha da Pena
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1310:Corno do Bico
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1282:Tagus Estuary
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1232:Boquilobo Bog
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1368:Pedra da Mua
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1111:Peneda-Gerês
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1373:Lagosteiros
1179:Ria Formosa
802:(played by
706:Pinus pinea
592:Ulex densus
509:Samples of
156:Established
127: /
103:Coordinates
1475:Categories
1460:Faia Brava
1455:Cambarinho
1222:Arzila Bog
1164:Montesinho
1139:Cape Girão
915:2023-12-16
849:natural.pt
827:References
804:Diana Rigg
800:Tracy Bond
790:James Bond
721:bay laurel
702:stone pine
688:grey dunes
660:amphibians
459:Formosinho
361:Tethys sea
207:Portuguese
163:1976-07-28
112:38°28′53″N
1429:Margaraça
1227:Berlengas
670:, and 35
555:upwelling
476:sauropods
406:sandstone
400:limestone
349:anticline
279:Geography
242:monastery
115:8°59′21″W
1409:Camarido
1363:Carenque
1242:Desertas
1134:Arrábida
909:Archived
883:Archived
853:Archived
664:reptiles
631:Atlantic
492:Sesimbra
388:Sesimbra
355:and the
353:Laurasia
319:and the
302:Sesimbra
262:Arrábida
219:Portugal
171:Visitors
97:Portugal
89:Location
1414:Choupal
1247:Garajau
1159:Madeira
1027:Sources
810:) in a
672:mammals
604:Red fox
588:endemic
533:Climate
511:breccia
467:Píncaro
410:breccia
248:History
238:Setúbal
213:) is a
189:Website
161: (
1448:Others
1404:Buçaco
889:31 May
859:31 May
798:where
754:) and
666:, 154
595:occurs
234:Lisbon
1434:Medos
1129:Alvão
1057:(PDF)
832:Notes
792:film
708:) or
668:birds
662:, 16
654:Fauna
578:Flora
573:Biome
471:karst
386:near
323:; and
891:2021
879:ICNF
861:2021
563:fogs
465:and
408:and
330:and
308:and
236:and
183:ICNF
140:Area
217:in
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