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357:. Some scholars have theorized that these settlements' inhabitants believed every house symbolized an organic, almost living, entity. Each house, including its ceramic vases, ovens, figurines and innumerable objects made of perishable materials, shared the same circle of life, and all of the buildings in the settlement were physically linked together as a larger symbolic entity. As with living beings, the settlements may have been seen as having a life cycle of death and rebirth.
361:
and neighbors in the country. A lack of public infrastructure within these settlements compelled the inhabitants to include all aspects of their lives within their domicile; ovens, kilns, working, and sleeping areas were all within the same space as the family's sacred altars. The buildings included both the sacred and profane, which some authorities see as evidence to support the idea that the inhabitants viewed their homes as living beings.
296:
2001:
288:. These Eastern European settlements predate the Sumerian cities by over half a millennium. Academicians have not designated the gigantic settlements of Cucuteni-Trypillia culture as "cities" due to the lack of conclusive evidence for internal social differentiation or specialization. However, there is some debate among scholars whether these settlements ought to be labeled as
39:
342:. The role of the fortifications found at these settlements was probably to protect the tribe's domestic animal herd from wild predators. Other hypotheses are that the fortifications were for protection against enemy attacks, or as a means to gather the community. The role of these fortifications, however, is still debated among scholars.
360:
As the settlements grew, the houses were arranged in two elliptical rows, separated by a space of 70–100 metres (220–320 feet). Each household was almost completely self-supportive within these communities as if instead of being located within a settlement, each family was living away from town
1117:
More recent research based on the geophysical survey and excavation of a number of the large settlements or "megasites" suggests that these declined in part due to a process of social fissioning as emerging hierarchical decision-making models were rejected by communities politically organized into
392:
Ukrainian archeologist Ivan T. Černjakov credits the large size of some of the
Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements to their agricultural system, which was affected by the climatic changes over the years. This can be seen by examining the historic and modern changes in sea level of the nearby Black Sea.
345:
The most common arrangement of construction for
Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements was to place most of the buildings in a circular pattern surrounding a central structure; some examples of this arrangement were found at Târpeşti, Ioblona, Berezivka, Onoprievka, and Răşcani. The earliest villages
403:, Ukraine – c. 3700 BCE – up to 21,000 inhabitants, up to 2,700 houses, and covered an area of 450 hectares (1100 acres). Talianki was the largest Trypillia settlement around 3700 BCE. After the beginning of regular excavations in 1981, more than 42 dwellings and a few pits were explored.
1105:
drought. With their reliance on agriculture to produce food, feeding the many inhabitants of these large-scale settlements would have been unsustainable, leading to the dramatic end of the
Cucuteni-Trypillia farming society and replaced by the more drought-appropriate
1014:
387:
That they appeared as a result of natural development and growth, which included the threat of inter-tribal warfare from other
Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements, as the population growth exerted economic and social pressures on the limited resources of the
433:
geophysics plot with over 50 burnt structures and a small number of unburnt structures, as well as pits and other anomalies. The remains of one house were excavated. This settlement, dated to the B II period of
Trypillia Culture, was the largest around
346:
consisted of ten to fifteen wattle-and-daub households. In their heyday, settlements expanded to include several hundred large huts, sometimes with two stories. These houses were typically warmed by an oven and had round windows. Some huts included
1253:
Rassmann, Knut; Ohlrau, René; Hofmann, Robert; Mischka, Carsten; Burdo, Nataliia; Videjko, Michail Yu.; Müller, Johannes (30 September 2014). "High precision
Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization".
920:
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441:
With the mega settlements of the
Cucuteni-Trypillia culture starting in 4300 BCE, very large settlements would continue for almost 2000 years. As of 2014, more than 2440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements have been discovered so far in
1054:
1771:
Chapman, John; Videiko, Mikhail; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Burdo, Natalia; Hale, Duncan; Villis, Richard; Swann, Natalie; Thomas, Nathan; Edwards, Patricia; Blair, Andrew; Hayes, Ashley; Nebbia, Marco; Rud, Vitalij (2014).
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Ultimately, the large scale of the
Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements may have contributed to the downfall of their society, according to a theory that attributes their collapse to ecological factors. Due to
499:
The following is a list of the largest settlements with the approximate peak population times. Remember, population estimates of ancient settlements should always be taken with caution, with different
415:, Ukraine – c. 3700 BCE – up to 17,500 inhabitants, with 6200 as the most plausible, explored 34 houses and 12 pits (1972–1991) up to 3,000 houses, and covered an area of 270 hectares (660 acres).
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1980:
71:
1942:
157:
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Hofmann, Robert; Müller, Johannes; Shatilo, Liudmyla; Videiko, Mykhailo; Ohlrau, René; Rud, Vitalii; Burdo, Nataliia; Corso, Marta Dal; Dreibrodt, Stefan; Kirleis, Wiebke (2019-09-25).
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The existence of the giant settlements was discovered in the 1960s, when the military topographer K.V. Shishkin noticed the presence of peculiar spots from certain aerial photographs.
1990:
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454:. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BCE and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100–450 hectares and 2,800 houses.
81:
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typically in the size range of 10–40 hectares and villages in the range of 2–7 hectares. The capital-controlled territories are as far away as 20 km (12,5 mi) from the center.
1975:
1970:
61:
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Diachenko, Aleksandr; Francesco
Menotti (2012). "The gravity model: monitoring the formation and development of the Tripolye culture giant-settlements in Ukraine".
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1985:
76:
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The latest research (2014) suggests that some of the largest mega sites contain as many as 3000 structures and the possibility of 20,000 to 46,000 inhabitants.
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150:
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1430:. British archaeological reports international series. Vol. 107. Translated by Bolomey, Georgeta. Oxford: British archaeological reports (B.A.R.).
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superimposed on modern state and provincial borders; following Igor
Manzura, “Steps to the Steppe: Or, How the North Pontic Region was Colonized,”
143:
1820:
Todorova, Henrietta (1995). Bailey, Douglass W.; Panayotov, Ivan (eds.). "The Neolithic, Eneolithic, and Transitional in Bulgarian prehistory".
1020:
Interconnected Cucuteni-Trypillian houses in the Maydanets settlement. Based on research done in 1996 by the Ukrainian scholar Mikhailo Videĭko.
1774:"The planning of the earliest European proto-towns: A new geophysical plan of the Trypillia mega-site of Nebelivka, Kirovograd Domain, Ukraine"
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1597:
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409:, Ukraine – c. 3800 BCE – up to 16,200 inhabitants, and covered an area of 250 hectares (600 acres, explored remains of 5 dwellings.
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1461:"A fire cult in South European Chalcolithic traditions? On the relationship between ritual contexts and the instrumentality of fire"
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may have contained almost 3,000 houses and a population between 12,000 and 46,000, with 29,000 as the average population figure.
1467:, Cult in context: comparative approaches to prehistoric and ethnographic religious practices, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 269–284,
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1551:"Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex: Relations and synchronisms with other contemporaneous cultures from the Black Sea area"
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A 2009 British-Ukrainian archaeological expedition, organized by John Chapman and Mykhailo Videiko, focussed on the 300
174:
Map showing the approximate maximal extent of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (all periods) Light-yellow depicts Ukraine.
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Scholars posit two theories regarding the impetus behind the formation of the large Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements:
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The latest research indicates that the settlements had a three-level settlement hierarchy, with the possibility of
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Reconstruction of the main occupation phase of the Cucuteni-Trypillia mega-site at Maidanets'ke ca. 3800 BC.
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The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
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That they were created in response to the threat of invaders or attacks from people of the open steppes.
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350:, which were used to fire the distinctive pottery for which the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture is known.
300:
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66:
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477:" with a population up to 15,000 people and more than 100 hectares; this capital was surrounded by
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272:(with a population of 15,000 and covering an area of some 340 hectares – 840 acres) in the
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These settlements underwent periodical acts of destruction and re-creation, as they were
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1101:, the area of the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture would have been plunged into a devastating
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The French Government's Ministry of Culture's page on Cucuteni Culture (in English).
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Maidanets'ke. Development and decline of a Trypillia mega-site in Central Ukraine
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1824:. Monographs in world archaeology (22). Madison, WI: Prehistoric Press: 79–98.
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Explorations into the conditions of spiritual creativity in prehistoric Malta
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421:, Ukraine - c. 4000 BCE, up to 300 hectares (740 acres) and 15,000 residents.
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The Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements were usually located on a place where the
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mega-site of Nebelivka, Kirovograd domain, enabling the production of a 15
38:
1627:
Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo Yu (22 January 2016).
1315:"Archeological transformations: crossing the pastoral/agricultural bridge"
1400:
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488:-level societies. An excavated mega-structures suggests the presence of
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Prehistoric figurines: representation and corporeality in the Neolithic
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1847:"Governing Tripolye: Integrative architecture in Tripolye settlements"
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of Ukraine, are as large as (or perhaps larger than) the more famous
268:
In terms of overall size, some of Cucuteni-Trypillia sites, such as
1672:
1746:"Trypillia culture proto-cities: After 40 years of investigations"
1550:
1486:
1375:] (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Tovarystvo Kolo-Ra. pp. 103–125.
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Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (2016-01-22).
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327:
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1657:
Trypillia culture proto-cities after 40 years of investigations
1185:
In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth
1060:
A clay model of a Cucuteni-Trypillian house, showing a pottery
220:, from approximately 5500 to 2750 BC, left behind thousands of
1032:
Interior reconstruction of a Cucuteni-Trypillian house in the
1720:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
1630:
Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE
1505:
1280:
Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE
265:
are estimated with populations of up to 16,200 and 21,000.
1080:
Reconstruction of public house - sanctuary from Maydanets.
1502:"The Tripolye house, a sacred and profane coexistence!"
1427:
Tîrpeşti: from prehistory to history in eastern Romania
1463:, in Barrowclough, David A.; Malone, Caroline (eds.),
1048:
A scale reproduction of a Cucuteni–Trypillia village.
43:
Characteristic example of Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery
2008:
1958:
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a dramatic worldwide climate change around 3200 BCE
326:edges. The natural barriers were supplemented with
299:Artist's depiction of the approximate range of the
1373:Trypillian proto-cities: History of investigations
1182:
1092:Decline and end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1064:in the upper-right, and a cross-shaped cooking
457:The settlements were primarily administrative,
1936:
1799:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
318:to protect the site, most notably using high
186:settlements of the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
151:
8:
188:provides important insights into the early
2036:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
1943:
1929:
1921:
1531:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1367:Трипільські протоміста. Історія досліджень
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1507:WAC-6 Sixth World Archaeological Congress
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396:Some of these large settlements include:
338:, or even more elaborate wooden and clay
1717:Baumer, Christoph; Tauris, I.B. (2012).
1584:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. p. 235.
1544:
1542:
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1561:. Iași, Romania: Iași University: 267.
1363:History of Discovery and Investigations
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355:burned and rebuilt every 60–80 years
196:, which existed in the present-day
2107:Former populated places in Romania
2097:Former populated places in Moldova
1660:. Trypillian Civilization journal.
14:
2092:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
1220:Journal of Archaeological Science
1171:XXIv.4 (2005), pp. 313–338.
1138:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
1999:
1693:The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia
1424:Marinescu-Bîlcu, Silvia (1981).
1256:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology
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1053:
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37:
2112:Archaeological sites in Ukraine
2102:Archaeological sites in Romania
1750:Trypillian Civilization Journal
1555:Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica
1405:. London; New York: Routledge.
1325:. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 151–190.
1118:autonomous segmented lineages.
1034:Archaeology Museum Piatra Neamț
1696:. Cambridge University Press.
1673:"Trypillian giant settlements"
1549:Mantu, Cornelia-Magda (2000).
1:
1612:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1512:World Archaeological Congress
1360:Videĭko, Mikhailo Yu (2002).
1189:. London: Thames and Hudson.
1168:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
224:ruins containing a wealth of
25:
1872:10.1371/journal.pone.0222243
1399:Bailey, Douglass W. (2005).
1086:End of the settlement system
1500:Menotti, Francesco (2007),
2128:
2082:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1952:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1795:Anthony, David W. (2007).
1459:Gheorghiu, Dragoş (2006),
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246:
194:Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
180:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
177:
20:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1997:
1671:Rudenko, Anatoly (2014).
1240:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.025
1181:Mallory, James P (1989).
2026:Old Europe (archaeology)
1690:Kohl, Philip L. (2007).
1365:
1313:Khol, Philip L. (2002).
469:. The typical Trypillia
1723:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1654:Videiko, M. Yu (2011).
2041:Linear Pottery culture
745:. 6,300–15,000–30,000
374:
307:
175:
1580:Ohlrau, René (2020).
372:
298:
198:southeastern European
173:
1822:Prehistoric Bulgaria
1112:Proto-Indo-Europeans
465:centres and not for
301:burned house horizon
249:Burned house horizon
2051:Sredny Stog culture
2021:Chalcolithic Europe
1981:Religion and ritual
1863:2019PLoSO..1422243H
1264:10.12766/jna.2014.3
1232:2012JArSc..39.2810D
1148:Chalcolithic Europe
1128:Prehistoric Romania
365:Largest settlements
231:attesting to their
132:Corded Ware culture
103:Chalcolithic Europe
72:Religion and ritual
1133:History of Ukraine
677:Fedorovka, Ukraine
473:was one dominant "
375:
308:
176:
2069:
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2031:Kurgan hypothesis
1806:978-0-691-05887-0
1599:978-90-8890-848-4
1474:978-1-84217-303-9
1009:
1008:
503:depending on the
303:based on work by
239:characteristics.
190:history of Europe
184:The study of the
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2087:Stone Age Europe
2061:Catacomb culture
2016:Neolithic Europe
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1959:Topical articles
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1226:(8): 2810–2817.
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1143:Neolithic Europe
1108:pastoral nomadic
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827:. 10,000–15,000
729:. 10,000–16,200
713:. 10,000–46,000
567:. 10,000–15,000
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492:for meetings or
490:public buildings
316:natural barriers
286:Fertile Crescent
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98:Neolithic Europe
90:Related articles
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866:
863:
862:
860:
859:. 3,300–6,500
854:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
843:. 5,000–7,500
838:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
825:Chychyrkozivka
822:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
810:
809:. 3,300–6,500
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
794:
793:. 3,300–6,500
788:
786:
783:
782:
780:
778:
777:. 3,300–6,500
772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
762:
761:. 3,300–6,500
756:
754:
751:
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748:
746:
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735:
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732:
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724:
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708:
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686:
684:
682:
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679:. 3,300–6,500
674:
671:
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664:
663:. 3,300–6,500
658:
655:
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652:
650:
648:
647:. 3,300–6,500
642:
639:
638:
636:
634:
632:
631:. 3,300–6,500
626:
623:
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615:. 3,300–6,500
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551:. 5,000–7,500
546:
543:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
527:
526:
525:3200–2750 BCE
523:
522:3600–3200 BCE
520:
519:4000–3600 BCE
517:
516:4300–4000 BCE
514:
513:5000–4600 BCE
423:
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1971:Architecture
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1487:the original
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1334:. Retrieved
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185:
183:
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62:Architecture
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1966:Settlements
1336:21 November
791:Peregonivka
661:Vil’khovets
645:Pianeshkove
549:Vesioly Kut
413:Maidanetske
278:city-states
255:Maidanetske
243:Settlements
212:during the
200:nations of
57:Settlements
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29: 4800
2076:Categories
1258:: 96–134.
1154:References
1036:, Romania.
873:Yaltushkiv
695:Tomashovka
597:Myropillya
533:. 500–800
494:ceremonies
332:earthworks
274:Uman Raion
247:See also:
222:settlement
218:Copper Age
1881:1932-6203
1778:Antiquity
1758:2155-871X
1608:cite book
1567:228808567
1520:368044032
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1103:Dust Bowl
987:Kosenivka
971:Apolyanka
953:Apolyanka
921:Romanivka
889:Sushkivka
857:Ksaverove
727:Dobrovody
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629:Glubochek
613:Kharkivka
581:Trypillia
565:Nebelivka
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419:Nebelivka
407:Dobrovody
314:provided
259:Dobrovody
229:artifacts
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1851:PLOS ONE
1527:citation
1446:16546798
1411:56686499
1381:52587844
1331:60616426
1122:See also
743:Talianki
459:military
436:4000 BCE
401:Talianki
340:ramparts
270:Talianki
263:Talianki
233:cultural
117:←
1986:Economy
1890:6760824
1859:Bibcode
1228:Bibcode
531:Mogylna
505:scholar
475:capital
452:Romania
448:Ukraine
444:Moldova
336:ditches
284:in the
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